Geology Project

STRAGRAPHY
Stratigraphy
 Principal of stratigraphy and co-reletion , geological
time scale , physiography division of India – study of
formations occurring in peninsular
STRATIGRAPHY
• Stratigraphy is the chronological study of
sedimentary
rocks. Among the different group of rocks. Only
sedimentary rock are amenable to such study
because of
the principle of the order of superposition.
Stratigraphy
. (Strata a set of sedimentary beds, graphy-
description)
reveals various details of the history of the earth
during
the different periods of geological past, from the
beginning till the present.
Through stratigraphy we can know the past details
of
climate, geography, glaciations, orogeny, eperogeny,
evolution and migration of plants and animals.
• Thus as this branch of geology reveals the history
of our
planet, it is called as "Historical Geology".
Historical development
Catholic priest Nicholas Steno established the theoretical basis

for stratigraphy when he introduced the law of superposition,
the principle of original horizontality and the principle of lateral
continuity in a 1669 work on the fossilization of organic remains
in layers of sediment.
The first practical large-scale application of stratigraphy was
by William Smith in the 1790s and early 19th century. Known as
the "Father of English geology",[1] Smith recognized the
significance of strata or rock layering and the importance of
fossil markers for correlating strata; he created the
first geologic map of England. Other influential applications of
stratigraphy in the early 19th century were by Georges
Cuvier and Alexandre Brongniart, who studied the geology of
the region around Paris.
Biostratigraphy
Biostratigraphy or paleontologic stratigraphy is based
on fossil evidence in the rock layers. Strata from widespread
locations containing the same fossil fauna and flora are said to
be correlatable in time. Biologic stratigraphy was based on
William Smith's principle of faunal succession, which predated,
and was one of the first and most powerful lines of evidence
for, biological evolution. It provides strong evidence for the
formation (speciation) and extinction of species. The geologic
time scale was developed during the 19th century, based on
the evidence of biologic stratigraphy and faunal succession.
This timescale remained a relative scale until the development
of radiometric dating, which was based on an absolute time
framework, leading to the development of chronostratigraphy.
One important development is the Vail curve, which attempts
to define a global historical sea-level curve according to
inferences from worldwide stratigraphic patterns. Stratigraphy
is also commonly used to delineate the nature and extent
of hydrocarbon-bearing reservoir rocks, seals, and traps
of petroleum geology.
Chronostratigraphy
Chronostratigraphy is the branch of stratigraphy that

places an absolute age, rather than a relative age on
rock strata. The branch is concerned with
deriving geochronological data for rock units, both directly
and inferentially, so that a sequence of time-relative
events that created the rocks formation can be derived.
The ultimate aim of chronostratigraphy is to place dates on
the sequence of deposition of all rocks within a geological
region, and then to every region, and by extension to
provide an entire geologic record of the Earth.
A gap or missing strata in the geological record of an area
is called a stratigraphic hiatus. This may be the result of a
halt in the deposition of sediment. Alternatively, the gap
may be due to removal by erosion, in which case it may be
called a stratigraphic vacuity.[2][3] It is called
a hiatus because deposition was on hold for a period of
time.[4] A physical gap may represent both a period of non-
deposition and a period of erosion.[3] A geologic fault may
cause the appearance of a hiatus.[5]
Magnetostratigraphy
is a chronostratigraphic technique used to date sedimentary and
volcanic sequences. The method works by collecting oriented
samples at measured intervals throughout a section. The samples
are analyzed to determine their detrital remanent magnetism
(DRM), that is, the polarity of Earth's magnetic field at the time a
stratum was deposited. For sedimentary rocks this is possible
because, as they fall through the water column, very fine-grained
magnetic minerals (< 17 μm) behave like tiny compasses,
orienting themselves with Earth's magnetic field. Upon burial, that
orientation is preserved. For volcanic rocks, magnetic minerals,
which form in the melt, orient themselves with the ambient
magnetic field, and are fixed in place upon crystallization of the
lava.
Oriented paleomagnetic core samples are collected in the
field; mudstones, siltstones, and very fine-grained sandstones are
the preferred lithologies because the magnetic grains are finer
and more likely to orient with the ambient field during deposition.
If the ancient magnetic field were oriented similar to today's field
(North Magnetic Pole near the North Rotational Pole), the strata
would retain a normal polarity. If the data indicate that the North
Magnetic Pole were near the South Rotational Pole, the strata
would exhibit reversed polarity.
Results of the individual samples are analyzed by removing
the natural remanent magnetization (NRM) to reveal the DRM.
column that can then be compared against the Global Magnetic
Polarity Time Scale.
Fossil
A fossil (from Classical Latin fossilis, lit. 'obtained by digging')[1] is any

preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a
past geological age. Examples include bones, shells, exoskeletons, stone
imprints of animals or microbes, objects preserved
in amber, hair, petrified wood and DNA remnants. The totality of fossils
is known as the fossil record.
Paleontology is the study of fossils: their age, method of formation,
and evolutionary significance. Specimens are usually considered to be
fossils if they are over 10,000 years old.[2] The oldest fossils are around
3.48 billion years old[3][4][5] to 4.1 billion years old.[6][7] The observation in
the 19th century that certain fossils were associated with certain
rock strata led to the recognition of a geological timescale and
the relative ages of different fossils. The development of radiometric
dating techniques in the early 20th century allowed scientists to
quantitatively measure the absolute ages of rocks and the fossils they
host.
Geologic time scale
The geologic time scale, or geological time scale, (GTS) is a

representation of time based on the rock record of Earth. It is a
system of chronological dating that uses chronostratigraphy (the
process of relating strata to time) and geochronology (scientific
branch of geology that aims to determine the age of rocks). It is
used primarily by Earth
scientists (including geologists, paleontologists, geophysicists, ge
ochemists, and paleoclimatologists) to describe the timing and
relationships of events in geologic history. The time scale has
been developed through the study of rock layers and the
observation of their relationships and identifying features such
as lithologies, paleomagnetic properties, and fossils. The
definition of standardized international units of geologic time is the
responsibility of the International Commission on
Stratigraphy (ICS), a constituent body of the International Union of
Geological Sciences (IUGS), whose primary objective[1] is to
precisely define global chronostratigraphic units of the
International Chronostratigraphic Chart (ICC)[2] that are used to
define divisions of geologic time. The chronostratigraphic
divisions are in turn used to define geochronologic units.[2]
The Geological Structure of India
The geological structure of a country helps in understanding

the types and character of rocks and slopes, the physical and
chemical properties of soils, the availability of minerals, and
the surface and underground water resources. But before we
can study the geological structure of India, it is important that
we understand what a geological time scale means
reference
Engineering and General Geology :By Parbin

Singh
• Textbook of Engineering Geology :N.Chenna
Kesavullu

Geology Project

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Geology Project

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Geology Project

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

STRAGRAPHY

Catholic priest Nicholas Steno established the theoretical basis

Chronostratigraphy is the branch of stratigraphy that

A fossil (from Classical Latin fossilis, lit. 'obtained by digging')[1] is any

The geologic time scale, or geological time scale, (GTS) is a

The geological structure of a country helps in understanding

Engineering and General Geology :By Parbin

You might also like