Application Guide Volume I AG2012-10

Setting and Testing a Two-Terminal SEL-311L

Application With Different CT Ratios
Alex Rangel and David Costello

INTRODUCTION
The SEL-311L Line Current Differential System is a digital line current differential relay with an
integrated communications interface. The SEL-311L-1,-7 Instruction Manual, available at
http://www.selinc.com, demonstrates how to set and test an application consisting of two
SEL-311L Relays protecting a line when each relay receives current from a current transformer
(CT) with the same CT ratio (CTR). However, when the CTRs do not match, setting and testing
the application are more complex. This application guide explains the issues that arise during this
type of scenario, as well as how to compensate for them in settings and testing procedures.

DIFFERENTIAL OPERATE ELEMENT OVERVIEW

In a two-terminal application, only one communications channel is used (Channel X). Channel X
consists of a Tx and an Rx port. Each relay processes the current received through the CT as local
current, while the current value received through Channel X (Rx port) is processed as remote
current. Each SEL-311L allows the user to enter the local and remote CTRs (the CTR and
CTR_X settings, respectively). In Figure 1, the relay at the left bus processes a local current of
5 secondary A and a remote (Channel X) current of 3 secondary A, while the relay at the right bus
processes a local current of 3 secondary A and a remote current of 5 secondary A.
Left Bus Right Bus
1,200 A

1200:5 2000:5

5 secondary A 3 secondary A

87L Tx 87L
ILeft IRight
Tx
Fiber Optics
IChannelX_Left = Rx IChannelX_Right =
3 secondary A Rx 5 secondary A
CTR = 240 CTR = 400
CTR_X = 400 CTR_X = 240

Figure 1 Two-Terminal Relay Application With Different CTRs

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The differential element processing in the SEL-311L works as shown in Figure 2, which is a
simplified diagram of the differential element figures found in Section 3 of the SEL-311L-1,-7
Instruction Manual. The SEL-311L is capable of processing up to three terminals; however, a
two-terminal application is demonstrated in this application guide for simplicity.


Y • InL

Y • InX
 
 Y • InL 
Y • I nLocal Y • InL  Y • InR

 
 Y • InR
Y • I nChannelX

Figure 2 Phase, Negative-Sequence, and Ground Differential Element Processing for Channel X
To obtain primary currents, the local current is multiplied by the CTR, while the Channel X
current is multiplied by CTR_X. Then each of these currents is divided by the maximum CTR, or
CTRmax, to obtain the local and remote secondary currents referenced to CTRmax. The addition
of these two currents is the difference current.
The SEL-311L compares the difference level current 87LmP settings (where m = P for A-, B-, or
C-phase, 2 for negative-sequence, or G for zero-sequence differential) with the absolute value of
the difference current in secondary amperes. The comparison allows the relay to decide to assert
or deassert the various differential operate 87LOPk elements (where k = A for A-phase, B for
B-phase, C for C-phase, 2 for negative-sequence, or G for zero-sequence differential).
Event reports and meter displays report the primary values for the currents. The 87LmP settings
are in secondary amperes, referenced to CTRmax.
The local and remote currents used in the differential element processing for each relay are
calculated using (1) and (2).

 Y • InLocal • CTR
Y • InL  (1)
CTRmax

 Y • InChannelX • CTR _ X
Y • InR  (2)
CTRmax
where:

InL  local n current in secondary amperes, referenced to the maximum CTR.

InLocal  n current injected at the local relay.
CTR = CTR for the local relay.

InR  remote n current in secondary amperes, referenced to the maximum CTR.

InChannelX  n current injected at the remote relay.
CTR_X = CTR for the remote relay.
CTRmax = maximum CTR (i.e., the larger of CTR or CTR_X).

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Y = 1 for phase differential or 3 for negative-sequence differential and ground differential.

n = a, b, or c (phase), 2 (negative sequence), or 0 (zero sequence).

SEL-311L ELEMENT SETTINGS PROCEDURE

It is important to note that when setting a two-terminal application with different CTRs, the
minimum sensitivity settings must be determined based on the expected primary current
sensitivity divided by CTRmax. This must be done for both relays at either end of the line.
Equation (3) is used to determine the minimum difference current that will make the operate
elements assert (in primary amperes).
 
Y • InL Pr imary  Y • InR  Pr imary  87LmP • CTRmax (3)

where:

InL Pr imary  I nLocal • CTR  local n current in primary amperes.

InR  Pr imary  I nChannelX • CTR _ X  remote n current in primary amperes.
 
Y • InL Pr imary  Y • InR  Pr imary  difference current.

CTRmax = maximum CTR (i.e., the larger of either CTR or CTR_X).

Y = 1 for phase differential or 3 for negative-sequence differential and ground differential.
m = P for phase differential, 2 for negative-sequence differential, or G for zero-sequence
differential.
87LmP = difference level current settings (in secondary amperes, referenced to CTRmax).
If 87LPP is equal to 6 secondary A and CTRmax is equal to 400 (as shown in Figure 3), the phase
differential operate element asserts for internal faults that produce a phase difference current of
more than 6 • 400 = 2,400 primary A. In other words, the magnitude of the sum of the local and
remote A-, B-, or C-phase currents needs to be more than 2,400 primary A, or 6 secondary A
(referenced to CTRmax), for the operate element 87LOPk to assert.

Figure 3 Example Two-Terminal Application With Different CTRs

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SEL-311L ELEMENT TEST PROCEDURES

Three scenarios are most commonly encountered when testing an SEL-311L application. Each of
the following scenarios is detailed with its own testing procedure:
 Scenario 1. The left and right relays in Figure 3 are connected with fiber optics. Single-
phase or three-phase current is injected into each relay.
 Scenario 2. The left and right relays in Figure 3 are connected with fiber optics. Single-
phase or three-phase current is injected into only one relay at a time.
 Scenario 3. The left and right relays in Figure 3 are not connected, and the Tx and Rx
channels of the left relay are looped back to each other (test mode). Single-phase or three-
phase current is injected into the left relay.
This application guide demonstrates single-phase testing only. Refer to the Microsoft® Excel®
spreadsheet available for download with this application guide at http://www.selinc.com for
proper testing values to perform three-phase testing.
The test procedures assume the relay settings shown in Table 1.

Table 1 Relay Settings

E87L 87LPP 87L2P 87LGP CTR CTR_X APP OPO 52A
Left Relay 2 6 0.5 0.5 240 400 311L 52 0
Right Relay 2 6 0.5 0.5 400 240 311L 52 0

The logic shown in Figure 2 is affected by the 3PO (three-pole open) Relay Word bit. The 3PO
bit is supervised by the APP and OPO settings, the positive-sequence voltage, the phase currents,
and the 52A breaker status, as shown in Figure 4. When 3PO asserts, the 87LPP setting value
doubles and the 87L2P and 87LGP values triple. The 52A setting is set to 0 in Table 1 for
simplicity during testing. If 52A is left at the default value of IN101 and IN101 is asserted during
testing, Scenario 2 (when one of the breakers is open) can be affected.
APP = 87LSP
Relay
OPO = 27 Word
27PO Bits
+ 0
(Setting)
3PO
V1 –
3POD

OPO = 52
52A

50LP –
(Setting)
Ia +

–
50L
Ib +

Ic +

Figure 4 Three-Pole Open Logic

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SCENARIO 1: CURRENT INJECTED INTO BOTH RELAYS

In this scenario, two relays are directly connected with fiber optics. Each relay receives current
from a test set, as shown in Figure 5. However, because the left relay is used as a reference when
observing the 87LOPk elements, it is considered to be the local relay, while the right relay is the
remote relay. This testing procedure is usually performed in the laboratory, where both relays are
in close physical proximity and running off the same test set. This testing procedure is also
performed in the field using satellite-synchronized test sets.
Left Bus Right Bus
62.4 A 104 A

1200:5 2000:5

0.26 0 A 0.26 0 A

87L 87L

Figure 5 Current Injected Into Both Relays

Step 1
Apply the following currents:
 Left relay: IA = 0.26 ∠0° A, IB = 0 A, and IC = 0 A.
 Right relay: IA = 0.26 ∠0° A, IB = 0 A, and IC = 0 A.

Step 2
Increase the magnitude of IA in the left relay at 0 degrees until 87LOPk asserts (where k = A, 2,
or G). Use the human-machine interface (HMI) in ACSELERATOR QuickSet® SEL-5030 Software
or the TAR 87LOPk command to observe when 87LOPk asserts.

Step 3
Record the left A-phase current that asserts 87LOPk.

Step 4
Ensure that the recorded left current is equal to its expected value [see (5b) and (5e)] using (4b).
 
Y • InLocal • CTR  Y • InChannelX • CTR _ X  87LmP • CTRmax (4a)


Y • InLocal 
 87LmP • CTRmax   Y • InChannelX • CTR _ X
(4b)
CTR
Equations (5a) and (5b) use (4b) to calculate the minimum A-phase current (injected into the left
relay) that asserts 87LOPA in both relays. Assume that 87LPP is equal to the default value of 6.

IaLocal 
 6 • 400   0.26 • 400  9.5667 A (5a)
240
IaLocal  9.5667 A (5b)

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Equations (5c) through (5e) use (4b) to calculate the minimum A-phase current (injected into the
left relay) that asserts 87LOP2 and 87LOPG in both relays. Assume that 87L2P and 87LGP are
equal to the default value of 0.5.

3I 2Local 
 0.5 • 400   0.26 • 400  0.4 A (5c)
240
3I 2Local  0.4 A (5d)
Because Ib = Ic = 0 and 3I0 = 3I2 = Ia:
IaLocal  0.4 A (5e)

Step 5
Return the magnitude of IA in the left relay to 0.26 ∠0° A.

Step 6
Increase the magnitude of IA in the right relay at 0 degrees until 87LOPk asserts (where k = A, 2,
or G). Use the HMI or the TAR 87LOPk target command to observe 87LOPk assert.

Step 7
Record the right A-phase current that asserts 87LOPk.

Step 8
Ensure that the recorded right current is equal to its expected value [see (6b) and (6e)] using (4b).
Equations (6a) and (6b) use (4b) to calculate the minimum A-phase current (injected into the right
relay) that asserts 87LOPA in both relays.

IaChannelX 
 6 • 400   0.26 • 240  5.844 A (6a)
400
IaChannelX  5.844 A (6b)
Equations (6c) through (6e) use (4b) to calculate the minimum A-phase current (injected into the
right relay) that asserts 87LOP2 and 87LOPG in both relays.

3I 2ChannelX 
 0.5 • 400   0.26 • 240  0.344 A (6c)
400
3I 2ChannelX  0.344 A (6d)
Because Ib = Ic = 0 and 3I0 = 3I2 = Ia:
IaChannelX  0.344 A (6e)

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Table 2 shows the values required to assert 87LOPk in Scenario 1. Table 2 is divided to show
when the current is increased in each relay separately. The left side of Table 2 shows the results
of Steps 1 through 4 and the right side shows the results of Steps 5 through 8. In this scenario, the
87LOPk operate elements in both the left and the right relay assert at the same time.

Table 2 Minimum Injected Current Values Required to Assert 87LOPk in Scenario 1

Current Increased in Left Relay Current Increased in Right Relay
Left Relay Right Relay Left Relay Right Relay
87LOPA 9.5667 A 0.26 A 0.26 A 5.844 A
87LOP2 0.4 A 0.26 A 0.26 A 0.344 A
87LOPG 0.4 A 0.26 A 0.26 A 0.344 A

The results in Table 2 demonstrate that when the current in the left relay (smallest CTR) is
increased, a greater amount of secondary current is required. When the current is increased in the
left relay, 87LOPA asserts in both relays when the current reaches 9.5667 A. When the current is
increased in the right relay, 87LOPA asserts in both relays when the current reaches 5.844 A.
This happens because the difference current (in secondary amperes) is referenced to CTRmax but
the left relay local current is calculated using its CTR (240), which is smaller than CTRmax
(400).
Note that whether the current is increased from the left side or from the right side, the amount of
phase difference current in primary amperes required to assert 87LOPA, 87LOPB, or 87LOPC in
both relays is 6 • 400 = 2,400 A. Also, the amount of negative-sequence or zero-sequence
difference current required to assert 87LOP2 or 87LOPG is 0.5 • 400 = 200 A [see (3)].

SCENARIO 2: CURRENT INJECTED INTO ONLY ONE RELAY AT A TIME

This scenario involves two relays directly connected by fiber optics, with only one relay receiving
current from a test set. This is the most common method used in field testing when the relays are
physically separated by large distances, satellite-synchronized test sets are not available, and
fiber-optic communications are functional.
For this scenario, two different cases are considered. In Case 1, the current is injected only into
the left relay. In Case 2, the current is injected only into the right relay.

Case 1
In Case 1, the secondary current is injected only into the left relay (see Figure 6).
Left Bus Right Bus
62.4 A
Open
1200:5 2000:5

0.26 0 A

87L 87L

Figure 6 Current Injected Only Into the Left Relay

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Step 1
Apply the following currents:
 Left relay: IA = 0.26 ∠0° A, IB = 0 A, and IC = 0 A.
 Right relay: IA = IB = IC = 0 A.

Step 2
Increase the magnitude of IA in the left relay at 0 degrees until 87LOPk asserts (where k = A, 2,
or G). Use the HMI or the TAR 87LOPk command to observe 87LOPk assert.

Step 3
Record the left A-phase current that asserts 87LOPk.

Step 4
Ensure that the recorded left current is equal to its expected value using (7c) and (7f).
Each relay processes the logic shown in Figure 2 independently, and Steps 1 through 4 must be
performed for each relay separately. Equations (7a) through (7c) simplify the logic processed by
the left relay (notice that InChannelX = 0). Equations (7d) through (7f) simplify the logic processed
by the right relay (notice that InLocal = 0). Both InLocal [in (7a) through (7c)] and InChannelX [in (7d)
through (7f)] refer to the current injected in the left relay.
The left relay logic follows.
 
Y • InLocal • CTR  Y • InChannelX • CTR _ X  87LmP • CTRmax (7a)

Because InChannelX  0:

Y • InLocal • CTR  0  87LmP • CTRmax (7b)


Y • InLocal 
 87LmP • CTRmax  (7c)
CTR
The right relay logic follows.
 
Y • InLocal • CTR  Y • InChannelX • CTR _ X  87LmP • CTRmax (7d)

Because InLocal  0:

0  Y • InChannelX • CTR _ X  87LmP • CTRmax (7e)

  87LmP • CTRmax 
Y • InChannelX  (7f)
CTR _ X
Equations (8a) and (8b) use (7c) to calculate the minimum A-phase current (injected into the left
relay) that asserts 87LOPA in the left relay.

IaLocal 
 6 • 400   10 A (8a)
240
IaLocal  10 A (8b)

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Equations (8c) and (8d) use (7c) to calculate the minimum A-phase current (injected into the left
relay) that asserts 87LOP2 and 87LOPG in the left relay.

3I 2Local 
 0.5 • 400   0.833 A (8c)
240
Because Ib = Ic = 0 and 3I0 = 3I2 = Ia:
IaLocal  0.833 A (8d)
Equations (9a) and (9b) use (7f) to calculate the minimum A-phase current (injected into the left
relay) that asserts 87LOPA in the right relay. No current is injected into the right relay, and
therefore, 3PO is asserted (see Figure 4), and 87LPP doubles (from 6 to 12).

IaChannelX 
 12 • 400   20 A (9a)
240
IaChannelX  20 A (9b)
Equations (9c) and (9d) use (7f) to calculate the minimum A-phase current (injected into the left
relay) that asserts 87LOP2 and 87LOPG in the right relay. No current is injected into the right
relay, and therefore, 3PO is asserted (see Figure 4), and 87L2P and 87LGP triple (from 0.5 to
1.5).

3I 2ChannelX 
 1.5 • 400   2.5 A (9c)
240
Because Ib = Ic = 0 and 3I0 = 3I2 = Ia:
IaChannelX  2.5 A (9d)
Table 3 shows the values required to assert 87LOPk in Case 1. Because no current is injected into
the right relay, 3PO in the right relay is asserted. Therefore, the right relay 87LmP settings are
larger (as shown in Table 4), and more current is needed to assert its 87LOPk elements.

Table 3 Minimum Injected Current Values Required to Assert 87LOPk in Scenario 2, Case 1
(Current Injected Into the Left Relay)
Left Relay Assert Values Right Relay Assert Values
Left Relay Right Relay Left Relay Right Relay
87LOPA 10 A 0 20 A 0
87LOP2 0.8333 A 0 2.5 A 0
87LOPG 0.8333 A 0 2.5 A 0

Table 4 Relay Settings Values for Table 3

Left Relay Right Relay
87LPP 6 12
87L2P 0.5 1.5
87LGP 0.5 1.5

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Case 2
In Case 2, the secondary current is injected only into the right relay (see Figure 7).

0.26 0 A

Figure 7 Current Injected Only Into the Right Relay

Step 1
Apply the following currents:
 Left relay: IA = IB = IC = 0 A.
 Right relay: IA = 0.26 ∠0° A, IB = 0 A, and IC = 0 A.

Step 2
Increase the magnitude of IA in the right relay at 0 degrees until 87LOPk asserts (where k = A, 2,
or G). Use the HMI or the TAR 87LOPk command to observe 87LOPk assert.

Step 3
Record the right A-phase current that asserts 87LOPk.

Step 4
Ensure that the recorded right current is equal to its expected value using (10c) and (10f).
Each relay processes the logic shown in Figure 2 independently, and Steps 1 through 4 must be
performed for each relay separately. Equations (10a) through (10c) simplify the logic processed
by the right relay (notice that InChannelX = 0). Equations (10d) through (10f) simplify the logic
processed by the left relay (notice that InLocal = 0). Both InLocal [in (10a) through (10c)] and
InChannelX [in (10d) through (10f)] refer to the current injected in the right relay.
The right relay logic follows.
 
Y • InLocal • CTR  Y • InChannelX • CTR _ X  87LmP • CTRmax (10a)

Because InChannelX  0:

Y • InLocal • CTR  0  87LmP • CTRmax (10b)


Y • InLocal 
 87LmP • CTRmax  (10c)
CTR
The left relay logic follows.
 
Y • InLocal • CTR  Y • InChannelX • CTR _ X  87LmP • CTRmax (10d)

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
Because InLocal  0:

0  Y • I nChannelX • CTR _ X  87Lmp • CTRmax (10e)

  87LmP • CTRmax 
Y • InChannelX  (10f)
CTR _ X
Equations (11a) and (11b) use (10f) to calculate the minimum A-phase current (injected into the
right relay) that asserts 87LOPA in the left relay. No current is injected into the left relay, and
therefore, 3PO is asserted (see Figure 4), and 87LPP doubles (from 6 to 12).
12 • 400
IaChannelX  A (11a)
400
IaChannelX  12 A (11b)
Equations (11c) and (11d) use (10f) to calculate the minimum A-phase current (injected into the
right relay) that asserts 87LOP2 and 87LOPG in the left relay. No current is injected into the left
relay, and therefore, 3PO is asserted (see Figure 4), and 87L2P and 87LGP triple (from 0.5 to
1.5).

3I 2ChannelX 
 1.5 • 400   1.5 A (11c)
400
Because Ib = Ic = 0 and 3I0 = 3I2 = Ia:
IaChannelX  1.5 A (11d)
Equations (12a) and (12b) use (10c) to calculate the minimum A-phase current (injected into the
right relay) that asserts 87LOPA in the right relay.
6 • 400
IaLocal  6 A (12a)
400
IaLocal  6 A (12b)
Equations (12c) and (12d) use (10c) to calculate the minimum A-phase current (injected into the
right relay) that asserts 87LOP2 and 87LOPG in the right relay.
0.5 • 400
3I 2Local   0.5 A (12c)
400
Because Ib = Ic = 0 and 3I0 = 3I2 = Ia:
IaLocal  0.5 A (12d)

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Table 5 shows the values required to assert 87LOPk in Case 2. Because no current is injected into
the left relay, 3PO in the left relay is asserted. Therefore, the left relay 87LmP settings are larger
(as shown in Table 6), and more current is needed to assert its 87LOPk elements.

Table 5 Minimum Injected Current Values Required to Assert 87LOPk in Scenario 2, Case 2
(Current Injected Into the Right Relay)
Left Relay Assert Values Right Relay Assert Values
Left Relay Right Relay Left Relay Right Relay
87LOPA 0 12 A 0 6A
87LOP2 0 1.5 A 0 0.5 A
87LOPG 0 1.5 A 0 0.5 A

Table 6 Relay Settings Values for Table 5

Left Relay Right Relay
87LPP 12 6
87L2P 1.5 0.5
87LGP 1.5 0.5

The results obtained in both Case 1 and Case 2 demonstrate that the relay with the open breaker
(no current injected) requires twice as much phase current and three times more negative- and
zero-sequence current injected than the opposite relay to assert its 87LOPk elements.

SCENARIO 3: INTERNAL FAULT SIMULATION – RELAYS ARE NOT CONNECTED

This scenario involves a relay with the Tx communications channel looped back to the Rx
channel, as shown in Figure 8. This is often done in the field when troubleshooting a fiber-optic
communications problem. The jumper to create the loopback can be placed internally in the relay
through software, at the relay fiber-optic terminals, at the panel in the substation, immediately
before the opposite relay, or anywhere there is fiber-optic cable in between the relays. In this
scenario, the test set is only connected to the left relay. The values the patch panel or multiplexer
receive as local are fed back into the relay as remote values. Therefore, only the left relay is
monitored.

Figure 8 Broken Fiber-Optic Connection (Left Relay Channels Connected to Themselves)

Step 1
Set Channel X in test mode using the TST X command. Select N when prompted to disable 87L
communications and E when selecting loopback mode. Choose a test mode duration time.

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Step 2
Apply the following currents:
 Left relay: IA = 0.26 ∠0° A, IB = 0 A, and IC = 0 A.
 Because the fiber-optic Tx and Rx channels are interconnected, the currents at the local
and remote channels are the same.

Step 3
Increase the magnitude of IA in the relay at 0 degrees until 87LOPk asserts. Use the HMI or the
TAR 87LOPk command to observe 87LOPk assert.

Step 4
Record the left A-phase current that asserts 87LOPk.

Step 5
Ensure that the current is within the expected range using (13a) and (13b).
 
Y • InLocal • CTR  Y • InChannelX • CTR _ X  87LmP • CTRmax (13a)
 
Because InLocal  InChannelX :

Y • InLocal 
 87LmP • CTRmax 
(13b)
 CTR  CTR _ X 
Equation (14a) uses (13b) to calculate the minimum A-phase current (injected into the relay) that
asserts 87LOPA.

IaLocal 
 6 • 400   3.75 A (14a)
240  400
Equation (14b) uses (13b) to calculate the minimum A-phase current (injected into the relay) that
asserts 87LOP2 and 87LOPG.

3I 2Local 
 0.5 • 400   0.3125 A (14b)
240  400
Because Ib = Ic = 0 and 3I0 = 3I2 = Ia:
IaLocal  0.3125 A (14c)
Table 7 shows the values required to assert 87LOPk in Scenario 3. If the test is repeated on the
right relay, the same current values are required because the difference current is identical.

Table 7 Minimum Injected Current Values Required to Assert 87LOPk, Scenario 3

(Current Injected Into the Left Relay in Test Mode)
Left Relay Assert Values
87LOPA 3.75 A
87LOP2 0.3125 A
87LOPG 0.3125 A

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CONCLUSION
The following are important points when testing line current differential on a two-relay
application with different CTRs:
 When current is injected into both relays, the relay with the smallest CTR (the left relay
in this example) requires a greater amount of injected (local or remote) secondary current
to assert its 87LOPk elements compared with the other relay. However, the same primary
difference current is required to assert 87LOPk in both relays.
 When current is injected into one relay (with an open remote breaker), the remote relay
requires twice as much local phase current and three times more local negative- and zero-
sequence current for its 87LOPk elements to assert. Also, the relay with the smallest CTR
(the left relay in this example) requires a greater amount of injected current to assert its
87LOPk elements compared with the other relay.
 When current is injected into one relay in loopback mode, the test values simulate an
internal fault with identical local and remote currents.
The SEL-311L has many other functions besides line current differential testing, such as distance
and directional protection. However, in this application guide, we only demonstrate the proper
testing of the line current differential capability under different scenarios.

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U.S. and Foreign patents. *AG2012-10*
SEL Application Guide 2012-10 Date Code 20120724