READING AND

WRITING
Patterns of Development
Lesson 1: Narration
WHAT ARE PATTERNS OF
DEVELOPMENT IN
WRITING?
These are patterns of organization that
writers use to organize their ideas about a
topic.
An understanding of different methods of
development and when to use them can save
you valuable time in starting and organizing
your essay.
 3

What was your most

unforgettable
day/memory during the
covid-19 lockdown?
Recall what happened
that day.
 4

What things did you consider in

sharing your story?
Was there any difficulties did you
encounter in writing your experience?
What are those?
Were you able to accomplish the task
in the given time?
Read the set of events and rewrite the 5

following details on your answer sheet to

create a coherent story.
1. Finally, the old lady crossed the street safely and Juan
was able to reach school on time.
2. One morning, Juan is in a hurry going to school.
3. Then, he thought of helping the old lady even though
he will be late in school.
4.Suddenly, he saw an old lady, carrying a full of basket,
crossing the street.
1. What words are used to signal the 6

correct sequence of the events?

2. How do you think the ideas were able to
relate to one another?
3. What do we call these words?
4. How do these words help to create a
story?
5. What kind of paragraph were you able
to create using the given details?
 7

It is important to use strategies

developing ideas using a
particular pattern. One of these
is through narration.
 Presentation title 8

NARRATION
- Means to tell a story about people,
places events, dates, etc. Mostly
narratives simply tell what
happened in the story or the
sequence of events. A narrative of
personal experience offers lessons
and insights.
 STORY NARRATIVE ELEMENTS: 9

v SETTING- serves as the background of a story for it gives the place and time
elements.
v CHARACTER- this pertains to persons involved in the story.
vPLOT- covers the series of incidents or events that occurs in the story.
v Exposition- characters and setting are introduced
v Rising Action- when the conflict is exposed
v Climax- the highest point of interest and the turning point of the story
v Falling Action- the conflict begin to be resolved
v Denouement – the final resolution of the story
v CONFLICT- a problem that needs to be resolved by the characters in the story.
v THEME- a significant truth about life that the story attempts to communicate to its
readers. It shows that reading narratives entertains and gives us profitable experiences.
v POV (Point of view)- the perspective of the writer in narrating the story.
THINGS TO REMEMBER:
q Relate the events in the order in which they
occurred.
q Topic sentence should identify the
situation/event. The topic sentence should be
found in the first part of your paragraph or the
introduction because it would help the readers
comprehend what the essay is all about.
q Your narration shouldn’t be more than just a
mere run through of events. It should include
some element of drama and tension.
q When using narration, you are not just a writer,
you are a storyteller.
 TIPS ON WRITING AN EFFECTIVE 11

NARRATION:

a.Determine your purpose or the

reason for telling the story.
b. Select an appropriate point of
view.
c. Follow a logical time sequence.
d. Use details to present the setting.
e. Make you characters believable.
f. Use dialogue realistically.
 12

In developing narration,
sequential presentation of events
plays an important role. Signal
words help to create unified
thought and to show the
transition of events to the next.
 13

The chronological ordering of events

helps to show the reader how the story
moves. Most of the common transitional
words are first, next, then, after and
suddenly. Moreover, it is also important
to give specific details in pointing out the
direction of the story.
READING AND
WRITING
Patterns of Development
Lesson 2: Description
Answer the following questions.
1.What do you call the words that
are used to provide a striking effect
on the senses of the reader?
2. How do these words help create a
vivid description of the given words?
3.What kind of paragraph can you
develop using the given details?
The kind of words we used to describe how
your subject looks, sounds, feels, smells or even
tastes like are called sensory languages. It also
concerns how you will arrange the details to
provide an image of the scene, the person or the
object you are trying to describe in your text.
 Presentation title 17

DESCRIPTION
- is writing by painting a word
picture of person, place, animal or
thing through sensory details to
create a clear and vivid impression
of the topic.
 18

Unlike narration, which

presents information from the
beginning to end, description an be
arranged in any pattern you think
best. Usually, the pattern is spatial,
presenting things as they appear in
space. But each writer chooses his
or her own perspective-the position
from which to view a subject.
 19

Description as a pattern of
development in writing involves
putting the image of an object,
person, place, scene, or event into
words. It appeals to the reader’s
sense and allows them to
experience what is being described
by the writer in terms if sight, smell,
hearing, touch and taste.
 20

Description allows the

relationship of the whole and its
parts and focuses on featuring the
differences of objects, people,
places, scenes, or events with the
others of the same class. Logical and
spatial order are commonly
observed in description.
There are two types of description
 First is objective description, where the
writer presents impartial and actual picture of
the subject without biases and excluding
personal impression of the subject just like
when you give your description of an
experiment in class.
Objective description is
informative, scientific, technical
and factual. Hence, it is
denotative in nature and no
opinions or emotions are injected
in this type of description.
Second is subjective description, where the
writer gives personal impression of what is
observed. This is often used in making fiction
stories. For instance, when you are asked to
write about a place you visit during summer
vacation, you tend to give your personal
judgment of how you experience the place.
Subjective description is
suggestive or opinionated.
Hence, it is connotative in
nature and reveals the
personal views and emotions
of the writer.
Read the paragraphs below. Tell whether the description is subjective description or objective.

Paragraph 1
Sampaloc Lake is an inactive volcanic maar on the
island of Luzon, the Philippines. It is the largest of the
Seven Lakes of San Pablo, Laguna. Nearly half of the
lake's depth has a shallow depression at the bottom,
indicating its volcanic origin. It is approximately 104
hectares and 3.5 kilometer boardwalk. The lake is behind
San Pablo City Capitol and at the foot of the Doña
Leonila Park.
Paragraph 2

Sampaloc Lake is one of the best tourist

spots in San Pablo. It is where you can bring
your friends and loved ones for picnic and
bonding. Most of San Pableños jog around the
lake and do ride bicycles not only to have
morning good exercise but also have fresh air.
You can witness the beauty of nature for it is
surrounded with mountains.
Paragraph 3

My friends and I went to Sabang Beach, one of the famous

tourist spots in Baler. Sabang Beach is a landform alongside a
body of water that the people usually visit to go sunbathing,
swimming, or surfing. The water there is not as clear as the water
on other beaches, but the waves there are continuous and high
which attract a lot of tourists especially those who are
professional surfers and enthusiasts.
Paragraph 4
My friends and I went to Sabang Beach, one of the famous
tourist spots in Baler. Sabang Beach is a beautiful place. A lot of people
go there to have fun and take photos with their friends and family. It is
a great place to relax and enjoy to relieve stress from work. Children
and adults alike take surfing lessons on the beach and they look like
they are having a lot of fun despite falling of surfboards a few times. A
mountain full of trees also serves as a beautiful backdrop of the beach
which can surely leave anyone in awe and take their breath away.
READING AND
WRITING
Patterns of Development
Lesson 3: Definition
 31

Understanding the meaning of words can

be tricky business, because language is
dynamic; language continuously changes.
As the world and the people living in
change, so do words and its meanings
change. People have particular
interpretations on concepts; each one of
us has different backgrounds and
personalities that determine how we
understand the words. That is why
defining is essential.
DEFINITION
32

-tells what a word means to have a

clear understanding of any word
especially technical words, slang and
specialized words used in the
paragraph.
There are two methods of definition

DENOTATION

INFORMAL
DEFINITION
CONNOTATION
 It is denotative if the meaning it
provides is literal and straight from
the dictionary. It is not influenced by
the writer’s personal opinions.
The denotation of a word or expression is
its explicit or direct meaning, as
distinguished from the ideas or meanings
associated with it or suggested by it.
Simply put, a word’s denotation is what that
word means or directly represents.
The meaning of denotation becomes more
clear when it’s contrasted with connotation.
When someone refers to a
word’s connotation, they’re referring to what
it implies or suggests—or to the secondary
meanings or implications that are associated
with it.
 It is connotative if the meaning
it provides may be figurative or
literary. It is largely influenced by the
writer’s personal opinions and
emotions.
 For example, the word home refers to the place
where you live—it could be a house, an apartment, etc.
This is the word’s denotation. For many people, the
word home has a positive connotation—it’s associated
with safety, comfort, and a sense of belonging. These
associations and implications make up the
word’s connotation.
 Example 1 Example 2
The sky is everything that lies The sky is my source of hope. It
above the surface of the earth. makes me feel calm, especially
It is called the celestial when it is clear and blue in
sphere. It is in the sphere color. It serves as a reminder that
where the moon, stars, sun everyone is loved by God who is
and planets appear. looking down from above and
guiding each one of us.
READING AND
WRITING
Patterns of Development
Lesson 4: Exemplification
and Classification
EXEMPLIFICATION

It is a method of paragraph
development that presents the
general statement and then
provides specific and concrete
examples to expound the main
idea.
EXEMPLIFICATION

- Elaboration or explanation by giving examples

- Exemplification (or illustration) is the most
common and effective pattern to explain an
idea or point. In developing this kind of
paragraph, the writer develops a general
statement –the topic sentence, with one or
more examples to support it.
 Here are some transitional
expressions in writing effective
exemplification paragraphs: for instance,
namely, to be specify, to clarify, to
illustrate, for example, in short, as an
example.
CLASSIFICATION

It is a method of paragraph
development that use categories,
types or groups in order to
understand a larger concept.
Classification is used when a
writer needs to sort out or
arrange subjects to groups or
categories based on their
common and shared
characteristics
Here are some
transitional expressions in writing effective
classification paragraphs: classified as, one
kind, the last group, another kind, another, final
type, the first category, are categorized as, the
next part.
READING AND
WRITING
Patterns of Development
Lesson 5: COMPARISON
AND CONTRAST
Whenever you make a choice, whether
trivial or serious, you are actually doing
some sort of a comparison and contrast.
Comparison entails dealing with the
similarities or differences of at least two
subjects. Contrast, on the other hand, is
tackling the differences between or among
topics.
Comparison and contrast are
complementary to each other and are
usually inseparable. One cannot see
similarities without seeing the differences
well, and vice versa. The main purpose of
these is not only to show the subject’s
obvious similarities and differences but to
show a deeper analysis of these similarities
and differences.
Comparison and contrast is also an
extension of definition as your try to
define a term by stating how it is
like and unlike another term being
discussed. In writing about it, it is
important to make sure first that the
subject being discussed are really
comparable to one another because
if they are not, another pattern of
development should be used.
My sisters are as different as yin and yang in terms of personality, appearance
and intelligence. Tina, the middle child in the family, prefers staying at home
than going out with her friends. She is slim, petite and has dark skin. As she is
not sociable, she finds friends with the characters from the books she reads
most of the time. In addition, she is very clever in subjects like Math and
Science which made her graduate with Highest Honors from Senior High
School. In contrast, my youngest sister, Joni, is the opposite. She has an outgoing
and friendly personality. There is never a dull moment as she is always ready
with stories to tell. She is tall with a round plump face and fair skin. Being the
youngest in the family, she is often asked to perform during family gatherings
since she sings and dances well.
COMPARISON AND CONTRAST

This pattern organizes ideas based on how events, places,

people, things, and concepts are similar to or different from one
another. There are ways on how ideas can be arranged:
separately, which involves describing one item first followed by
the second item; or side-by-side, which means discussing both
items based on each point of comparison.
TWO WAYS TO PRESENT
COMPARISON AND CONTRAST
IN WRITING:

BLOCK PATTERN
- This is done by presenting the information,
data, or characteristics about the first items in one
paragraph. Then, it will be followed by all the
information, data, or characteristics about the
second item/subject in the next paragraph.
ALTERNATIVE PATTERN
- This is done by presenting
both subject side by side, then
comparing their similarities and
contrasting their differences point
by point. In short, a piece of
information, data or characteristics
of both subject is discussed at the
same time in one statement.
There are two common ways to organize comparison/contrast
paragraph or essay. The Block Method is used to compare and contrast
two subjects one at a time. You may begin by saying everything you
have to say about the first subject you are discussing then move on
and write everything about your second subject. If you are writing a
short paragraph or essay, you might be able to fit all of your points
about each item. However, if you would want to address one subject
at a time, you may use Point-by-point comparison.
A comparison-contrast paragraph can either just point out the
similarities or differences, or it can tackle either using subject-
by-subject comparison (block pattern) or point-by-point
comparison (alternative pattern). In a subject-by-subject
comparison, all points about one subject are discussed and
then all points about the other subject. While in point-by-point
comparison, each point for both subjects and then to the next
point are discussed.
 Jeepneys and buses are popular means of public transportation in the Philippines. In
terms of size, jeepneys are smaller. They can accommodate only a maximum of 22 passengers.
In terms of the sitting arrangement of the passengers, jeepney passengers sit side by side
facing other passengers on the opposite side. In term of maximum duration per trip, jeepneys’
regular longest trip is just around two hours. Lastly, in terms if the length of routes, jeepneys
regularly have short routes.
In contrast, in terms of size, buses are big. They can accommodate up to 60 passengers.
In term of sitting arrangement of the passengers, each busy passenger sits beside one or two
passengers facing straight ahead. In terms of the maximum duration per trip, buses can have as
long as a 24-hour trip. Lastly, in terms of length of routes, buses usually have long routes.
Despite the many differences between jeepneys and buses, both classifications still
remain as effective and practical means of public transportation used by commuters daily.
 Jeepneys and buses are popular means of public transportation in the
Philippines. Jeepneys are relatively smaller and shorter than buses, they can
accommodate only a maximum of 22 passengers while buses can accommodate up to
60. Jeepney passenger sit side by side facing other passengers on the opposite side,
while each bus passenger sits beside one or two more passengers facing straight
ahead. Jeepneys’ regular longest trip is just around two hours, while buses can have as
long as 24-hour trip. Lastly, jeepneys regularly have shorter routes while buses usually
have longer routes.
Despite the many differences between jeepneys and buses, both classifications
still remain as effective and practical means of public transportation used by
commuters daily.
READING AND
WRITING
Patterns of Development
Lesson 6: CAUSAL ANALYSIS
CAUSAL ANALYSIS

Causal Analysis means identifying the

causes and effects of a situation, event, or
phenomenon. It is born out of the inherent
human characteristics of trying to make
connections and to understand reasons.
 A cause is what prompted
something to happen. An effect is what
yielded after something else took place.
This pattern of development in
writing involves pointing out the
relationship between certain actions,
events, or situations by identifying which
among them are the reasons and which
are the consequences.
One practical application of CAUSAL
ANALYSIS as a mode of paragraph
development is a problem-solution type of
paper. In this example, the problem is usually
the cause, the solution the effect. In other
instances, the problem could also be the effect
of the event and/or the solution could be the
cause of another. In either case, the situations
result to a causal chain in which multiple sets
of cause and effect are somehow connected to
each other.
WAYS TO PRESENT CAUSAL ANALYSIS OR CAUSE AND EFFECT
IN WRITING

• Cause to Effect
- the cause of the event is presented first before its effects.
• Effect to Cause
- the effect of the event is presented first before its causes.
• Consecutive Cause and Effect
- the first cause and effect are presented together in a sentence
followed by the next cause and effect. This is usually used when there
are various causes and effects of certain events.
Ever since she was caught cheating on their exams, it
seemed like her whole world crashed in front of her
eyes. Her parents were so disappointed in her that they
barely talk to her at home. Her friends started ignoring
her and her classmates kept whispering behind her
back. Her teachers became even stricter to her and kept
an eye on her all the time from then on. Worst of all, she
lost her scholarship.
Flood in certain towns and cities despite light rainfall
can be attributed to various factors. First, it could be
due to the poor or clogged drainage systems in most
areas nowadays. Second, it could be due to the lack of
discipline and irresponsible behavior of some citizens
in terms of waste disposal. Third, it could be due to
numerous incidents of illegal logging and deforestation
in different parts of the country.
Being parents in such a young age is difficult for teenage couples.
Since they are still young and immature, they do not know yet how
to raise their child and take care of him or her properly. Unplanned
pregnancies also cause teenagers to stop studying , so they can focus
on taking care of their child and looking for a job. Because they are
not able to finish their studies, they do not have decent-paying jobs
and have difficulty providing the needs of their child as well as their
own. Most of them also run away from their homes so they do not
have their parents or relatives to run to in times of need.
READING AND
WRITING
Patterns of Development
Lesson 7: PERSUASION
Your cousin comes up to you and accuses you of stealing her
money. She even added angrily that the amount she claims that is
stolen is just enough for her to buy things needed for her classes.
Naturally, assuming you did not steal anything, you would deny.
Your cousin does not believe you, saying that you were the only
person in their house when she found out she lost her money.
Plus, you watched movies together and you were nearest to the
bag where her money is, she adds. Assuming again, that her
arguments are right, how would you defend your self?
PERSUASION
As a mode of paragraph development, is almost always
coupled with argumentation. This pattern involves
convincing the readers to change their belief or opinion
regarding a particular topic, issue, or situation
according to the claims or arguments presented by the
writer. Ideas in a persuasive text have to be presented in
a reasonable and logical way in order to influence the
readers to change how they think.
Persuasion is commonly used in
critiques or reviews, reaction papers,
editorials, proposals, and
advertisements. Use persuasion on the
type of persuasive text being written
and the readers being addressed in the
text.
MODES OF PERSUASION

Persuasion may be presented in the

following modes: ethos, logos, and
pathos. The mode to be used in
writing persuasion depends on what
the writer prefers to use to convince
the readers: credibility, logic and
reasoning, or the readers’ emotions.
ETHOS
In this mode, the writer tries to make
the readers believe that he/she is
credible to make such a claim
presented. The writer tries to assure
the readers that he/she is trustworthy
and his/her intentions are good.
LOGOS
In this mode, the writer tries
to convince readers by means
of logic, reasoning, and
rationality.
PATHOS
In this mode, the writer tries to
convince the readers by appealing to
their emotions. The writer tries to
aim for their emotional weaknesses
that will later on influence their
decision and eventually be
persuaded.
We know very well that your families are suffering because of the dilemma we
are facing right now, but so are ours. We know you have been sleeping with
worries on whether you will lose your job next month, next week or maybe
tomorrow but so are we. We worry about not just our jobs but yours as well.
We know you have been losing your interest to give your best at work knowing
that one day you might lose it, but to be honest, so are we. However, we
encourage you and we ask you to keep on giving your best and to not lose your
trust on us. We assure you that the administration is doing its best so you can
keep your jobs, you can continually, provide for your families’ needs, and for us
to still be together for more years.
With my twenty years of experience
in this industry, I can assure you that
our administration is doing the best
we can to solve this problem we are
encountering. We have been through
this before and we were able to get up
then, so believe that we can get
through this again.
 “All men are mortal.
Socrates is a man.
Therefore, Socrates is mortal.”
Problems arise in any company or organization. These are
typical and common. Whenever there are problems, solutions
are just right around the corner. It is not impossible to get up
after falling down. What we are encountering right now is but
a speed bump that will be over sooner that we know it. As for
now, we ask for you patience and cooperation. The
administration is doing its part so let us continue to do ours
and all shall be well in the end.
ACTIVITY:
LIGHTS, CAMERA, ACTION!

With the situation in the first slide about

your cousin accusing you of stealing money,
you are now tasked to convince or
persuade her to believe that you did not
steal the money. Look for a pair and create a
short drama about the scenario, provide
your ending and act it in front of the class.