© 2019 JETIR January 2019, Volume 6, Issue 1 www.jetir.

org (ISSN-2349-5162)

A Review of 11kv Line Fault Detection System

Niraj V. Patel1, Mihirkumar C. Rathod 2
PG Student1, Assistant Professor2
Department of ME-Electrical Power System
LDRP-ITR, Gandhinagar

Abstract: The fault location detection and real time monitoring has been a goal of power system engineers, since the creation of
distribution and transmission systems. Quick fault detection can help protect the equipment by allowing the disconnection of faulted
lines before any significant damage of the equipment. The accurate fault location can help utility personnel remove persistent of
the faults and locate the areas where the faults regularly occur, thus reducing the occurrence of fault and minimize the time of power
outages. In this report, internet of thing-based fault detection and location system was used to adequately and accurately indicates
and locates the exact spot where fault had occurred. This will ensure a shorter response time for technical crew to rectify these
faults. When a fault gets created in a cable line, this is sensed by the sensor and microcontroller and is updated to the user. The
information conveyed to the user is the distance to which that faults corresponds to. The microcontroller detects the fault cable line
data and displays this data over LCD display; it transfers this data over internet to display online. Also, the data is transfer to internet
for real time monitoring. Thing Speak to develop the online system that links with the system to display the cable faults and
continuously monitoring online.

Keywords: Fault location, 11kv line, IOT, internet of things, monitoring, Fault detection, GSM/GPRS
I. INTRODUCTION
Background
For the past fifty years, electric power systems have rapidly grown. This has resulted in a large increase of the number of lines
in operation and their total length. Transmission of electricity through overhead transmission lines is a widely used method for
power transmission from one location to another. Failure is a critical issue in this essential service. The location of the fault must
be identified for recovery from the failure. The restoration can be expedited if the location of the fault is either known or can be
estimated with reasonable accuracy. Detecting and locating fault in power line is very necessary for healthy operation of power
system. In electrical power line fault often occur many times making the power system unreliable. Speedy and precise fault location
plays an important role in accelerating system restoration, reducing outage time and significantly improving system reliability.
Though there is human effort involved in fault detection, technology assisted solutions can save time and resources.
Objective
Losses in distribution system are much higher than losses in transmission side and also fault are more frequent in distribution
side. In distribution system most of the losses are caused by fault and theft. In this project the focus is on single phase to ground
fault in power line. When single phase to ground fault occurs, it becomes significant to detect fault quickly and with accuracy. It
becomes challenging for the power company to detect and repair the fault as quickly as possible. Protection systems are designed
to identify the location of faults and isolate only the faulted section in order not to damage the whole equipment in power system.

II. SYSTEM ANALYSIS

Existing System
In practical electricity, people use the trial and error method to detect the fault location (Line to line fault / line to ground fault)
of a distribution line. They feed supply at the single end at a time by dividing that transmission line into two parts and check the
fault up to that section. These processes go on until they find the fault area. After checking if they found anything, then it is ok to
go forward. This process is done from both ends and they sort out the exact location.

Limitation of Existing System

The present system has significant disadvantages. Today whenever a fault occurs in a cable, the entire cable has to be checked
to find the fault location. It requires a lot of human effort and it is time consuming. It is practical only in the case of short distances.
Overhead cables are vulnerable to lightning strikes which can cause interruption. They use bare conductors and can cause damage
if they break. The maintenance cost of these lines is more and the voltage drop is also high.

Proposed Solution
Our paper aims in finding the exact location of the fault. In the proposed concept with the use of wireless network exact location
of fault can be diagnosed. There by providing optimum operation of electric power. The objective of this project is to provide with
a simple way to detect the fault and show the exact location of occurred fault which will ultimately lead to optimum operation of
the whole system and to improve the reliability of distribution network. The aim is to detect the fault in the distribution line and
intimate to the server about the fault location. To detect the accurate fault in the distribution lines, the sensor is used. The sensors
sense the power characteristics of the transmission line.
Advantages of Proposed System
 Detects accurate fault location

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 Reduced human effort

 Time saving and faster maintenance
 Can be used for both underground and overhead cables

III. BLOCK DIAGRAM AND WORKING

Fig.1 Proposed system block diagram

The system consists three major components current transformer (CT) or current sensor, GSM modem and microcontroller.
The CT which is connected to the main line cable sense the current value of the system and feed the output to the ADC (analog to
digital converter). ADC convert the analog signal to digital signal or form in order to be processed by the microcontroller.
Microcontroller contain a set of programming codes which have been stored in the EEPROM which enable it to finding fault based
on the current values. Based on the program the microcontroller compares this value to see they are within the required range. If
the current value is out of range as compared to the reference it gives an indication of a fault. The fault information will be display
in the webpage using GSM module. Also, the value of current is continuously display on the webpage.

IV. TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW

Internet of Things
It is expected that more than 50 billion objects would have been connected with the power of the Internet by year 2020. This
includes not only smart devices like cell phones and tablets, but also coffee makers, washing machines, jet engines, stereo
headphones, light lamps, digital wearable devices and almost everything with a sensor on it. This huge network of myriad objects
is better known as the Internet of Things (IoT). The Internet of Things (IoT) is a virtual network where every object, whether a
person or an animal, everything is assigned and recognized by a unique address (Technically known as IP address) and has an
amazing ability to transfer and receive data over a network without any sort of communication between human-to-computer or
human-to-human. It allows objects to be sensed and controlled across the sphere, crafting great opportunities to connect with the
physical world into computer-based systems, and resulting in enhanced adeptness, accuracy and economic benefit. The goal of IoT
is not just only connecting things such as machines, devices and appliances, but also allowing the things to communicate,
exchanging control data and other necessary information while executing applications.

MQTT (Message Queue Telemetry Transport)

MQTT stands for Message Queue Telemetry Transport. As its name suggests, it’s a protocol for transporting messages between
two points. This protocol is so lightweight that it can be supported by some of the smallest measuring and monitoring devices, and
it can transmit data over far reaching, sometimes intermittent networks. MQTT is designed to overcome the challenges of connecting
the rapidly expanding physical world of sensors, actuators, phones, and tablets with established software processing technologies.
These principles also turn out to make this protocol ideal for the emerging M2M or IoT world of connected devices where bandwidth
and battery power are at a premium.

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V. HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
The most common set of requirements defined by any operating system or software application is the physical computer
resources, also known as hardware. The hardware requirements required for this paper are:

Transformer
Transformer is static device which transfer electrical energy from one circuit to other circuit with change in voltage or current
without change in frequency. In this step-down transformer is used. Usually, DC voltage s are required to operate various electronic
equipment and these voltages are 5V, 9V or 12V.

Rectifier
A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC), which periodically reverses direction, to direct current
(DC), which flows in only one direction. The process is known as rectification.

Capacitors
A capacitor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that stores electrical energy in an electric field. It is a device used
to store an electric charge, consisting of one or more pairs of conductors separated by an insulator.

LCD Display
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) is the technology used for displays in notebook and other smaller computers. Like light-emitting
diode (LED) and gas-plasma technologies, LCDs allow displays to be much thinner than cathode ray tube (CRT) technology. LCD
is an Alphabetic Display. It means that it can display Alphabets, Numbers as well as special symbols. Thus, LCD is a user-friendly
display device which can be used for displaying various messages.

AT mega AVR Series MICROCONTROLLER

AVR was one of the first microcontroller families to use on-chip flash memory for program storage. A microcontroller is a
small computer on a single integrated circuit. A microcontroller contains one or more CPUs (pro along with memory and
programmable input/output peripherals.)

GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications)

GSM/GPRS module is used to establish communication between a computer and a GSM/GPRS system. Global System for
Mobile communication (GSM) is an architecture used for mobile communication in most of the countries. Global Packet Radio
Service (GPRS) is an extension of GSM that enables higher data transmission rate. GSM/GPRS module consists of a GSM/GPRS
modem assembled together with power supply circuit and communication interfaces (like RS-232, USB, etc.) for computer.

Current Sensor/Current transformer

30 AMP. Current transformer Features of this current transformer is to Designed and developed as per European Standards
IEC: 62053-21 / IS: 13779. It is PC Housing for better insulation and environmental protection. And Variants available in Self Wire
(Flying Leads) or PCB Mounting Type CT.

VI. SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION

EAGLE
EAGLE is a scriptable electronic design automation (EDA) application with schematic capture, printed circuit board (PCB)
layout, auto-router and computer aided manufacturing (CAM) features. EAGLE stands for easily applicable Graphical layout editor
and is developed by CadSoft computer GmbH.the company was acquired by Autodesk inc.in2006.

Arduino Programming Language

Arduino Software (IDE): The open-source Arduino Software (IDE) makes it easy to write code and upload it to the board. It
runs on Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux. The environment is written in Java and based on Processing and others open-source
software.

VII. CONCLUSIONS
This paper presented the designed GSM based transmission line monitoring and indication of fault in system. The implemented
system design mainly concentrates on the distribution system. The project has continuous monitoring system integrating the GSM
communication technology and the microcontroller technology. The system continuously monitors current value of the system. The
proposed system can minimize the time to locate the fault and reduce manpower.

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