High Voltage Technique

Textbook
auxiliary
book
Grading:

1-Midterm Exam 30%

2-Final Exam 55%

3-In-class quizzes or homeworks 15%

4-Paper,…. (Extra Points)

 Course outline
1-Basic Substation Configurations and the Components

2-Electrostatic Fields

*Quantification of Electric Fields *Dielectrics in Electric Fields

3-Breakdown in gas dielectric materials.

• Townsend mechanism

• PASCHEN”S LAW

*Partial Discharge
Internal, surface, corona
4- Breakdown in liquid and solid dielectric materials

Electrical Breakdown Intrinsic Breakdown

Electrical Treeing Thermal Breakdown

5-Generation of High D.C. and A.C. Voltages
• CASCADE Transformers, • RESONANT Transformers *CASCADE GENERATOR

6- Measurement and testing of High Voltages and Currents

• Voltage dividers
• Current measurements

7-Transients in Power Systems and Insulation Coordination

Lattice Diagram

8-Lightning and switching surges, basic insulation

level, surge diverters and arresters.

9-Condition Monitoring of Power Cables

*Over voltage phenomena and insulation co-ordination.

Objectives
In this course you will learn the following:

What is high voltage?

 Why needed

Levels of voltages

 Application of High Voltage

Electrical Insulation and Dielectrics

 *Advance countries like US, Canada and Japan have their
single phase ac power consumption level at 110 V .Rest of the
whole world consumes single phase ac power at 220 V .
*The only advantage of 110 V single phase consumer voltage is
that it is safer over 220 V. However, the disadvantages are
many.
Disadvantages :
It requires double the magnitude of current to deliver the same
amount of power as at 220 V
Hence for the same magnitude of RI2. losses to limit the
conductor or the insulation temperature to 70° C (for PVC) , the
resistance of the distribution cable should be 4 times lower. Therefore,
the cable cross-section area has to be increased four folds.

Due to higher magnitude of current, higher magnetic field in the

buildings . Not good for health.
 Why high voltage
Basically it is required for transmission lines to be
able to transmit more power over the same line.
iSTANBUL ESKŞEHİR
I2I

Equation for
I I
power is
P= V I Cos 
 Why high voltage
Basically it is required for transmission lines to be
able to transmit more power over the same line.
İSTANBUL ESKİŞEHİR
I

I 2V

Transformer Equation for

power is
V
P= V I Cos 
I I

Generator
 What is high voltage 230kV
 High
Step down voltage is specially referred to
230kV Step up
transformer is
usedelectrical
to reduce power system. transformer is
used to rise the
the voltage to Long transmission line used to
voltage to 132kV
33kV carry the power
or 230kV

Step down
At POWER PLANT
transformer is
used to reduce
11kV we generate at
11kV or 21kV
the voltage to
11kV
11kV 400V
Another Step down transformer
is used to reduce the voltage
230V
Domestic users get electricity at
further to 400V suitable for end 230Volt.
user.
Linear
Schematic
Ac Transmission :
110 kV, 132 kV,154 kv, 220 kV, 380 - 400 kV, 500 kV, 765 -
800 kV, 1000 kV and 1150 kV exist.
Work on 1500 kV is complete.

In three phase power system, the rated voltage is always given as line
to line, rms voltage .

D.C. transmission :
dc single pole and bipolar lines : 100 kV to 500 kV
Levels of high voltage:

LOW VOLTAGE
HIGH VOLTAGE
 VERY HIGH VOLTAGE
EXTRA VOLTAGE
ULTRA HIGH Voltages

However , the exact magnitude of these levels vary

from country to country.
*In most part of the world even 440 V is considered to
be high voltage since it is dangerous for the living
being.
Fields of applications of HV

• Power system engineering

• Research laboratories
• Industries
• Nuclear research, particle
accelerators
• Automobile ignition coils
• Medical applications like X-ray
machine
 ac High Voltage
?
Suppose it is said that the
voltage is 100kV.
Then this peak value is
=100 X 103 X 2 volt

Voltage  140kV
In
kV

100kV
power frequency
ac voltage

Time
In
ms

?
10 ms
 dc High Voltage 100kV
Voltage
In
kV

100kV
dc voltage

Time
In
ms
 Lightning Impulse
Voltage
In 90%
?
500k
V
kV
500kV
50% li

10%

t0
t3 Time
t1 t2 In
μs
Wave front
=1.25(t2-t1) Wave tail
=t3-t0
 A. BUSBAR

BUSBAR (or bus, for short) – is a term we use for

a main bar or conductor carrying an electric
current to which many connection may be made.

Buses are merely convenient means of

connecting switches and other equipment into
various arrangements. The usual arrangement
of connections in most substations permit
working on almost any piece of equipment
without interruption to incoming or outgoing
feeders. In the switchyard or substation, buses
are open to the air. Aluminum or copper
conductors supported on porcelain insulators,
carry the electric energy from point to point.
 C. CIRCUIT BREAKER

CIRCUIT BREAKER – is used to interrupt circuits while

current is flowing through them. The making and breaking
of contacts in a Oil type circuit breaker are done under oil,
this oil serves to extinguish the arc when the circuit is
opened. The operation of the breaker is very rapid when
opening. As with the transformer, the high voltage
connections are made through bushings. Circuit breakers of
this type are usually arranged for remote electrical control
from a suitably located switchboard.

Some recently developed circuit breakers have no oil, but

put out the arc by a blast of compressed air; these are
called air circuit breakers. Another type encloses the
contacts in a vacuum or a gas (sulfur hexafluoride, SF6)
which tends to self maintain the arc.
 B. DISCONNECTS

DISCONNECT – is an easily removed piece of the

actual conductor of a circuit. The purpose of
disconnects is to isolate equipment. Disconnects
are not used to interrupt circuits; they are no-load
devices. A typical use of disconnects is to isolate
a circuit breaker by installing one disconnect on
either side of the circuit breaker (in series with the
breaker). Operation of disconnects is one of the
most important and responsible jobs of a power
plant operator. One error in isolation of equipment,
or the accidental grounding of line equipment, can
be a fatal mistake.
 D. CURRENT TRANSFORMER

CURRENT TRANSFORMER – Current

transformer are used with ammeters,
watt meters, power-factor meters,
watt-hour meters ,compensators,
protective and regulating relays and
the trip coil of circuit breakers. One
current transformer can be used to
operate several instruments, provided
that the combined burden does not
exceed that for which the transformer
is designed and compensated. The
current transformer is connected
directly in series with the line.
 E. VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER

VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER – also know as potential

transformer, are used with volt-meters, wattmeters,
watt-hour meters, power-factor meters, frequency
meters, synchroscopes and synchronizing apparatus,
protective and regulating relays and the no-voltage and
over-voltage trip coils of automatic circuit breakers.
One transformer can be used for a number of
instruments at the same time if the total current taken
by the instrument does not exceed that for which the
transformer is designed and compensated. The ordinary
voltage transformer is connected across the line.
 G. SURGE ARRESTOR(parafudr)

•SURGE ARRESTOR – are devices used to provide

the necessary path to ground for such surges, yet
prevent any power current from following the surge.
An ideal arrester must therefore have the following
properties:
1. Ability to remove the surge energy from the
line in a min. time.
2. High resistive to flow of power current.
3. A valve action automatically allowing surge
to pass and then closing up so as not to
permit power current to flow to ground.
4. Always ready to perform.
5. Performance such that no system
disturbances are introduced by its operation.
6. Economically feasible
Variable resistive Metal oxide
OVERHEAD GROUND WIRE – by a ground wire is
meant a wire, generally of steel, supported from
the top of transmission-line towers and solidly
grounded at each tower. It is considered a
preventive device, but it does not entirely
prevent the formation of travelling waves on a
line. Furthermore, those lines which are not
equipped with ground wires will be subjected to
disturbances which produce surges that must be
allowed to escaped to ground, or the apparatus
connected to the line must be strong enough to
reflect or absorb these surges until they are
entirely damped out.
Electrostatic Fields
 SUMMARY
Quantification of Electric Fields:
• Analytical solutions
• Graphical solutions
• Numerical methods

Electric Fields:
• Series/parallel
• Homogeneous/inhomogen
eous
Dielectrics in Electric
Fields:
• Polarization
EFFECT OF ELECTRIC FIELD ON INSULATORS

An atom consists of a positive core

(nucleus) surrounded by negative
electrons forming an electron shell

In an insulator, In a conductor,
the outermost the outer electron
electron shell is shell usually have
full empty spaces
• Lots of energy • Very low energy
required to release a (weak external
free electron from this electric field) required
shell to transport to release charge
current carriers
HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING THE ART OF INSULATION DESIGN

An insulator, also called a dielectric, is a material

that resists the flow of electric current.
An insulating material atoms with tightly
has
bonded valence electrons (outermost electrons
of an atom). The valence (en yüksek değer) band
containing the highest energy electrons is full, and a
large energy gap separates this band from the
conduction band above it. n=3

There is always some voltage n=2

(breakdown voltage) that will give the n=1

electrons enough energy to be excited

∆E = hv
+Ze

into the conduction band. Once this

voltage is exceeded, the material
come to end being an insulator, and
charge begin to pass through it.
 HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING THE ART OF INSULATION DESIGN

*During electrical breakdown, any free charge carrier

being accelerated by the strong electric field has
sufficient velocity to ionize any atom it strikes
(liberate electrons).
*These freed electrons and ions are in turn accelerated and strike other
atoms, creating more charge carriers, in a chain reaction(zincirleme
reaksiyonda).

*Rapidly the insulator becomes filled with mobile carriers, and its
resistance drops to a low level.
 A dielectric is electrical
insulation that can be
INSULATORS vs. DIELECTRICS
polarized by an applied
electric field.
The term
• When a dielectric is "insulator" refers
placed in an electric field, to a low degree
electric charges do not of electrical
flow through the material, conduction.
as in a conductor, but
The term
only slightly shift from "dielectric" is
their average balance typically used to
positions causing describe
dielectric polarization. materials with
• Positive charges are high
displaced along the field polarizability.
and negative charges shift (expressed by the
in the opposite direction. dielectric constant
εr )
This creates an internal
electric field that partly
compensates the external
field inside the dielectric.
Analyzing Electric Fields

Analytical Solutions
Graphical Representation
Numerical Methods