LOGARITHM

LOGARITHM
1. DEFINITION :
Every positive real number N can be expressed in exponential form as ax = N where 'a' is also
a positive real number different than unity and is called the base and 'x' is called an exponent.
We can write the relation ax = N in logarithmic form as logaN = x. Hence ax = N  logaN = x.

Hence logarithm of a number to some base is the exponent by which the base must be raised in
order to get that number.
Limitations of logarithm: logaN is defined only when
(i) N > 0 (ii) a > 0 (iii) a  1
Note :
(i) For a given value of N, logaN will give us a unique value.
(ii) Logarithm of zero does not exist.
(iii) Logarithm of negative reals are not defined in the system of real numbers.

Illustration 1 : If log4m = 1.5, then find the value of m.

Solution : log4m = 1.5  m = 43/2  m = 8

p4 q 4
Illustration 2 : If log5p = a and log2q = a, then prove that = 1002a–1
100
Solution : log5p = a  p = 5a
log2q = a  q = 2a
p 4 q 4 54a.2 4a (10)4a (100)2a
     100 2a 1
100 100 100 100

Illustration 3 : The value of N, satisfying loga[1 + logb{1 + logc(1 + logpN)}] = 0 is -

(A) 4 (B) 3 (C) 2 (D) 1
0
Solution : 1 + logb{1 + logc(1 + logpN)} = a = 1
logb{1 + logc(1 + logpN)} = 0  1 + logc(1 + logpN) = 1
logc(1 + logpN) = 0  1 + logpN = 1
logpN = 0  N = 1 Ans. (D)

Do yourself - 1 :
(i) Express the following in logarithmic form :
(a) 81 = 34 (b) 0.001 = 10–3 (c) 2 = 1281/7
(ii) Express the following in exponential form :
(a) log232 = 5 (b) log 2
44 (c) log100.01 = –2

(iii) If log2 3 1728  x , then find x.

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 LOGARITHM
2. FUNDAMENTAL IDENTITIES :
Using the basic definition of logarithm we have 3 important deductions :
(a) loga1 = 0 i.e. logarithm of unity to any base is zero.
(b) logNN = 1 i.e. logarithm of a number to the same base is 1.

(c) log 1 N  1 = logN 1 i.e. logarithm of a number to the base as its reciprocal is –1.
N N
Note : N  (a)loga N e.g. 2 log2 7  7

Do yourself - 2 :
(i) Find the value of the following :
log2 5
43 1
(a) log1.43 (b)  
30 2
(ii) If 4 log2 2x  36 , then find x.

3. THE PRINCIPAL PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHMS :

If m,n are arbitrary positive numbers where a > 0, a  1 and x is any real number, then-
(a) logamn= logam + logan
m
(b) loga  log a m  log a n
n
(c) logamx = x logam

2 25 625
Illustration 4 : Find the value of 2 log  3 log  log
5 8 128
2 25 128
Solution : 2 log  3 log  log
5 8 625
3
22  52  27
 log 2  log  3   log 4
5 2  5
2 2 56 2 7
 log 2 . 9 . 4  log1  0
5 2 5
Illustration 5 : If logex – logey = a , logey – logez = b & logez – logex = c, then find the value of
b c c a ab
x y z
     
y z x
x x
Solution : logex – logey = a  loge  a   ea
y y
y y b
logey – logez = b  log e  b   e
z z
z z
logez – logex = c  log e  c   e c
x x
b c c a ab
 e  a
 eb   ec 
a  b c   b  c a   c a  b 
e  e0  1
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 LOGARITHM
(a  b) 1
Illustration 6 : If a2 + b2 = 23ab, then prove that log  (log a  log b) .
5 2
Solution : a2 + b2 = (a + b)2 –2ab = 23ab
2
 (a + b) = 25ab  a+b = 5 ab ....(i)
Using (i)
(a  b) 5 ab 1 1
L.H.S. = log  log  log ab  (log a  log b) = R.H.S.
5 5 2 2
Illustration 7 : If logax = p and logbx = q, then logx ab is equal to (where a, b, x  R+ – {1})-
2

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(A)  (B)  (C)  (D) 
p q 2p q p 2q 2p 2q
Solution : logax = p  ap = x  a = x1/p.
q 2 2/q
similarly b = x  b = x
1 2 1
  . 1 1
1/ p 2/q p q 2
Now, log x ab  log x x x  log x x  
2p q

Do yourself - 3 :
1 1
(i) Show that log 9  2 log 6  log81  log12  3 log 3
2 4

4. BASE CHANGING THEOREM :

Can be stated as "quotient of the logarithm of two numbers is independent of their common base."
loga m
Symbolically, log b m  , where a > 0, a  1, b > 0, b  1
loga b
Note :

log a log b 1
(i) logba. logab = . = 1; hence log b a  .
log b log a log a b

(ii) a logb c  c logb a

1
(iii) Base power formula : log a k m  log a m
k
(iv) The base of the logarithm can be any positive number other than 1, but in normal practice,
only two bases are popular, these are 10 and e(=2.718 approx). Logarithms of numbers to
the base 10 are named as 'common logarithm' and the logarithms of numbers to the base e
are called Natural or Napierian logarithm. We will consider logx as logex or nx.
(v) Conversion of base e to base 10 & viceversa :
log10 a log e a
loge a   2.303  log10 a ; log10 a   log10 e  loge a  0.434 loge a
log10 e loge 10
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 LOGARITHM
Illustration 8 : If a, b, c are distinct positive real numbers different from 1 such that
(logba . logca – logaa) + (logab . logcb – logbb) + (logac . logbc – logcc ) = 0, then abc is
equal to -
(A) 0 (B) e (C) 1 (D) none of these
Solution : (logba logca – 1) + (logab . logcb – 1) + (logac logbc – 1) = 0

log a log a log b log b log c log c

 .  .  . 3
log b log c log a log c log a log b

 (log a)3 + (log b)3 + (log c)3 = 3loga logb logc

 (loga + logb + logc) = 0 [If a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc = 0, then a + b + c = 0 if a  b  c]
 log abc = log 1  abc = 1

Illustration 9 : Evaluate : 811/ log5 3  27log9 36  34 / log7 9

Solution : 81log3 5  33log9 36  34 log9 7

3/2 2
 34log3 5  3log3 (36)  3log3 7
= 625 + 216 + 49 = 890.

Do yourself - 4 :

log3 135 log3 5

(i) Evaluate : 
log15 3 log 405 3
(ii) Evaluate : log927 – log279
(iii) Evaluate : 2 log3 5  5log3 2
(iv) Evaluate : log34 . log45 . log56 . log67 . log78 . log89
1 1
(v) If log   log   x , then x can be -
3 4

(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 3.5 (D) 

(vi) If loga3 = 2 and logb8 = 3, then logab is -
(A) log32 (B) log23 (C) log34 (D) log43

5. POINTS TO REMEMBER :
(i) If base of logarithm is greater than 1 then logarithm of greater number is greater. i.e.
log28 = 3, log24 = 2 etc. and if base of logarithm is between 0 and 1 then logarithm of greater
number is smaller. i.e. log1/28 = –3, log1/24 = –2 etc.

 x < y if a >1
loga x < logay  
 x > y if 0 < a <1

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 LOGARITHM
(ii) It must be noted that whenever the number and the base are on the same side of unity then
logarithm of that number to that base is positive, however if the number and the base are located
on different side of unity then logarithm of that number to that base is negative.
1 1 1
e.g. log10 3 10  49  4 ; log 1    3 ; log2    5; log10(0.001) = –3
; log 7
3 2 8  32 
1 1
(iii) x   2 if x is positive real number and x   2 if x is negative real number
x x
(iv) n  2, n  N
n
a  a1/ n  nth root of 'a' ('a' is a non negative number)
Some important values : log102  0.3010 ; log103  0.4771 ;n2  0.693, n10  2.303

6. CHARACTERISTIC AND MANTISSA :

For any given number N, logarithm can be expressed as logaN = Integer + Fraction
The integer part is called characteristic and the fractional part is called mantissa. When the value
of log n is given, then to find digits of 'n' we use only the mantissa part. The characteristic is used
only in determining the number of digits in the integral part (if n  1) or the number of zeros after
decimal & before first non-zero digit in the number (if 0 < n < 1).
Note :
(i) The mantissa part of logarithm of a number is always non-negative (0  m  1)
(ii) If the characteristic of log10N be n, then the number of digits in N is (n + 1)
(iii) If the characteristic of log10N be (–n), then there exist (n – 1) zeros after decimal in N.

7. ANTILOGARITHM :
The positive real number 'n' is called the antilogarithm of a number 'm' if log n = m
Thus, log n = m  n = antilog m

Do yourself - 5 :
(i) Evaluate : log10(0.06)6
(ii) Find number of digits in 1820
200
1
(iii) Determine number of cyphers (zeros) between decimal & first significant digit in  
6
5
(iv) Find antilog of to the base 64.
6

y
8. ABSOLUTE VALUE FUNCTION/MODULUS FUNCTION :

The symbol of modulus function is |x|

y=

x
y=
–x

x if x  0
and is defined as : y = |x| =  x
x if x  0
y = |x|

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 LOGARITHM
Properties of Modulus :
For any a, b  R
(a) |a|  0 (b) |a| = |–a|

a |a |
(c) |ab| = |a||b| (d) 
b |b|

(e) a 2 = |a|

Illustration 10 : If ||x–1| – 2| = 5, then find x.

Solution : |x – 1| – 2 = ± 5

|x – 1| = 7, – 3

Case-I : When |x – 1| = 7  x – 1 = ± 7  x = 8, –6

Case-II : When |x – 1| = –3 (reject)

Illustration 11 : If |x – 1| + |x + 1| = 2, then find x.

Solution : Case-I : If x  –1

–(x – 1) – (x + 1) = 2

 –x + 1 – x – 1 = 2

 –2x = 2  x = –1 ........(i)

Case-II : If – 1 < x < 1

–(x – 1) + (x + 1) = 2

 –x+1+x+1=2

 2=2  –1 < x < 1 ........(ii)

Case-III : If x  1

x–1+x+1=2

 x=1 ........(iii)

Thus from (i), (ii) and (iii) – 1  x  1

Do yourself - 6 :
(i) Solve : |x + 3| = 2(5 – x)
(ii) Solve : x|x| + 7x – 8 = 0

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 LOGARITHM
Miscellaneous Illustrations :
Illustration 12 : Show that log418 is an irrational number.
log 2 3 1 1
Solution : log418 = log4(32 × 2) = 2log43 + log42 = 2   log 2 3 
log 2 4 log2 4 2
assume the contrary, that this number log23 is rational number.
p
 log23 = . Since log23 > 0 both numbers p and q may be regarded as natural number
q
 3 = 2p/q  2p = 3q
But this is not possible for any natural number p and q. The resulting contradiction
completes the proof.
Illustration 13 : If in a right angled triangle, a and b are the lengths of sides and c is the length of hypotenuse
and c – b  1, c + b  1, then show that
logc+ba + logc–ba = 2logc+ba . logc–ba.
Solution : We know that in a right angled triangle
c2 = a2 + b2
c2 – b2 = a2 .......... (i)
1 1 log a (c  b)  loga (c  b)
LHS = log (c  b)  log (c  b)  log (c  b).log (c  b)
a a a a

loga (c 2  b2 ) loga a 2
  (using (i))
loga (c  b). loga (c  b) log a (c  b).log a (c  b)
2

log a (c  b).loga (c  b) = 2log(c+b)a . log(c – b) a = RHS

ANSWERS FOR DO YOURSELF

1 : (i) (a) log381 = 4 (b) log10(0.001) = –3 (c) log128 2 = 1/7

(ii) (a) 32 = 25 (b) 4 = ( 2) 4 (c) 0.01 = 10–2

(iii) 6
1
2 : (i) (a) 1 (b) (ii) 3
5
4 : (i) 3 (ii) 5/6 (iii) 0 (iv) 2 (v) (A) (vi) (C)

5 : (i) 8.6686 (ii) 26 (iii) 155 (iv) 32

7
6 : (i) (ii) x = 1
3
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 LOGARITHM
ELEMENTARY EXERCISE
Solve for x  R (Q.1 to Q.7)
1. 4x – 10.2x–1 = 24 2. 4.22x – 6x = 18.32x
1
3. 32x–3 – 9x–1 + 272x/3 = 675. 4. 7x 2  .7x 1  14.7x 1  2.7x  48
7
x 1 x 2  2x 11 9
5  9  5
5. 3
 
. 
 25 
 
3
6. 3x 2  7.2x 3.9

 9 3 log  7  x   0

7. 52x = 32x + 2.5x + 2.3x

8. Find the logarithms of the following numbers to the base 2.
1
(i) 1 (ii) 2 (iii) 4 (iv) 8 (v)
2
1 1
(vi) (vii) (viii) 2 (ix) 3
8 (x) 2 2
32 16
1 1
(xi) 5 (xii) 7
2 8
1
9. Find the logarithms of the following numbers to the base .
3
1 1
(i) 1 (ii) (iii) (iv) 3 (v) 9
3 9
1 1
(vi) 81 (vii) 3 3 (viii) 7 (ix) 9 3 (x)
3 94 3
10. Find all values of 'a' for which each of the following equalities hold true.
(i) log2a = 2 (ii) loga2 = 1 (iii) loga1 = 0
(iv) log10(a(a + 3)) = 1 (v) log1/3(a2 – 1) = –1 (vi) log2(a2 – 5) = 2
11. Find the logarithms of the following numbers to the base 3.
1
(i) 1 (ii) 3 (iii) 9 (iv) 81 (v)
3
1
(vi) 3 (vii) (viii) 27 3 (ix) 7
9
3 3
1
12. Find the logarithms of the following numbers to the base .
2
1 1
(i) 1 (ii) (iii) (iv) 16
2 8
1 1
(v) 2 (vi) (vii) 2 2 (viii)
2 44 2
13. Find all values of 'a' for which the following equalities hold true.
(i) log3a = 2 (ii) log1/3(a) = 4 (iii) log1/3(a) = 0
(iv) loga1 = 0 (v) loga(a + 2) = 2 (vi) log3(a2 + 1) = 1
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 LOGARITHM
14. Find all values of x for which the following equalities hold true.
(i) log2x2 = 1 (ii) log3x = log3(2 – x) (iii) log4x2 = log4x
(iv) log1/2(2x + 1) = log1/2(x + 1) (v) log1/3(x2 + 8) = –2
15. Find all the values of x for which the following equalities hold true.
(i) log2x2 = 2 (ii) log1/4x2 = 1
(iii) log1/2x – log1/2(3 – x) = 0 (iv) log2(x + 1) – log2(2x – 3) = 0
16. Find the logarithms of the following numbers to the base 5.
1 1
(i) 1 (ii) 5 (iii) 25 (iv) 625 (v) (vi)
5 25
1 1
1
(vii) (viii) 5 (ix) 5 2 (x) 5 3 (xi) 4
53 5
5
17. Find value of following

(i) log 3 2  52 6  (ii) log 5 1

(6  2 5)

(iii) log73. log52.log37.log2(125) (iv) 25log5 3

1
(v) 6 log6 5  3log9 16 (vi) log 6 4 
log9 6
18. Find the value of following
 1 
(i) log5   (ii) log3  4 sin 2 (x)  4 cos 2 (x)  1
 5
500 4
(iii) log12 8 + log123 + log126 (iv) log 5  log 5
3 3
15 13 5
(v) log 39  log 39  log39 (vi) 2log62 + 3log63 + log612
7 3 21
 
19. If 2  3  5  13  48   a  b where a and b are natural number find (a + b).
 
 
EXERCISE (O-1)
a b
1. If 2 = 3 and 9 = 4 then value of (ab) is-
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
2. If log 2  4  log 3  x    3 , then sum of digits of x is -
(A) 3 (B) 6 (C) 9 (D) 18
3. Sum of all the solution(s) of the equation log10(x) + log10(x + 2) – log10(5x + 4) = 0 is-
(A) –1 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5
4. The product of all the solutions of the equation x1 log10 x  100000x is-
(A) 10 (B) 105 (C) 10–5 (D) 1
3/2 2nx 4
5. If x1 and x2 are the roots of equation e . x = x , then the product of the roots of the equation is -
2
(A) e (B) e (C) e3/2 (D) e–2
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 LOGARITHM
2 2 2 2 2
6. If log2(x + 1) + log13(x + 1) = log2(x + 1) log13(x + 1), (x  0), then log7(x + 24) is equal to
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
2  a 4 b3  3 2
7. Given log3a = p = logbc and logb9 = 2 . If log 9    p  p  p   ( p  R – {0}), then
p  c 
() equals
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

8. If log a 1  1  x   log a 2  3  1  x  , then number of solutions of the equation is-

(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) infinitely many

9. The number of solution(s) of log 3  3x 2  .log 9 (81x)  log9 x 3 is-

(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3

If x1 & x2 are the two values of x satisfying the equation 72x  2  7x   72x 24  0 , then (x1 + x2)
2 2
 x 12
10.
equals-
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) –1 (D) 7
n
11. If x, y  2 when n  I and 1 + logxy = log2y, then the value of (x + y) is
(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 6 (D) 8
2
12. If n  N such that characteristic of n to the base 8 is 2, then number of possible values of n is-
(A) 14 (B) 15 (C) 448 (D) infinite
EXERCISE (O-2)

1. If x  log 2  
56  56  56  56  ....... , then which of the following statements holds good ?
(A) x < 0 (B) 0 < x < 2 (C) 2 < x < 4 (D) 3 < x < 4
2. The greatest value of (4log10x – logx(.0001)) for 0 < x < 1 is-
(A) 4 (B) –4 (C) 8 (D) –8
3. The number of integral solutions of | log5 x 2  4 | 2  | log 5 x  3 | is-
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 0
1a  b
2(1 b )
4. If 60a = 3 and 60b = 5 then the value of 12 equals
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 3 (D) 12
log b c a  log c b a
5. Let ABC be a triangle right angled at C. The value of log a · log a (b + c  1, c – b  1) equals
bc cb

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 1/2

6. 2
If  and  are the roots of the equation (log2x) + 4(log2x) – 1 = 0 then the value of log  + log equals
(A) 18 (B) – 16 (C) 14 (D) – 18
7. The number of solution of the equation e2x + ex + e–2x + e–x = 3(e–2x + ex) is
(A) 0 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) more than 2
8. If log0.3(x – 1) < log0.09 (x – 1) , then x lies in the interval
(A) (2 , ) (B) (1 , 2) (C) (1, ) (D) none of these
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 LOGARITHM
[MULTIPLE CORRECT CHOICE TYPE]
2 2
9. If  log     log     79 , (> 0,  > 0,  1,  1 ) then value of (log ) + (log) can be-

(A) 7 (B) –9 (C) 9 (D) –7

10. Which of the following statements is(are) correct ?

(A) 71/7 > (42)1/14 > 1 (B) log3(5) log7(9) log11(13) > – 2

1 1
(C) 99  70 2  99  70 2 is rational (D) log 3  log 3  3
4 7

EXERCISE (S-1)
 2   2 
1. Let A denotes the value of log10  ab  (ab)  4(a  b)   log10  ab  (ab)  4(a  b) 
 2   2 
   

when a = 43 and b = 57 and B denotes the value of the expression  2 log 6 18

.3  .
log6 3

Find the value of (A.B).

log b  log b N 
4 3 1 4 / 3 log b a
2. Compute the following : (a) log1 / 3 729. 9 .27 (b) a

3. Find the square of the sum of the roots of the equation

log3x.log4x.log5x = log3x.log4x + log4x.log5x + log5x .log3x.

4. Calculate : 4
5log 4 2 3 6  6 log 8 3 2 

1 3
log 5 9 log 6 3 2
81 3  
5. Simplify :
409
.
  
7 log 25 7
 125
log25 6

 
1
log1/ 5  
2 4 1
6. Simplify : 5  log 2
 log1 / 2
7 3 10  2 21

2 a 2 b5
7. Given that log2a = s, log4b = s2 and logc (8)  2 . Write log 2 as a function of 's'
s3  1 c4
(a,b,c>0, c1).

8. Find the value of 491 log7 2   5 log5 4 .

log2 24 log2 192

9. Prove that log 2  log 2  3 .
96 12

10. Prove that a x  b y  0 where x  log a b & y  log b a , a >0 , b > 0 & a , b  1.

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 LOGARITHM
11. Solve the following equations :
1
i. logx–13 = 2 ii. log 4 (2 log 3 (1  log 2 (1  3log 3 x))) 
2

iii. log3(1 + log3(2x – 7)) = 1 iv. log3(3x – 8) = 2 – x

v. log 2 (9  2x ) vi. log5–x(x2 – 2x + 65) = 2

1
3 x
vii. log105 + log10(x +10) –1 = log10(21x–20) – log10(2x–1)

viii. x1 log10 x  10x ix. 2(log x 5) 2  3log x 5  1  0

x. 3 + 2logx +13 = 2log3(x + 1)
12. Solve the following equations :

 x2 
i. 2
log (4x)  log 2    8
1/ 2
ii. log 0.5x x 2  14 log16x x 3  40log 4x x  0
 8 

 2 x   2 
iii. log3(4.3x – 1) = 2x + 1 iv. log 5    log 5  
 10   x 1 
v. 1 + 2log(x+2)5 = log5(x + 2) vi. log424x = 2log 2 4

2 4
vii. log2(4.3x – 6) – log2(9x – 6) = 1 viii. 2 log 8 (2x)  log 8 (x  1  2x) 
3

ix. log 32 6  log 32 2  (log10

2
x  2) log 3 12 x. log62x+3 – log6(3x – 2) = x

EXERCISE (S-2)
1. Let a and b be real numbers greater than 1 for which there exists a positive real number c, different
from 1, such that 2(logac + logbc) = 9logabc. Find the largest possible value of logab.
2 3
2. Find the value of the expression 6

log 4 (2000) log5 (2000) 6
3. Given that log23 = a, log35 = b and log72 = c, express the logarithm of the number 63 to the base 140
in terms of a,b & c.
4. If a,b and c are positive real numbers such that a log3 7  27;b log7 11  49 and c log11 25  11 . Find the


(log 7) 2
(log 11)
value of a 3  b 7  c 11
2
(log 25)
.
2


x
5. If 'x' and 'y' are real numbers such that 2log(2y – 3x) = logx + logy, find .
y
6. The real x and y satisfy log8x + log4y2 = 5 and log8y + log4 x2 = 7, find xy.
7. If a = log1218 & b = log24 54 then find the value of ab + 5(a – b).
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 LOGARITHM
8. Solve following equations
(i) |x – 1| = 5 (ii) |x + 1| = |2x – 1|
(iii) |x – 1| + 2|x + 1| = 10 (iv) |2x – 1| – |x – 3| = 7
(v) x + |3x – 2| = 2 (vi) |log2 x| = 3
9. Solve the system of equations :
loga x loga(xyz) = 48
logay loga(xyz) = 12, a > 0, a  1
logaz loga(xyz) = 84

10. Let y  log2 3.log 2 12.log 2 48.log2 192  16  log2 12.log 2 48  10. Find y  N.

11. Let 'L' denotes the antilog of 0.4 to the base 1024.
and 'M' denotes the number of digits in 610 (Given log10 2 = 0.3010, log10 3 = 0.4771)
and 'N' denotes the number of positive integers which have the characteristic 2, when base
of the logarithm is 6.
Find the value of LMN.
12. Find the product of the positive roots of the equation (2017)(x) log 2017 x  x 2 .
13. If (x1,y1) and (x2 ,y2 ) are the solution of the system of equation.
log225(x) + log64 (y) = 4
logx (225) – logy (64) = 1,
then show that the value of log30 (x1y1x2 y2 ) = 12.

14. (a) Given : log1034.56 = 1.5386, find log10 3.456 ; log10 0.3456 & log10 0.003456.

(b) Find the number of positive integers which have the characteristic 3, when the base of
the logarithm is 7.

(c) If log10 2 = 0.3010 & log10 3 = 0.4771, find the value of log10 (2.25)

(d) Find the antilogarithm of 0.75, if the base of the logarithm is 2401.

10 xy
15. (a) If x,y > 0, logyx + logxy = and xy = 144, then  N where N is a natural number,
3 2
find the value of N.
(b) If x = 1 + logabc, y = 1 + logbca and z = 1 + logcab, then prove that xyz = xy + yz + zx.

loga N loga N  log b N

(c) If  where N > 0 & N  1, a,b,c > 0 & not equal to 1, then prove that
logc N log b N  logc N

b2 = ac.
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 LOGARITHM

EXERCISE (JA)
1. log3/4 log8(x2 + 7) + log1/2 log1/4(x2 + 7)–1 = –2. [REE 2000, 5 out of 100]

2. Number of solutions of log4(x–1) = log2(x – 3) is [JEE 2001 (Screening)]

(A) 3 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 0

3. Let (x0, y0) be the solution of the following equations [JEE 2011, 3 (–1)]
ln 2
 2x   (3y)ln 3
lnx lny
3 = 2
Then x0 is
1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D) 6
6 3 2
 
 1 1 1 1
4. The value of 6  log 3 4 4 4 ......  is [JEE 2012, 4M]

2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 
 
5. If 3x = 4x–1, then x = [JEE-Advanced 2013, 4, (–1)]

2log 3 2 2 1 2log 2 3
(A) (B) 2  log 3 (C) 1  log 3 (D) 2log 3  1
2log 3 2  1 2 4 2

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 LOGARITHM
ANSWERS
ELEMENTARY EXERCISE
7 1
1. x=3 2. x = –2 3. x = 3 4. x = 0 5. x 
,2 6. x  , 6 7. x = 1
2 5
8. (i) 0 (ii) 1 (iii) 2 (iv) 3 (v) –1 (vi) –5 (vii) –4 (viii) 1/2
(ix) 1 (x) 3/2 (xi) –1/5 (xii) –3/7
9. (i) 0 (ii) 1 (iii) 2 (iv) –1 (v) –2 (vi) –4 (vii) –1/3 (viii) 1/7 (ix) –5/2 (x) 9/4
10. (i) 4 (ii) 2 (iii) a > 0, a  1 (iv) –5,2 (v) –2,2 (vi) –3,3
11. (i) 0 (ii) 1 (iii) 2 (iv) 4 (v) –1 (vi) 1/2 (vii) –3/2 (viii) 7/2 (ix) 2/7
12. (i) 0 (ii) 1 (iii) 3 (iv) –4 (v) –1/2 (vi) 1/2 (vii) –3/2 (viii) 9/4
13. (i) 9 (ii) 1/81 (iii) 1 (iv) a > 0, a  1 (v) 2 (vi) 2,  2
14. (i) 2,  2 (ii) 1 (iii) 1 (iv) 0 (v) 1,–1
1 3
15. (i) x = ±2 (ii) x   (iii) x  (iv) x = 4
2 2
16. (i) 0 (ii) 1 (iii) 2 (iv) 4 (v) –1 (vi) –2 (vii) –1/2
(viii) 1/4 (ix) 1/2 (x) 1/3 (xi) 1/3
17. (i) 1 (ii) 2 (iii) 3 (iv) 9 (v) 9 (vi) 2
1
18. (i) (ii) 1 (iii) 2 (iv) 3 (v) 1 (vi) 4 19. 8
2
EXERCISE (O-1)
1. A 2. C 3. C 4. D 5. A 6. B 7. C 8. A 9. B 10. B 11. D 12. B
EXERCISE (O-2)
1. C 2. D 3. A 4. A 5. B 6. D 7. C 8. A 9. B,C 10. A,B,D
EXERCISE (S-1)
1. 12 2. (a) –1 (b) logbN 3. 3721 4. 9 5. 1 6. 6
2 3 25
7. 2s + 10s – 3(s +1) 8.
2
11. i. {1  3} ii. {3} iii. {4} iv. {2} v. {0} vi. {–5}
vii. {3/2, 10} viii. {10–1, 10} ix. { 5, 5} x. {(3  3) / 3,8}
12. i. {2–7, 2} ii. {1/ 2,1, 4} iii. {–1, 0} iv. {3} v. {–9/5, 23}
vi. {2} vii. {1} viii. {2} ix. {10 3 , 10 3 } x. {log34}
EXERCISE (S-2)
1  2ac 9
1. 2 2. 1/6 3. 4. 469 5. 4/9 6. xy = 2 7. 1
2c  abc  1
11 1
8. (i) x = 6,–4 (ii) x = 2,0 (iii) x = 3, (iv) x = 5,–9 (v) x = 1,0 (vi) x  8,
3 8
4 7  1 1 1  2
9. (a , a,a ) or  4 , , 7  10. y = 6 11. 2 12. (2017)
a a a 
14. (a) 0.5386; 1.5386; 3.5386 (b) 2058 (c) 0.3522 (d) 343 15. (a) 507
EXERCISE (JA)
1. x = 3 or –3 2. B 3. C 4. 4 5. A,B,C
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