Power Transmission

EEE381

Lab # 12

Name
Arslan Shabeer

Registration
FA20-BEE-033
Number

Subject Power Transmission

Instructor’s Name Ma’am Shafia Hussain

 Lab # 12: Synchronization of two different power sources  

Objectives
 To appreciate the operation of synchronous machines and the procedures necessary to bring a
motor into synchronization with the supply frequency.
 To understand how the synchronous machine operates as a synchronous reactor.
Pre-Lab
Synchronizing Procedure
When a synchronous ac generator is connected in parallel with a supply it may be used to demonstrate
the characteristics of a large generator connected to the bus bars of a power system.
In order to run a generator in parallel with a supply it is necessary to synchronize the generator to the
supply. Hence the following conditions must be fulfilled:
 The generated EMF must be the same as that of the supply.
 The frequency of the generated EMF must be the same as that of the supply.
 The generated EMF must be in phase with the supply.
The Synchronous Machine as a Generator and Motor
If the speed of a synchronous generator is increased or decreased, at constant excitation current, the ac
output voltage and frequency will increase or decrease accordingly. To run the machine as a
synchronous motor, it is first necessary to run it as a generator. The speed must first be adjusted to be
the same as the supply frequency ("synchronization") using an instrument such as the synchronizing
lamps 68-120. Next the dc excitation current must be increased to its rated value, so that when run as a
motor there is sufficient field strength for the motor to be able to develop adequate torque. When the
above operations have been carried out, the supply to the machine is switched in, whilst at the same
time the supply to the motor driving the machine is reduced to zero. The machine is now running as a
motor, synchronized to the supply.

Power Factor Control and Effect of Load on a Synchronous Machine Operating as a Motor
When the motor is loaded the rotor slips back behind the rotating field by an angle known as the load
angle. This is shown in Figure 12.1 (a) where E, the generated EMF, lags the supply voltage by the angle
δ.

Figure12.1

Figure12.1 shows the phasor diagrams of a synchronous motor run at constant load for varying values of
excitation current. ‘θ’ is the angle line current lags or leads supply voltage in the stator, Figure12.1(a)
shows line current in phase with the supply voltage.

For a given load the input power to the motor must be the same for different values of excitation.
Input power

Where V is the line voltage

and I the line current.

‘cosθ’ is known as the stator power factor.

If the EMF is increased considerably (by increasing the excitation current) then q becomes largeand
leading. The line current increases as illustrated in Figure 12.1(b).

Conversely if the EMF is decreased considerably (by decreasing the excitation current) then θ becomes
large and lagging. The line current would again increase as illustrated in Figure 12.1(c)

Output power

where N is the speed in rpm and T is the torque in Nm.

Efficiency

Pre-Lab
1. How does a synchronous motor provide power factor correction?

The power factor correction is possible by using a synchronous motor (operating on no-load with over-
excitation) in parallel with induction motors or transformers. The leading reactive volt-amperes supplied
by the synchronous motor compensate for the lagging reactive volt-amperes of other power apparatus.

2. What do you understand by the term synchronous operation?

Definitions of synchronous operation. operations that are initiated predictably by a clock. Antonyms:
asynchronous operation. operations that occur without a regular or predictable time relation to other
events.

3. What parameters must be matched to ensure the parallel operation of AC

generators?
When connecting the generators in parallel or synchronizing with the utility, the following criteria must be
met: Matched/proper frequency. Matched/correct phase rotation. Phase voltages in phase and within
specified voltage range.
On the Universal Power Supply 60-105, switch off the ‘3 phase circuit breaker’. On the Universal Power
Supply 60-105, turn the ‘variable output voltage’ control to 0%.
Ensure that the dynamometer motor is coupled to the generator by the flexible coupling and retaining
clips. Ensure that the shaft covers are in place.
Make up the circuit shown in Figure12.2. Make connections of synchronizing lamps panel as shown in
Figure 12.3.

Figure12. 2

Figure12.3
1. On torque speed control panel
a. Switch off the main ac power using the green on/off button.
b. Set the two rotary controls to their most anti-clockwise positions.
c. Connect the dynamometer to the Speed mode socket.
d. Set the ‘demand voltage’ switch to +ve.
e. Press the main ‘power’ pushbutton which illuminates green.
f. Press the ‘dynamometer power’ on button so that the adjacent red LED is lit.
g. Rotate the left knob clockwise just up till the point you here a clicking sound.
2. Set the speed of the generator using the 68-441 ‘constant speed’ control to approximately
3000 rpm.
3. On the 60-105 unit, set the ‘3 phase circuit breaker’ to the on position. Power is now
available as indicated by the ‘power on’ green indicator being illuminated.
4. Set the dc field voltage by rotating the ‘variable output voltage’ control on the 60-105
such that the output voltage from the generator is the same value as that of the three-
phase supply that it will be connected to when the synchronizing switch is closed. This
voltage is measured on an external Digital Multimeter DMM for virtual, or on
conventional instrumentation 68-117 voltmeter.
5. You will notice that the synchronizing lamp pattern on the 68-120 appears to rotate.
6. Decrease the speed by a small amount. If the lamps appear to rotate faster, then increase
the speed by a small amount. Adjust the speed until the lamps appear to rotate at their
slowest possible speed. At this point the generator output voltage is at the same frequency
as the supply.
7. On the 68-120 synchronizing lamps panel when only the lamps LP1 and LP2 are of equal
brightness and lamp LP3 is out, turn on the 68-120 switch.
8. Increase the dc field current using the ‘variable output voltage’ control to 150 mA on the
60-105.
9. Slowly reduce the ‘constant speed control on the 68-441 to zero. The machine is now
operating as a motor and will be rotating at a speed synchronized to the supply frequency.
10. Switch off the 68-441 Torque & Speed Control Panel by pressing the green ‘power’
button, and then connect the dynamometer to the ‘torque mode connection’ socket.
11. Switch on the 68-441 by pressing the green ‘power’ button again and press the
‘dynamometer power’ on button so that the red led is illuminated. Rotate the left knob
clockwise just up till the point you here a clicking sound.
12. Using of the ‘variable output voltage’ control on the 60-105, set the dc voltage applied to
the field winding until the field current is approximately 340 mA. Maintain this value
throughout the test.
13. Using either the PC Virtual Instrumentation Software or conventional instrumentation,
start from the minimum value and then apply values of torque from the minimum to 0.5
Nm in 0.1 Nm steps. For each value of the applied torque record the speed, line current
(I1), power factor and input power enter them into a copy of Practical 12.1 Results Table.
14. When the measurements are completed over the torque range, reset the torque control to
the power interlock position.
15. Turn the switch on the Synchronizing Lamps 68-120 to the off position.
16. Turn the variable output control on the 60-105 to 0%.
17. Switch off the 60-105 power supply ‘3 phase circuit breaker’.
 Critical Analysis/Conclusion
In this lab we have learnt that, in an alternating current electric power system,
synchronization is the process of matching the frequency of a generator or other
source to a running network. An AC generator cannot deliver power to an
electrical grid unless it is running at the same frequency as the network. To
appreciate the operation of synchronous machines and the procedures necessary to
bring a motor into synchronization with the supply frequency. The synchronous
machine operates as a synchronous reactor. To run a generator in parallel with a
supply it is necessary to synchronize the generator to the supply. Hence the
following conditions must be fulfilled: The generated EMF must be the same as
that of the supply. The frequency of the generated EMF must be the same as that of
the supply. The generated EMF must be in phase with the supply.

Lab Assessment

Pre-Lab
/1

/10
In Lab
/5

Post Lab /4

Instructor Signature and Comments