INSTRUMENTATION

Is the application of instruments and methods of physical sciences in the investigation

and detection of criminal such as:

 Ballistics
 Dactyloscopy
 Chemistry
 Polygraphy
 Forensic identification of physical evidence and others

Such application of instruments and methods of physical sciences in the investigation and
detection of criminal is otherwise known as criminalistics.

A. FORENSIC BALLISTICS

The term ballistics refers to the science of the travel of a projectile in flight. The flight
path of a bullet includes: travel down the barrel, path through the air and path through a target.

WHAT IS FORENSIC BALLISTICS?

 The science of analyzing firearm usage in crimes.

 Involves analysis of bullets and bullet impacts to determine the type.
 Otherwise known as Firearm Identification
 A discipline of forensic which is concerned with the determination of whether a
bullet, cartridge case or ammunition component was fired in a particular firearm.
 Firearm Identification is a comparative examination, where the ammunition
components of unknown origin (recovered from the crime scene of in the body of the
victim) are compared with bullets, cartridge cases, and by test firing the firearms of
the suspect.
 The known and unknown items are compared microscopically using a bullet
comparator microscope.
 This modern method of crime detection and identification determines whether the
bullet extracted from the body of the victim or recovered from the crime scene came
from a firearm allegedly fired by the suspect.

B. FORENSIC DACTYLOSCOPY

WHAT IS FORENSIC DACTYLOSCOPY?

 In very simple terms, forensic dactyloscopy, means the scientific investigation of

fingerprints and toe or foot prints to identify the owner.
 The prints are most commonly used as a method of identifying criminals.
 This type of scientific evidence is often produced and explained by expert witnesses
in criminal trials.
 However, there are several purposes for collecting and recording individual’s prints
but they are all related in one way or another with providing proof of identity.
DACTYLOSCOPY

 The identification of a person through the examination and comparisons of

fingerprints.
 Also known as the classification of fingerprints.

FINGERPRINT

 The reproduction on some smooth surfaces of the pattern or design formed by ridges
on the inside of the end joint of the fingers and thumbs

C. FORENSIC CHEMISTRY

WHAT IS FORENSIC CHEMISTRY?

 A branch of chemistry which deals with application of chemical principles in the

solution of legal problems.
 This science has an advantage over extracted confessions, eyewitnesses, and other
circumstantial evidence.
 It is regarded as the highest form of uncontestable and conclusive piece of evidence
with the utmost legal significance.
 The value of the findings of the Forensic Chemist in convicting the guilty, as well as
in clearing the innocent suspect, is well recognized.

D. FORENSIC POLYGRAPH

 Otherwise known as Scientific Truth Verification, refers to the scientific method of

detecting deception with the use of the polygraph.
 Polygraph is an instrument or device capable of recording changes in blood pressure,
pulse, respiration, and skin resistance in the physiological phenomena that may be
used of diagnosing truth of deception.
 the polygraph is commonly called as lie detector; polygraph machine;
deceptograph, and truth verifier.
 It is administered by a trained polygraphist, lie detector specialist, forensic
psychologist, or polygraph examiner by asking questions to the subject relevant to
the case under investigation.
 No one can be forced to take a polygraph and polygraph results are seldom admissible
in court.
 Often investigators threaten suspects with a polygraph examination in order to judge
the nature of their reaction to it, or to induce a confession.

E. FORENSIC IDENTIFICATION OF PHYSICAL EVIDENCE

WHAT IS FORENSIC IDENTIFICATION OF PHYSICAL EVIDENCE?

 The ultimate result of the identification is the exclusion of all other substances but
one.
 Example:
When a forensic examiner goes to court with the result of an analysis of a white
powder and reports to the court, for example, that that white powder contains heroin, her
findings and to the identity of his or her findings as modern technology will allow one to
be, it must be a near absolute identification and exclude all other substances from
consideration.

LEGAL MEDICINE

WHAT IS LEGAL MEDICINE?

 Legal Medicine is a branch of medicine which deals with the application of medical
knowledge to the purpose of law and in the administration of justice.
 Legal Medicine, forensic medicine, medical jurisprudence are synonymous – this
concept is under Anglo-American influence.

WHAT IS FORENSIC?

 Forensic denotes anything belonging to the court of law or used in court or legal
proceedings or something fitted for legal or public argumentation.

FAMOUS PERSONALITIES IN THE HISTORY OF LEGAL MEDICINE:

 IMHOTEP – (2980 B.C.) – earliest recorded medico-legal expert. Chief physician

and architect of King Zoser.
 ANTISTIUS – first police surgeon or forensic pathologist and performed the autopsy
in the body of Julius Ceasar. (23 wounds and only 1 penetrated the chest cavity,
between first and second ribs).
 PAULUS ZACHIAS (1584 – 1659) – a papal physician regarded as the father of
forensic medicine.
 ORFILA – founder of modern toxicology. In his Traite’ de Poison, he mentioned
mineral, vegetable and animal poison in relation with physiology, pathology and legal
medicine.
 DR. RAFAEL GENARD Y MAS (1858) - the first medical textbook including
pertinent instruction related to medico-legal practice, Spanish physician.
 1871 – teaching of legal medicine, included as an academic subject in the foundation
of the School of Medicine of the Real y Pontifica Universidad de Santo Tomas.
 1532 - the first textbook in legal medicine was included in the Constituto Criminalis
Carolina during the reign of Emperor Charles V in Germany.
 AMBROSIO PARE (1575) – considered legal medicine as separate discipline and
he discussed in his book, abortion infanticide death by lightning, hanging, drowning
feign disease distinction between ante-mortem and post-mortem wound and
poisoning by carbon monoxide and corrosives.
AUTOPSY VS POST MORTEM EXAMINATION

WHAT IS AUTOPSY?

AUTOPSY – is a comprehensive study of a dead body, employing recognized dissection

procedure and techniques, to know the cause of death (manner of death).

Two (2) Types of Autopsy:

Hereunder are the two (2) types of autopsy:

 Hospital or non-official
 Medico-legal or official

What is Post Mortem Examination?

Post Mortem Examination – refers to external examination of a dead body without incision
being made, although blood and other body fluids may be collected.

DEATH

WHAT IS DEATH?

Death – is the termination of life. It is the complete cessation of all the vital functions without
possibility of resuscitation.

Kinds of Death

Hereunder are the kinds of death:

 Somatic or Clinical Death
 Molecular or cellular death - after cessation (stoppage) of the vital function of the
body there is still animal life among individual cells. Presence of excitability of
muscles.
 Apparent or State of Suspended Animation - this condition is not really death but
merely a transient loss of consciousness or temporary cessation disease, external
stimulus (hysteria, uremia, catalepsy, and electric shock).

Signs of Death:

What are the different signs of Death?

The following are the different signs of death:

a. Cooling of the body (ALGOR MORTIS)

- It is rapid during the first two (2) hours.
- A fall of 15 – 20 degrees Fahrenheit
What is Post Mortem Caloricity?

Post Mortem Caloricity - is the rise of temperature of the body after death due to rapid and
early putrefactive changes or some internal changes.

- First two hours after death

b. Post mortem rigidity (cadaveric rigidity , death stiffening, death struggle of muscles
or Rigor Mortis) - or stiffening of the body, is due to the disappearance of adenosine
triphosphate from muscle.

- may last for 24 to 36 hours

- starts from 2 to 4 hours and fully developed in 6-12 hours.

c. Post mortem lividity or cadaveric lividity or post mortem suggillation or post

mortem hypostasis or livor mortis – is a reddish purple coloration in dependent areas of
the body due to accumulation of blood in the small vessels of the dependent areas
secondary to gravity.

Presence of Food in the Stomach:

Generally, food remains in the stomach for 3 to 4 hours.

- Light meal: 1 ½ - 2 hours
- Medium meal: 3-4 hours
- Heavy mean: 4-6 hours

Stages of Decomposition:

The following are noticeable during the different stages of decomposition:

a. Fresh (1-2 days)

b. Bloated (2-6 days)
c. Decay (5-11 days)
d. Post – Decay (10-24 days)
e. Dry Stage (24+ days)

PHYSICAL INJURY

WHAT IS PHYSICAL INJURY?

Physical Injury – is the effect of some forms of stimulus on the body.

Causes of Physical Injury:

Hereunder are the causes of physical injury:

1. Physical violence
2. Heat or cold
3. Electrical energy
 4. Chemical energy
5. Radiation
6. Change in atmospheric pressure
7. Infection

Classification of Physical Injury:

The following are the classification of physical injury:

1. Contusion (also known as bruise)

What is contusion?

Contusion (or bruise) - is the effusion of blood into the tissues underneath the skin, as a result
of blunt force or violence.

Contusion (or bruise)

Noticeable colors of the injury in relation to number of hours or days after infliction:

The following are the noticeable colors of the injury from the time of infliction:

a. Red – fresh
b. Blue – after few hours to 3 days
c. Bluish black/brown – 4th day
d. Green – 5 to 7 days
e. Yellow – 7 to 12 days
f. Normal – 2 weeks
 2. Hematoma (also known as blood cyst, blood tumor)

What is Hematoma?

Hematoma (or blood cyst, blood tumor) – is the effusion of blood in a newly formed cavity.

Hematoma (also known as blood cyst, blood tumor)

Location of injury in relation to the site of application of force:

a. Coup Injury – Physical injury located at the site of the application of force
b. Contre – Coup – opposite the site of the application of force
c. Coup contre – coup – located at the site and also opposite the site of application of
force.
d. Locus minoris Resistencia - not at the site nor opposite site, but in the area of least
resistance
FIREARM

WHAT IS FIREARM?

Firearm is an instrument used for the propulsion of a projectile by the expansive force of gases
coming from the burning gunpowder. It can be a revolver, pistol, rifle, or shotgun.

Low velocity – 1400 feet per second

High velocity – 1400, 2200 – 2500 feet per second

The medico – legal officer can assist in the following:

1. Direction and range of fire

2. Type of weapon
3. Position of the victim
4. Direction of the bullet and organs involved

Movement of the bullet as it moves out of the muzzle:

1. Forward
2. Spinning
3. Tumbling
4. Wobbling
5. Pull of gravity
WOUND

WHAT IS WOUND?

- is the solution of the natural continuity of the living body.

- disruption of the anatomic integrity of a tissue of the body.

Open Wound

Closed Wound

Types of wound

a. Open wound and

b. Closed wound
Vital Reaction
- is the sum of all reactions of tissue or organ to trauma.
- Rubor (redness), Calor (heat), Dolor (pain), Loss of function

Death of wound:

a. Superficial
b. Deep

Two (2) kinds of deep:

1. Penetrating – enters the body but did not come out

2. Perforating – produce communication inner and outer. Traversing or piercing.

GUNSHOT WOUNDS
WHAT ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF GUNSHOT WOUNDS?

The following are the characteristics of gunshot wounds:

a. SMOKE (Soot, Smudging, Fouling, Smoke Blackening) – by product of complete

combustion of the gunpowder – wiped off – 12 inches or 30 cm.

SMOKE (Soot, Smudging, Fouling, Smoke Blackening)

b. POWDER GRAINS (Tattooing, Stippling, Peppering) – consist of the unburned,

burning and partially burned powder. Penetrate the dermal and epidermal layer. Cannot
be removed - 24 inches or 60cm.

POWDER GRAINS (Tattooing, Stippling, Peppering)

c. ABRASION COLLAR (Contuso – abraded collar, marginal abrasion) – pressure of
bullet on the skin will cause the skin to be depressed and as the bullet lacerate the skin.

The abrasion collar can be of use in approximating angle of fire – if the bullet impacts
perpendicular to the skin surface, it will be round, but if the bullet hits at an angle, the
abrasion collar will be uneven, and more distinct at the point of bullet entrance.

d. SHORED GUNSHOT WOUND OF EXIT – pressed on the hard objects, the exit tends
to be circular or nearly circular with abrasion at its border.
ENTRANCE WOUND VS. EXIT WOUND

Entrance wounds can be divided into four general categories, dictated by the range of fire
from which the bullet was discharged. Range of fire is an expression used to describe the
distance between the gun’s muzzle and the victim/patient. The different ranges of fire are:
distant or indeterminate range; intermediate or medium range; close range and contact. The
entrance wounds associated with each of the four ranges of fire categories will have physical
characteristics pathognomonic to each category.

a. Abrasion Collar – if the muzzle is 2 or more feet away (distant or indeterminate range)
from the victim, the entrance wound usually is a small hole, with an abrasion collar (a
blue-black bruising effect in a halo around the point of entry). Some black smudging can
also occur where the skin literally wipes the bullet clean off the burned gunpowder,
grime, and oil residue it picks up as it passes through the barrel of the gun (A).

b. Tattoed or Stippled – if the muzzle is between 6 inches to 3 feet (intermediate or

medium range) from the point of entry, the skin may appear tattooed or stippled. This
effect is the result of tiny particles of gunpowder discharged from the muzzle embedded
in the skin, in a speckled pattern around the wound (B).

c. Close range – if the muzzle is less than 6 inches from the victim, the gunshot produces a
hole, a more compact area of stippling, a surrounding area of charring (from the hot gases
expelled through the muzzle), and a bright red hue to the wounded tissues (C).

d. Star-shaped or Stellate Pattern – if the muzzle is pressed against the victim when the
gun is fired, hot gases and particulate matter are driven directly into the skin, producing
greater charring and ripping the skin in a star-shaped or stellate pattern (D).
 Exit wounds will assume a variety of shapes and configurations and are not consistently
larger that their corresponding entrance wounds. The exit wound size is dictated primarily by
three variables: the amount of energy possessed by the bullet as it exits the skin, the bullet size
and configuration, and the amount of energy transferred to underlying tissue, i.e. bone fragments.
Exit wounds usually have irregular margins and will lack the hallmarks of entrance wounds,
abrasion collars, soot, and tattooing. If the skin of the victim is pressed against or supported by a
firm object, as the projectile exits, the wound may exhibit an asymmetric area of abrasion.

TEST FOR DETERMINATION OF PRESENCE OF GUNPOWDER RESIDUE

Paraffin Casting

DERMAL NITRATE TEST (Paraffin, Diphenylamine, Lung or Gonzales Test) – test for
presence of powder residues. 150 degrees F. 1/8 inch and solidified. Treated with Lung’s
reagent, also known as Diphenylamine solution. Paraffin test must be conducted within three
(3) days or seventy-two hours (72 hours).
DEATH BY ASPHYXIA

WHAT IS ASPHYXIA?

ASPHYXIA – interference with the process of respiration or the supply of oxygen to the blood
or to the tissues has been reduced to normal level.

Asphyxial deaths are grouped into 3 categories:

1. Suffocation
2. Strangulation
3. Chemical Asphyxia

6 general forms of suffocation:

1. Entrapment/environmental suffocation

a. Entrapment
 Individual trapped in air tight atmosphere
 Initially there is sufficient oxygen; after that sometime of breathing they exhaust and
asphyxiate.
 Example: Child gets trapped in refrigerator which is locked inside.

b. Environmental Suffocation
 Individual breathed in atmosphere where there is inadequacy of oxygen.
  Example: Mountaineering or high altitude; decompression; certain profession in
which individual work in underground chamber, petrol or diesel tank, unused deep
wells, underground sewage draining system; vitiated atmosphere: exposure to CO,
CO2, methane, sulphureted hydrogen, SO2, etc.

2. Smothering
- Form of asphyxia caused by closing the external respiratory orifices i.e., nose and
mouth either by hand or by other means i.e., mud, paper, cloth, plastic bag, duct tape,
etc.

3. Choking
4. Mechanical asphyxia
- Pressure on the outside of the body prevents respiration. It is accidental in manner.
- Three (3) types of Mechanical Asphyxia:
1. Traumatic asphyxia (a term often used interchangeably with mechanical
asphyxia) – a mechanical cause of hypoxia resulting from external compression
and blunt thoracic trauma. It is also called crush asphyxia.

2. Positional Asphyxia – occurs when a person is placed in a posture that prevents

or impedes the mechanism of normal breathing.

3. Riot-crush or human pile deaths

 5. Mechanical asphyxia combine with smothering
a. Traumatic Asphyxia combined with Smothering – accident from overlay,
where an infant is placed in bed for the night with either an adult or a larger child
b. Burking
– is a combination of suffocation and traumatic asphyxia developed (or at
least perfected) by the “ressurectionist” Burke and Hare in the early 19th
century.
– In period of 1927 and 1928, 16 persons died due to this method.
– As soon as their guest was drunk enough, Hare would wrestle him to the
floor and closes his mouth and nostrils with his hands, while Burk would
sit on the poor victim’s chest. Thus an effective combination of
intoxication and asphyxia (smothering + traumatic asphyxia) would
result in a quick, non-messy death.

6. Suffocating gases

SEXUAL CRIMES

VIRGINITY:
WHAT IS VIRGINITY?
- Virginity is a condition of a female who has not experienced sexual intercourse and
genital organ have not been altered by carnal connection.

KINDS OF VIRGINITY:
1. MORAL – state of not knowing the nature of sexual life and not having experienced
sexual relation.

2. PHYSICAL – woman is conscious of the nature of the sexual life but has not
experienced sexual intercourse. True and False.

3. DEMI – VIRGINITY – a woman who permits any form of sexual liberties as long as
they abstain from rupturing the hymen.

4. VIRGO INTACTA – truly virgin woman

CLASSIFICATION OF BREAST:
The following are classifications of breast:

a. Hemispherical,
b. Conical,
c. Infantile, and
d. Pendulous (Drooping)

WHAT IS CHASTITY?

CHASTITY
- a state or practice of refraining from all sexual intercourse.

HYMEN:
Classification of Hymen:

Other Causes of Hymenal Laceration:

a. A passage of clotted blood
b. Ulceration due to disease, Diptheria
c. Jumping or running
d. Falling on hard or sharp object
e. Local medication
f. Self-scratching due to irritation
g. Masturbation
h. Insertion of foreign bodies
i. Previous operation

SEMEN

WHAT IS SEMEN?
Semen is the male reproductive fluid, containing spermatozoa in suspension.

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SEMEN AND SPERM?

- Sperm is the microscope male reproductive cell, while semen refers to the seminal
fluid that contains millions of sperms.

- Sperm is the genetic bearer and is haploid, while semen has no such characteristics
other than nourishing the sperm cells and keeping them motile.

- Semen – 2.5 – 5 cc, 60 million f sperm, 80% motile 45 minutes, 3 hours – 20%
abnormal in forms. Acid Phosphatase test.

- How long in the vaginal canal? 36 hours, 2-3 days, 2 hours, 43 hours in cervix and
uterus, 17 days motile in vagina.
Degree of Laceration
1. Incomplete Laceration – it does not involve the whole width or height of the hymen.
a. Superficial
b. Deep
2. Complete – the whole width but not beyond the base of the hymen.
3. Compound or complicated – it involves the hymen and also the surrounding tissues. It
may involve the perineum, vaginal canal, urethra or rectum.

Notches – indentation of the hymen simulating the lacerations.

Sexual Abnormalities:
The following are the sexual abnormalities:
a. Tribadism (Lesbianism) – a special name for female homosexuals wherein a woman has
the desire to have sexual intercourse with another woman.

b. Infantosexual – sexual desire towards an immature person.

c. Pedophile – a form of sexual perversion wherein a person has the compulsive desire to
have sexual intercourse with a child of either sex.

d. Intercrural sex – also known as femoral/interfemoral sex, is a type of non-penetrative

sex where the penis is placed between the receiving partner’s thighs and thrusts to create
friction.

e. Bestosexual – sexual desire towards animals. Bestiality (Zoophilia) – Sexual

gratification is attained by having sexual intercourse with animals.

f. Autosexual (Self-gratification or masturbation) – It is a form of “self-abuse” or

“solitary vice” carried without the cooperation of another person.

WHAT ID ORGASM?
 Orgasm – is a feeling of intense sexual pleasure that happens during sexual activity.
A.k.a. “coming or climaxing”. Both woman and man have orgasm.

 Frottage – ejaculation produced by rubbing his sex organ against some part of the female
body without the use of the hand.

 Gerontophilia – sexual desire with elder person.

 Necrophilia – a sexual perversion characterized by erotic desire or actual sexual

intercourse with a corpse.

 Incest – sexual relations between persons who, by reason of blood relationship cannot
legally marry.
OVERSEX:
 Satyriasis – excessive sexual desire of men to intercourse.

 Nymphomania – strong sexual feeling of women. Commonly called “hot or fighter’.

General expression of compulsive neurosis.

UNDER SEX (Sexual Frigidity):

 Sexual Anesthesia - absence of sexual desire or arousal during sexual act in women.

 Dyspareunia – painful sexual act in women.

 Vaginismus – painful spasm of the vagina during sexual act.

WHAT IS ORALISM?
 Oralism – is the use of mouth as a way of sexual gratification.
a. Fellatio (Irrumation) – the female agent receives the penis of a man into her mouth
and by friction with the lips and tongue coupled with act sucking initiates orgasm.
b. Cunnilingus – sexual gratification is attained by licking or sucking the external
female genitalia.
c. Anilism (Anilingus) – a form of sexual perversion wherein a person derives
excitement by licking the anus of another person of either sex.

WHAT IS SADO-MASOCHISM?
 Sado-masochism (Algolagnia) – pain or cruel act as a factor for gratification.

WHAT IS SADISM?
 Sadism (Active Algolagnia) – a form of sexual perversion in which the infliction of pain
on another is necessary or sometimes the sole factor in sexual enjoyment.
1. Cannibalism – sexual gratification attained by biting without flesh eating but with
presumed unconscious wish to consume.
2. Love Bites - these are superficial contusions seen most frequently on the sides of the
neck, sternocleidomastoid, breast, and other parts of the body. If the victim dies,
Necrosadism or lust murder. The deviate has strong homicidal urge, quite often
suffering from organic brain disease or may be schizophrenic, epileptic, or
psychopath.

 Masochism (Passive Algolagnia) – the pain and humiliation from the opposite is the
primary factor for sexual gratification.

 Fetishism – a form of sexual perversion wherein the real or fantasied presence of an

object or bodily part is necessary for sexual stimulation or gratification.

 Urolagnia – a sexual deviation in which sexual excitement is associated with sight of

women urinating. In some instance, there is desire to drink.

 Coprolognia – a form of sexual deviation wherein sexual gratification is attained by

seeing women defecate (popo).
  Mysophilia – sexual response to filth or excretion.

 Pygmalionism – a sexual deviation whereby a person has sexual desire for statues.

 Mannikinism – sexual desire with mannikins.

 Narcissism – a person has extreme admirations and love of one’s self and appreciating
his or her self.

 Negative Fetish – the marked dislike for things, like eyeglasses, beard, haircut, as the
sole stimulus for gratification.

 Sabateur Fetish – a deviate does damage while he gets satisfaction like cutting clothes
or hair.

 Coprophilia – also called scatophilia or scat is the paraphilia involving sexual arousal
and pleasure from feces (popo).

 Incendiarism – deviates derive sexual pleasure from setting fire.

 Vampirism – deviate attains sexual stimulation or gratification at the sight of blood.

As to the Part of the Body:

1. Sodomy – sexual act through the anus of another human being.

2. Uranism – sexual gratification attained by fingering, fondling with the breast, licking
parts of the body.

3. Frottage – generally achieve their erotic gratification by rubbing or pressing their organs
against the buttocks of women in crowded subways, buses, etc.

WHAT IS PARTIALISM?

Partialism
- Form of sexual deviation wherein a person has special affinity to certain parts of the
female body. May prefer rubbing his penis against a woman’s breast or may prefer to
lie prone and kiss the buttocks or perform cunnilingus.

As to Visual Stimulus:
1. Voyeurism – compulsion to peep. “Peeping Tom.”

2. Mixoscopia (scoptophilia) – watching couples undress or during their sex intimacies.

As to Number:
1. Troilism (Menage a trois’) – 3 person are participating in the sexual orgies. 2:1
men:woman or vice versa. “Suixante-neuf” (sixty-nine). Sexual gratification is attained in
the “eternal triangle.”
Pluralism
- A group of persons participate in sexual orgies. 2 or more couples, exchange partners
for “variety sake” during the “sexual festival.”

Other Sexual Deviates:

1. Coprolalia – the need to use obscene language to obtain sexual gratification.

2. Don Juanism – term applied by psychiatrist to describe a form sexual deviation

characterized by promiscuity and making seduction of many women as part of his carrer.

 Indecent Exposure (exhibitionism) – in willful exposure in public place of one’s genital

in the presence of other persons, usually the opposite sex.

SEXUAL REVERSAL:
1. Transvetism (“sexo-esthetic inversion, physical hermaphroditism or Metamorphosis
sexualis paranoiac) – male individual derives pleasure from wearing female apparel.
Sexual maladjustment amendable to psychotherapy.
2. Transexualism – dominant desire in some person identify themselves with the opposite
sex, sometimes may castrate or mutilate. May go to extent of surgery to change their
anatomical sex.
3. Intersexuality – a genetic defect wherein an individual shoe intermingling in varying
degrees, of the characteristics of both sexes, including physical form, reproductive organs
and sexual behavior.

PATERNITY

WHAT IS PATERNITY?

Paternity
The civil status of the father with respect to the child begotten by him.

Kinds of Children
A. Legitimate Children
1. Legitimate children (proper)
2. Legitimated proper
3. Adopted children

B. Illegitimate Children
1. Natural Children (proper) – are those born out of lawful wedlock of parents who, at the
time of conception of such children could have married with or without dispensation.
2. Natural Children by presumption - are those acknowledged by the father or the mother
separately if the acknowledging parent was legally competent to contract marriage at the
time of the conception
3. Natural Children by legal fiction - are those conceived or born of marriages which are
void (of no legal effect) from the beginning.

C. Spurious Children
1. Adulterous children
2. Incestuous
 3. Manceres – offspring of prostitutes
4. Sacrilegious – children of this who had received Holy orders. Born of sacrilegious
relations, that is, of parents who have taken religious vows of chastity.

MENTAL DISORDERS
The following are the different kinds of mental disorder:
1. Illusion – a false interpretation of an external stimulus. It maybe manifested with sense
of sight, hearing, taste, touch and smell.
2. Hallucination – an erroneous perception without external object stimulus.
3. Dementia – a form of insanity resulting from degeneration or disorder of the brain
characterized by general mental weakness, forgetfulness, loss of coherence (organize,
rational, logical, lucid, comprehensible), and total inability to reason but not accompanied
by delusion or uncontrollable impulse.
4. Morons – Those with IQs between 51 and 70 (adequate learning skills to complete
menial tasks and to communicate) (7-12 years old)
5. Imbeciles – those with IQs between 26 and 50 (unable to progress past a mental age of
approximately six) (2-7 years old)
6. Idiots – those with IQs between 0 to 25 (poor motor skills, extremely limited
communication, and little response to stimulus) (0-2 years old). Delusion (d/o of contents
of thought)
7. Delusion of Grandeur (Delirium of Grandeur, Megalomania, Folie de Grandeur) -
erroneous belief that he is in possession of great power, wealth, wisdom, physical
strength, it is not always sign of insanity.
Obsession – thought and impulse which continually occur in the person’s mind despite
all his attempts to keep them out. Border of sanity and insanity. Associated with some
sort of fear and nervous exhaustion.
8. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder – is a common, chronic, and long-lasting disorder in
which a person has uncontrollable, reoccurring thoughts (obsessions) and/or behaviors
(compulsions) that he or she feels the urge to repeat over and over.
9. Mania – a state of excitement accompanied by exaltation or a feeling of well-being
which is out of harmony with the surrounding circumstances of the patient. Hyperactive,
with flight of ideas.
10. Bipolar Disorder – formerly called manic depression, is a mental health condition that
causes extreme mood swings that include emotional highs (mania or hypomania) and
lows (depression).