Lab # 6: Long transmission line with capacitive load, with capacitance effect of transmission line

Power Transmission

EEE381

Lab # 06

Name Arslan Shabeer

Registration
Number FA20-BEE-033

Subject Power Transmission

Instructor’s Name Ma’am Shafia Hussain

Lab # 6: Long transmission line with capacitive load, with capacitance effect of transmission line

Lab # 6: Long transmission line with capaitive load,

with capacitance effect of transmission line
Objectives:
 Measuring and interpreting voltage ratios of a transmission line with mixed ohmic-
capacitive and pure capacitiveloads.
 Measuring and interpreting the current ratios of a transmission line with mixed ohmic-
capacitive and pure capacitiveloads.
Prelab:

Conductors of transmission lines act like plates of a capacitor. The conductors are charged, and
there is a potential difference between the conductors and between the conductors and the
ground. Therefore there is capacitance between the conductors and between the conductors and
the ground. The basic equation for calculation of the capacitance is the definition of the
capacitance as the ratio of the charge and the potential difference between the charged plates:

Q
C= [F ]
V

where Q is the total charge on the conductors (plates)

V is the potential difference between the conductors or a conductor and ground (i.e.
plates)

For transmission lines, we usually want the capacitance per unit length

q
C= [F /m]
V

where q is the charge per unit length in C/m

Lab # 6: Long transmission line with capacitive load, with capacitance effect of transmission line

V is the potential difference between the conductors or a conductor and ground (i.e.
plates)

Capacitance of a Single Phase Line

r1 r2

For a two conductor line, the capacitance between the conductors is given by

pe 0
C= [F /m]
ln
√ D2
r1 r2

where o is the permittivity of free space and is equal to 8.8510-12 F/m

D is the distance between the conductors, center to center

r1 and r2 are the radii of the two conductors

For most single phase lines, r1 = r2 . In this case, half way between the conductors there is a
point where E = 0. This is the neutral point n

a n b

Can Cbn

The capacitance from conductor a to point n is Can and is the same as the capacitance from

conductor bto n, Cbn. Can and Cbn are connected in series, therefore C an =C bn =2C ab .1

1 C an C bn
C ab = = 2
C an C an
1 1 C an +C bn
+ C ab= =
1 C an C bn If
C an=C bn , then 2C an 2
Lab # 6: Long transmission line with capacitive load, with capacitance effect of transmission line

It follows that

2 peo
C an =
D
ln
r [F/m]

1
Xc=
Since 2 p fC

1 2 .862 ´ 109 D
Xc= = ln [ Ω⋅m ]
2 peo f r
2 pf
D
ln
 r

The capacitive reactance in mile is

9 6
2. 862´ 10 D 1 1 . 779´ 10 D
Xc= ln ´ = ln [ Ω⋅mile ]
f r 1609 f r

Similarly as for inductive reactance, this expression can be split into two terms that are called
capacitive reactance at 1 ft spacing (Xa’) and the capacitive reactance spacing factor (Xd’).

6 6
1. 779´ 10 1 1 .779 ´ 10
Xc= ln + ln D [ Ω⋅mile ]
f r f

Xa’ Xd’

Xa’ is given in the tables for the standard conductors, Xd’ is given in the tables for the capacitive
reactance spacing factor.

Example: Find the capacitive reactance in Mmiles for a single phase line operating at 60 Hz.
The conductor used for the line is Partridge, and the spacing is 20 ft.

Solution:

Therefore,
C an=2C ab
Lab # 6: Long transmission line with capacitive load, with capacitance effect of transmission line

0 . 642
r= in =0 .0268 ft
The outside radius of the Partridge conductor is 2

The capacitive reactance is 20 ft

1. 779 ´ 106 D 1 .779 ´ 106 20

X C= ln = ln =0 . 1961 M Ω.mile
f r f 0. 0268

OR

'
From tables X a =0 . 1074 M Ω . mile

'
X d =0 .0889 M Ω. mile for20’ spacing

¿C = X 'a + X 'd =0 . 1963 M Ω . mile

This is the capacitive reactance between the conductor and the neutral. Line-to-line capacitive
reactance is

XC
X CL−L = =0 .0981 M Ω . mile
2

Capacitance of Balanced Three Phase Line between a phase conductor and neutral is given
by

2 pe o
C n= [ F /m ]
D
ln eq
Db

3
where D eq =√ D ab D bc Dca and Dab, Dbc, and Dca are the distances between the centers of the
phase conductors, and Db is the geometric mean radius for the bundled conductors. (in the
expression for Db the outside radius of the conductor is used, rather than the GMR from the
tables.)

The capacitive reactance to neutral than becomes

1. 779´ 10 6 D eq
X cn = ln [ Ω. mile ]
f Db
Lab # 6: Long transmission line with capacitive load, with capacitance effect of transmission line

Example:

a) A three phase 60 Hz line is arranged as shown. The conductors are ACSR Drake. Find the
capacitive reactance for 1 mile of the line.

b) If the length of the line is 175 miles and the normal operating voltage is 220 kV, find the
capacitive reactance to neutral for the entire length of the line, the charging current for the line,
and the charging reactive power.

Solution:

1 .108
r= in=0. 0462 ft
The outside radius for Drake conductors is 2 20 ft 20 ft

The geometric mean distance for this line is

3
D eq =√ 20´ 20 ´ 38=24 . 8 ft 38 ft

'
From tables, X a =0 . 0912 M Ω . mile

1. 779 ´ 106 1 .779 ´ 106

X 'd = ln Deq = ln 24 . 8=0 . 0952 M Ω .mile
f 60
¿cn =X 'a + X 'd =0 .1864 M Ω . mile

This is the capacitive reactance to neutral.

For the length of 175 miles,

X cn
X Ctotal = =1065 Ω
175

Charging current is

220 k
V LN √ 3 =119 A
IC = =
X Ctotal 1065

Reactive power to charge the line is

QC =√ 3 V LL I C =√ 3 ´ 220 k ´ 119=45 . 45 MVAr

Lab # 6: Long transmission line with capacitive load, with capacitance effect of transmission line

In lab:
Assemble the circuit in accordance with the next Fig.

At each step, measure the following quantities:

Voltage U1, current I1, active power P1and reactive power Q1at the beginning of the line,
as well asthevoltageU2,currentI2andcos 2 at the lineend. Enter your measurement
results in the following table:

Repeattheabovemeasurementsforcapacitiveloadsof4µFand6µF.
Measured values for C = 4µF:
 Lab # 6: Long transmission line with capacitive load, with capacitance effect of transmission line

Measured values for C = 6µF:

What characteristic feature is common for the voltages in all measurements?

Answer:
There was an interesting and most important feature common in the values of voltages by
adding and increasing the values of the load capacitor. The common feature was that the value
of the voltage at the receiving end was increased than the value of voltage at sending end.

Post Lab:

Critical Analysis/Conclusion
.
The effect of variable resistance and load capacitance on load current, load voltage an
power factor was observed in this lab. With the increase in the value of the variable
resistance, there was a decrease in the value of load current and the value of load voltage
Lab # 6: Long transmission line with capacitive load, with capacitance effect of transmission line

was also decreased. But we observed that there was an improvement in the power factor.
The effect of load capacitance was that, it increases the voltage at the receiving end. By
adding a capacitive load the voltage at the receiving end came to be greater than the
voltage at the sending end. By increasing the value of the load capacitor there was a much
more increase in the value of receiving voltage than the sending voltage. Also there was an
improvement in the value of power factor by adding the capacitor and by increasing the
value of capacitor. We measured and interpreted the voltage ratios and current ratios of the
transmission lines by adding and increasing the value of the load capacitance. An analysis on
the values of voltages on the receiving end and on the values of current and power factor on
the receiving end was made in this lab.

Lab Assessment

Pre Lab /1

In Lab /5

/10

Post Lab /4

Instructor Signature and Comments

Lab 12: Synchronization of two different power sources