EE 462

Electric Generation, Transmission and Distribution

Week 12: Transmission Line Parameters

Part 2

Atilla Dönük, PhD

[email protected]

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Aydın Adnan Menderes University
Acknowledgment

Thanks to Prof. Tom Overbye for sharing his

lecture slides and giving permission to use
them for educational purposes.

Atilla Dönük, PhD

[email protected]

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Aydın Adnan Menderes University
 ECE 476
Power System Analysis

Prof. Tom Overbye

Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
[email protected]
Source

• https://courses.grainger.illinois.edu/ece476/fa2016/
Lecture%20Notes/
 Transmission Tower Configurations

•The problem with the line analysis we’ve done so far

is we have assumed a symmetrical tower configuration.
Such a tower figuration is seldom practical.

Therefore in
general Dab 
Dac  Dbc
Unless something
was done this would
Typical Transmission Tower result in unbalanced
Configuration phases
35
Transposition

• To keep system balanced (to regain symmetry),

over the length of a transmission line the
conductors are rotated so each phase occupies each
position on tower for an equal distance. This is
known as transposition.

Aerial or side view of conductor positions over the length

of the transmission line.
36
Transposition Impact on Flux Linkages

For a uniformly transposed line we can

calculate the flux linkage for phase "a"
1 0  1 1 1  “a” phase in
a   I a ln r '  I b ln d  I c ln d  
3 2  12 13  position “1”

1 0  1 1 1  “a” phase in
 I a ln  I b ln  I c ln  
3 2  r' d13 d 23  position “3”

1 0  1 1 1  “a” phase in
3 2  I a ln r '  I b ln d  I c ln d  position “2”
 23 12 

37
Transposition Impact, cont’d

Recognizing that
1 1
(ln a  ln b  ln c)  ln(abc) 3
3
We can simplify so
 I ln 1  I ln 1
 
 a r' b 1
0   d12 d13d 23  3 
a 
2  1 
 I c ln 1 
  d12 d13d 23  3 

38
Inductance of Transposed Line

Define the geometric mean distance (GMD)

1
Dm =  d12 d13d 23  3

Then for a balanced 3 system ( I a  - I b - I c )

0  1 1  0 Dm
a   I a ln  I a ln   I a ln
2  r' Dm  2 r'
Hence
 0 Dm 7 Dm
La  ln  2  10 ln H/m
2 r' r'

39
Inductance with Bundling

If the line is bundled with a geometric mean

radius, R b , then
0 Dm
a  I a ln
2 Rb
 0 Dm 7 Dm
La  ln  2  10 ln H/m
2 Rb Rb
 Find the inductance per-meter of the 3-ph line shown. The
Example: conductors are aluminum with Radius 0.5 inch.
Inductance Example

• Calculate the per phase inductance and reactance of

a balanced 3, 60 Hz, line with horizontal phase
spacing of 10m using three conductor bundling
with a spacing between conductors in the bundle of
0.3m. Assume the line is uniformly transposed and
the conductors have a 1cm radius.

Answer: Dm = 12.6 m, Rb= 0.0889 m

Inductance = 9.9 x 10-7 H/m, Reactance = 0.6 /Mile
 Review of Electric Fields

To develop a model for line capacitance we

first need to review some electric field concepts.
Gauss's law:
A Dda = qe (integrate over closed surface)
where
D = electric flux density, coulombs/m 2
da = differential area da, with normal to surface
A = total closed surface area, m 2
q e = total charge in coulombs enclosed
Gauss’s Law Example

•Similar to Ampere’s Circuital law, Gauss’s Law is

most useful for cases with symmetry.
•Example: Calculate D about an infinitely long wire
that has a charge density of q coulombs/meter.
Since D comes
radially out inte-
grate over the
cylinder bounding
A Dda  D 2 Rh  qe  qh
the wire
q
D  ar where ar radially directed unit vector
2 R
Electric Fields

The electric field, E, is related to the electric flux

density, D, by
D = E
where
E = electric field (volts/m)
 = permittivity in farads/m (F/m)
 = o r
o = permittivity of free space (8.85410-12 F/m)
r = relative permittivity or the dielectric constant
(1 for dry air, 2 to 6 for most dielectrics)
Voltage Difference
Voltage Difference
The voltage difference between any two
points P and P is defined as an integral
P
V =   Edl
P

In previous example the voltage difference between

points P and P , located radial distance R and R 
from the wire is (assuming  =  o )
R q q R
V   dR  ln
R 2 o R 2 o R
Voltage Difference, cont’d

With
R q q R
V   dR  ln
R 2 o R 2 o R
if q is positive then those points closer in have
a higher voltage. Voltage is defined as the energy
(in Joules) required to move a 1 coulomb charge
against an electric field (Joules/Coulomb). Voltage
is infinite if we pick infinity as the reference point

48
Multi-Conductor Case

Now assume we have n parallel conductors,

each with a charge density of qi coulombs/m.
The voltage difference between our two points,
P and P , is now determined by superposition
n
1 R i
V  
2 i 1
qi ln
R i
where R i is the radial distance from point P
to the center of conductor i, and R i the
distance from P to the center of conductor i.
49
Multi-Conductor Case, cont’d
n
If we assume that  qi  0 then rewriting
i=1
n
1 1 1 n
V  
2 i 1
qi ln  
R i 2 i 1
qi ln R i

n
We then subtract  qi ln R 1  0
i 1
n
1 1 1 n R i
V  
2 i 1
qi ln  
R i 2 i 1
qi ln
R 1
R i
As we more P to infinity, ln 0
R 1 50
Absolute Voltage Defined

Since the second term goes to zero as P goes to

infinity, we can now define the voltage of a
point w.r.t. a reference voltage at infinity:
n
1 1
V  
2 i 1
qi ln
R i
This equation holds for any point as long as
it is not inside one of the wires!

51
Three Conductor Case

A Assume we have three infinitely

long conductors, A, B, & C, each
with radius r and distance D from
C B the other two conductors.
Assume charge densities such
that qa + qb + qc = 0
1  1 1 1
Va  q ln  q ln  q ln
2  D 
a b c
r D
qa D
Va  ln
2 r
52
Line Capacitance

For a single line capacitance is defined as

qi  CiVi
But for a multiple conductor case we need to
use matrix relationships since the charge on
conductor i may be a function of Vj
 q1   C11  C1n  V1 
          
    
 qn  Cn1  Cnn  Vn 
q  CV
53
Line Capacitance, cont’d

To eliminate mutual capacitance we'll again

assume we have a uniformly transposed line.
For the previous three conductor example:
Va  V
qa 2
Since q a = C Va  C  
Va ln D
r

54
Bundled Conductor Capacitance

Similar to what we did for determining line

inductance when there are n bundled conductors,
we use the original capacitance equation just
substituting an equivalent radius
1
R cb  (rd12  d1n ) n

Note for the capacitance equation we use r rather

than r' which was used for R b in the inductance
equation

55
Line Capacitance, cont’d

For the case of uniformly transposed lines we

use the same GMR, D m , as before.
2
C 
D
ln m c
Rb
where
1
Dm   d ab dac dbc  3

1
R cb  (rd12  d1n ) n (note r NOT r')
ε in air   o  8.854  10-12 F/m
56
Line Capacitance Example

Calculate the per phase capacitance and susceptance

of a balanced 3, 60 Hz, transmission line with
horizontal phase spacing of 10m using three conductor
bundling with a spacing between conductors in the
bundle of 0.3m. Assume the line is uniformly
transposed and the conductors have a 1cm radius.

57
 1
Rbc  (0.01  0.3  0.3) 3  0.0963 m
1
Dm  (10  10  20) 3  12.6 m
2  8.854  1012 11
C   1.141  10 F/m
12.6
ln
0.0963
1 1
Xc  
C 2 60  1.141  1011 F/m
 2.33  108 -m (not  / m)

58
ACSR Table Data (Similar to Table A.4)

GMR is equivalent to r’ Inductance and Capacitance

assume a Dm of 1 ft.
59
ACSR Data, cont’d

7 Dm
X L  2 f L  4 f  10 ln  1609 /mile
GMR
3  1
 2.02  10 f ln  ln Dm 
 GMR 
3 1
 2.02  10 f ln  2.02  103 f ln Dm
GMR

Term independent
Term from table assuming
of conductor with
a one foot spacing
Dm in feet.
60
ACSR Data, Cont.

To use the phase to neutral capacitance from table

1 2 0
XC  -m where C 
2 f C ln
Dm
r
1 6 Dm
  1.779  10 ln -mile (table is in M-mile)
f r
1 1 1
  1.779  ln   1.779  ln Dm M-mile
f r f
Term independent
Term from table assuming
of conductor with
a one foot spacing
Dm in feet.
61
Dove Example
GMR  0.0313 feet
Outside Diameter = 0.07725 feet (radius = 0.03863)
Assuming a one foot spacing at 60 Hz
7 1
X a  2 60  2  10  1609  ln Ω/mile
0.0313
X a  0.420 Ω/mile, which matches the table
For the capacitance
1 1
X C   1.779  10 ln  9.65  104 Ω-mile
6
f r

62