READING AND WRITING

| Transcribed by: Etcobanez, Hannah R. | Prof. Miles De Leon | 11 - Rutherford |

TOPIC OUTLINE • Contains a plot which gives direction in making a story.

1 Text as Connected Discourse Techniques • In order to develop narration, sequential presentation of
2 Narration events plays an important role
3 Description • Most common transitional words are first, next, then, after
4 Definition and suddenly.
5 Exemplification and Classification TO MAKE AN EFFECTIVE NARRATIVE
6 Comparison and Contrast • Vivid of Details - description is appealing to the five senses.
7 Cause and Effect • Consistent Point of View
8 Problem and Solution • Consistent Verb Tenses
9 Persuasive Writing • Narrative Devices - refers to the technique writers use to
10 Properties of a Well-Written Text add flavor and enrich the meaning of their stories
• Anecdotes - brief narratives that are written from a writer’s
memory. It is mostly used in the introduction part of essay to
TEXT AS CONNECTED DISCOURSE illustrate a point
DISCOURSE • Flashbacks - these are events that already happened
• Refers to the speeches, talking, discussions, and
• Flashforward - refers to an event that is yet to happen
utterances.
• Dialogue - writers include dialogue, a word or series of
• The noun discourse came from the Latin word discursus words enclosed in a pair of quotation marks, which signal
that means “to argue”.
the character’s spoken language
• Requires no coherence and can receive feedback
PATTERN OF DEVELOPMENT: DESCRIPTION
immediately.
DESCRIPTION
TEXT
• The use of description plays an important role to elucidate
• A large unit of written language. the nature of people, places, and things.
• Requires coherence and good structure in order for readers • Involves adjectives and adverbs in the paragraph
to understand the context of the passage.
• The kind of words we use to describe how your subject
TECHNIQUE
looks, sounds, feels, smells, or even tastes-like are called
• A method you use to organize any idea or idea obtained. sensory language.
TEXT AS CONNECTED DISCOURSE TWO TYPES OF DESCRIPTION
• Means that a text has features and purpose from which
• Objective Description - the writer presents impartial and
ideas are constructed accordingly.
actual picture of the subject just like giving a description in
TECHNIQUES IN SELECTING AND ORGANIZING
an experiment.
INFORMATION
• Subjective Description - It is when a writer present
BRAINSTORMING
personal impression of the subject.
• A method of generating ideas and sharing knowledge to
PATTERN OF DEVELOPMENT: DEFINITION
solve a particular commercial or technical problem.
DEFINITION
o Cubing - an activity that involves briefly brainstorming
• Provide concise but exact meanings of unfamiliar words
about a topic from multiple perspectives. and explain special meanings for familiar words.
o Freewriting - a technique in which the author writes • Means exploring and analyzing different aspects of a
their thoughts quickly and continuously, without
particular concept.
worrying about form, style, or even grammar.
METHODS OF DEFINITION
o Listing - a brainstorming technique in which you make • Formal
a list of ideas
- consists of three principal parts: the species - WORD,
o Mapping/Cluster Mapping - combines the two stages
Genus - CLASS, and differentiae.
of brainstorming (recording ideas and then grouping
• Informal
them) into one.
o Connotation - own understanding or perception
GRAPHIC ORGANIZER
o Denotation - dictionary meaning of a word
• A communication tool used to express thoughts, ideas,
• Other methods of defining
and relationship among concepts.
o By stating characteristics
o Topic Outline - consists of words or phrases that
o By function
describes the topic.
o By what it is not
o Sentence Outline - ideas are expressed in full
o By what it is similar to
sentences.
o By examples
PATTERN OF DEVELOPMENT: NARRATION
o By etymology
NARRATION
o By its effects
• Comes from the Latin verb narrate that means “to recount”.
EXEMPLIFICATION AND CLASSIFICATION
• Means telling stories in a constructive format whenever
EXAMPLIFICATION
fiction or non-fiction.

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 READING AND WRITING
| Transcribed by: Etcobanez, Hannah R. | Prof. Miles De Leon | 11 - Rutherford |

• The most common and effective pattern to explain an we have alt water, air, and blood. While for heterogeneous
idea or point. mixture, we have chocolate chips cookies, pizza, and rocks.
• Explanation by giving examples • Some cohesive device you can use in showing similarities:
CLASSIFICATION likewise, similar to, same with me, like, in like manner.
• Used when a writer needs to sort out or arrange subject • For contrast: on the other hand, however, different with, in
to groups or categories based on their common and shared contrast, and the like.
characteristics. PATTERN OF DEVELOPMENT: CAUSE AND EFFECT
TRANSITIONAL MARKERS/EXPRESSIONS CAUSE AND EFFECT
• Includes: for instance, namely, to be specific, to clarify, to • Is a text development pattern which explains why
illustrate, for example, in short, as an example, etc. something happens.
TECHNIQUES YOU CAN USE AS EVIDENCE TO • Also states what results a particular event produces
ESTABLISH CREDIBILITY IN YOUR ARGUMENTS DEPENDING UPON THE CIRCUMSTANCES, IT EXPLAINS..
• Facts - refers to the concepts, ideas, and statements that • One Cause to One Effect
are generally assumed real, true and/or existing. o Example: Because Rain did not mix water with salt, the
• Anecdotes - pertains to the brief narrative within a mixture of the substances combined were not evenly
writing piece. It is a powerful tool for persuasion. distributed.
• Details - entails analyzing, which is the process of • Multiple Causes to One Effect
breaking down a concept or idea into small constituents. o Example: Since Danna mixed (stirring) the orange
• Opinions - contrary to facts, these individual interpretation juice powder (particle size) with hot water
of people on certain events, situation, ideas, and/or (temperature), she was able to come up with a well-
concepts. tasting juice before placing it in the freezer.
PATTERN OF DEVELOPMENT: COMPARISON AND • One Cause to Multiple Effects
CONTRAST o Example: Due to the proliferation of new information
COMPARISON during scientific age, it paved way for people to
• Means you are going to spot something similarities or what question the religious belief, necessitates new means
is the common aspect or point between two ideas. of communication and create a new culture.
CONTRAST • Signal words like: as a consequence of, as a result of,
• Provides the differences of the two matters discusssed. because, because of that, and since are used to express
REASON FOR COMPARING AND CONTRASTING cause.
• By showing the similarities and differences, we are able to • Meanwhile, words such as: accordingly, consequently,
help our readers arrive with sound judgement between the hence, so, therefore, and this resulted in are used to signify
choices to choose from. effects.
TWO COMMON WAYS TO ORGANIZE COMPARISON AND PROBLEM - SOLUTION
CONTRAST PARAGRAPH OR ESSAY PROBLEM - SOLUTION ESSAY
• Block Method • Presents a problem, usually discussing several aspects of
o used to compare two subjects at the same time the problem, then concludes by discussing solutions to the
o you may begin by explaining everything about the problem.
first idea THE PROBLEM MAY BE ADDRESSED THROUGH:
o once you are done with the first one, you start • Effects only
discussing the second idea o Describe the problem only in terms of its effects
Example: o Use examples
There are two main types of mixtures namely the • Causes and Effects
heterogeneous mixture and homogeneous mixture. Let’s tackle o Outline the causes of the problem
the homogeneous. In this aspect, substances are evenly o Discuss solutions in terms of preventive measures
distributed throughout the mixture. Examples of this are salt • Extended example
water, air, and blood. Meanwhile, for heterogeneous mixture, o after a topic sentence, illustrate the problem by using
substances are not evenly distributed. This includes chocolate an extended example (through a story or an anecdote
chips cookies, pizza, and rocks. from your introduction)
• Point-by-Point WAYS TO PRESENT SOLUTIONS
o Under this, the writer, address the subject one by one • Preventive Measures
Example: o Ways to prevent the problem from occurring in the first
Let’s discuss the difference between the two mixtures. place
First, when we say homogeneous mixture, it refers to mixture • A series of steps
which substances are distributed evenly. On the other hand, o Suggest the easiest and most obvious solution first,
heterogeneous mixture has substances that are not evenly but if that doesn’t work, try something else, etc
distributed. As for the examples, under homogeneous mixture, • Advice
o Give some advice and helpful hints

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Padayon future RMT!
 READING AND WRITING
| Transcribed by: Etcobanez, Hannah R. | Prof. Miles De Leon | 11 - Rutherford |

• A choice of solutions • Existence of organizational markers and coherent flow

o Include solutions that have already been tried, have of ideas are typically the focus in evaluation of writing
been unsuccessful, and new solutions which you are (Dayagbil 2016, 63-64).
proposing. • A strong organization comprises proper paragraphing and
TRANSITIONAL WORDS TO BE USED logical order of presentation of ideas.
• Introduction COHERENCE AND COHESION
o Nowadays… • One of the most important elements in writing is the form or
o It is a common trend that.. structure. Without a solid structure in place, the content
o Society is becoming increasingly concerned about… you have gathered would fall apart.
• Body • Coherence and cohesion are two basic features that
o For instance… facilitate textual continuity.
o Such as/like.. COHERENCE
o Namely… • Coherence means the connection and organization of
• Conclusion ideas in a text to create unity.
o In conclusion… • The connection of the succeeding sentences to the topic
o To conclude.. sentence.
o To sum up… • Refers to the rhetorical aspects of your writing, which
PATTERN OF DEVELOPMENT: PERSUASIVE WRITING include developing and supporting your argument (e.g.
PERSUASION thesis statement development), synthesizing and integrating
• the process of convincing a person or group of people to readings, organizing and clarifying ideas.
change their behavior or belief. • To achieve coherence, every good paragraph must have
o Persuasive Text - can be in a form of an argument, unity or oneness of idea.
discussion, exposition, review or even an COHESION
advertisement • Cohesion in writing means unifying ideas by binding words,
THINGS TO REMEMBER WHEN MAKING PERSUASION phrases, sentences and paragraphs, thus, show
• Issue - will serve as a background information about a topic relationships and smooth “text flow”.
• Argument - one’s claim or position that can either support • While coherence focuses on the overall (macro) structure of
or reject the issue previously stated the essay, cohesion is more specific. It pays attention to
• Evidence/s - can be factual, logical, statistical. Or links between words and sentences.
anecdotal in nature; can also explain counterarguments not • To achieve good cohesion, you need to know how to use
because the writer wants to prove which claims are wrong cohesive devices, certain words or phrases that serve the
or right but to enlighten the readers about other positions purpose of connecting two statements, usually by referring
• Conclusion - end of the text back to what you have previously written or said
THREE COMMON STRATEGIES TO EMPLOY WHEN
PERSUADING:
• Logos
o Appeal to logic
o Usually supported by statistics/facts
• Pathos
o Appeal to emotion
o Use words that involves feelings
• Ethos
o Appeal to credibility
o Uses people who are expert in certain fields
PROPERTIES OF A WELL-WRITTEN TEXT
LANGUAGE USE
• Organization
• There are five major issues with appropriate language
• Coherence and Cohesion
that should be avoided in an effective and well-written text,
• Language Use
as identified by (Purdue Online Writing Lab 2020):
• Mechanics
o First, the formality of the language one uses should
ORGANIZATION
depend on how formal the situation is and how the
• This is when you can spot the beginning, middle, and end
writer and the reader are related to one another.
of the story.
o Second, jargons or specialized language used by
• You can use a graphical organizer
groups of individuals in the same field, should only be
• A well-organized piece of writing is not only clear but also
used if the target readers belong to the same group.
logical and aesthetic.
o Third, slangs and idioms should be avoided. Slangs
are words, phrases, or expressions that do not literally

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 READING AND WRITING
| Transcribed by: Etcobanez, Hannah R. | Prof. Miles De Leon | 11 - Rutherford |

mean what they express while idioms or expressions

whose meaning is different from the meanings of the
individual word it contains.
o Fourth, euphemisms or words that veil the truth shall
also be avoided. Examples of which are “virtually
challenged” for someone who is short; “passed away”
instead of died, and other deceitful language.
o Fifth, avoid using any biased language including
those associated with any racial, ethnic, group, or
gender.
EFFECTIVE LANGUAGE CAN BE CHARACTERIZED AS:
• Concrete and specific, not vague and abstract
• Concise, not verbose
• Precise and clear, not obscure
• Constructive, not destructive
• Appropriately formal, not slang

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READING AND WRITING
| Transcribed by: Etcobanez, Hannah R. | Prof. Miles De Leon | 11 - Rutherford |

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