PROJECT BASE LEARNING

SEMESTER -2 PHYSICS LAB -2

TOPIC – ULTRASONIC WAVES AND SENSORS

NAME ENROLLNMENT NO. –

AKRIT YADAV 22102161
ASHWIN DESHPANDE 22102159
SMRITI AGGARWAL 22102178
ABHISHEK MITTAL 22102160
 CONTENT
ULTRASONIC WAVES

ULTRASONIC SENSORS

HOW ULTRASONIC DISTANCE SENSOR IS

USING ULTRASONIC WAVES TO DETECT AND
MEASURE DISTANCE

ARDUINO UNO

ARDUINO CODE

CONCLUSION

ULTASONIC WAVES
Ultrasonic waves are sound waves that have a frequency greater
than the upper limit of human hearing, which is typically considered
to be 20,000Hz. These waves are characterized by their high
frequency, short wavelength, and high energy. Ultrasonic waves
have a wide range of practical applications, including medical
imaging, non-destructive testing, and cleaning. In medical imaging,
ultrasonic waves are used to produce images of internal organs and
tissues, while in non-destructive testing, they are used to detect
flaws and defects in materials such as metals and plastics. Ultrasonic
cleaning uses high-frequency sound waves to remove dirt and other
contaminants from surfaces, making it a useful technique in
industrial and laboratory settings. Overall, ultrasonic waves are a
valuable tool in a variety of fields, due to their ability to penetrate
solids and liquids and their non-invasive nature.

ULTRASONIC SENSORS
Ultrasonic sensors are devices that use sound waves with
frequencies higher than the human hearing range to detect and
measure the distance to objects. They work by emitting high-
frequency sound waves that bounce off an object and return to the
sensor, allowing it to calculate the distance between the sensor and
the object. Ultrasonic sensors are commonly used in a wide range of
applications, including industrial automation, automotive, medical,
and robotics. They are also used in parking assistance systems, home
security systems and other consumer electronics. They offer several
advantages, including high accuracy, reliability, and versatility,
making them a popular choice for many sensing applications.
Additionally, ultrasonic sensors can operate in harsh environments
and are relatively immune to interference from other sensors,
making them a robust option for a variety of applications.
Additionally, ultrasonic sensors can operate in harsh environments
and are relatively immune to interference from other sensors,
making them a robust option for a variety of applications.

How Ultrasonic distance sensor is

using Ultrasonic waves to detect and
measure distance
An ultrasonic distance sensor works by emitting a high-frequency
sound wave, usually in the range of 40 kHz to 200 kHz, and
measuring the time it takes for the wave to bounce back from an
object and return to the sensor. The sensor then measures the time
it takes for the sound waves to return to the sensor and calculates
the distance based on the speed of sound in air. The sensor emits the
sound wave through a transducer, which converts electrical energy
into sound energy. The wave then travels through the air until it hits
an object, where it is reflected back towards the sensor. The
transducer then receives the reflected wave and converts it back into
an electrical signal.
By measuring the time it takes for the wave to travel from the sensor
to the object and back again, the sensor can calculate the distance to
the object using the speed of sound in air (about 343 meters per
second at room temperature). The sensor can then output the
distance measurement in various forms, such as an analogue or
digital signal, which can be used by other systems to control or
monitor a process.
The sensor can calculate the distance to the object using the
following formula: distance = (speed of sound x time) / 2
 Arduino Uno

Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P

microcontroller. It has 14
digital input/output pins, 6
analog inputs, a 16 MHz
quartz crystal, a USB
connection, and a power
jack. It is one of the most
popular and widely used
Arduino boards due to its
simplicity, versatility, and
affordability.

The Arduino Uno board can

be programmed using the Arduino Integrated Development
Environment (IDE), which is a software platform used to write and
upload code to the board. The IDE supports a simplified version of C+
+ programming language and provides a user-friendly interface that
makes it easy for beginners to get started.

Arduino boards can be used to control various electronic devices,

such as sensors, motors, and lights, using code written in the Arduino
IDE. The boards can also communicate with other devices, such as
computers or smartphones, using various communication protocols,
such as Bluetooth or Wi-Fi.
There are many other Arduino boards available, each with its own
unique features and capabilities. For example, the Arduino Mega
board has more input/output pins and memory than the Uno,
making it suitable for more complex projects. The Arduino Nano
board is smaller in size and can be used in projects where space is
limited. Overall, Arduino boards are an excellent platform for
prototyping, experimenting, and building electronic project.
Arduino Code
#include<servo.h>
int trigPin = 9;
int echoPin = 10;
Servo myServo;
float duration,distance;
Void setup() {
pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT);
pinmode(echoPin, INPUT);
myServo.attach(8);
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop() {
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);
digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
duration= pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);
distance=(duration*0.0343)/2;
if(distance<12 && distance>6) {myservo.write(30);
} else {
myServo.write(65);}

Conclusion
After implementing a security system with an ultrasonic sensor and
Arduino, it can be concluded that the system is a reliable and effective
way to secure a specific area. The system operates by detecting any
movement within its range and triggering an alarm to alert the user.

The ultrasonic sensor is capable of detecting motion accurately and can

operate in various lighting conditions. The Arduino microcontroller
provides the ability to program and customize the system, making it
adaptable to specific requirements.

Additionally, the security system can be integrated with other sensors to

enhance its functionality further. For example, adding a camera sensor
can enable the user to capture images of any intruders and store them
for later analysis.

Overall, the security system with an ultrasonic sensor and Arduino is a

cost-effective solution for those looking to secure their property or
belongings. Its ease of use and customization make it a popular choice
for both home and business owners. With continued advancements in
technology, it is expected that this system will become even more
efficient and reliable in the future.