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L-2 Scan Conversion

This lecture discusses scan conversion and its side effects. Scan conversion is the process of representing graphical objects as discrete pixels. There are two main methods of scan conversion - analog and digital. Side effects of scan conversion include the staircase effect, unequal brightness, and the picket fence problem. The student will learn about scan conversion methods, side effects, advantages and disadvantages.

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Gauri Kothekar
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262 views22 pages

L-2 Scan Conversion

This lecture discusses scan conversion and its side effects. Scan conversion is the process of representing graphical objects as discrete pixels. There are two main methods of scan conversion - analog and digital. Side effects of scan conversion include the staircase effect, unequal brightness, and the picket fence problem. The student will learn about scan conversion methods, side effects, advantages and disadvantages.

Uploaded by

Gauri Kothekar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture Notes

Topic: Scan Conversion and Its Side Effects

Dr. Anand Kumar Pandey


Associate Professor CSA
Outlines
• Introduction
• Need of Scan Conversion
• Methods of Scan Conversion
• Side Effects of Scan Conversion methods
• Advantages and Dis-advantages
• Exercise
• Learning Outcomes
• References
Pre-requisites

▪ The student must have science background.


▪ The student should have basic knowledge of basic architecture of
system.
▪ Having worked on a computer would be an added advantage in
completing the tutorial.

<SELO: 2> <Reference No.: R1, R2>


Objective

In this lecture we will going to learn about the preliminary concepts of


the Scan Conversion. Here we discussed the need and side effects of it.
After going through this chapter the student should be able to :
(i) Concept of Scan conversion
ii) Analyse the methods and its side effects also.

<SELO: 2,3> <Reference No.: R1, R2>


Introduction

• Every graphics system must transform the primitives into a collection of


pixels.
• When we represent regular objects in the form of discrete pixels, it needs
to be identify those positions where it can be viewed.
• Any model of graphics can be reproduced with a dense matrix of dots or
points. Most human beings think graphics objects as points, lines,
circles, ellipses.
• For generating graphical object, many algorithms have been developed.

<SELO: 2,3> <Reference No.: R1>


Introduction

• The scan conversion is also called “Rasterization.” Each pixel in the


graphical system has two states either on or off.
• The process of representing regular objects in the form of discrete pixels,
it is called Scan Conversion.
• The circuitry of the video display device of the computer is capable of
converting binary values (0, 1) into a pixel on and pixel off information.
0 is represented by pixel off.
• 1 is represented using pixel on. Using this ability graphics computer
represent picture having discrete dots.

<SELO: 2,3> <Reference No.: R1>


Need of Scan Conversion

• The application of scan conversion is wide and covers video projectors,


cinema equipment, TV and video capture cards, standard and
HDTV televisions, LCD monitors, radar displays and many different
aspects of picture processing.

• Scan conversion involves changing the picture information data rate and
wrapping the new picture in appropriate synchronization signals.

• There are two distinct methods for changing a picture's data rate.

<SELO: 2,3> <Reference No.: R1>


Need of Scan Conversion
• Scan conversion or scan converting rate is a video processing technique
for changing the vertical / horizontal scan frequency of video signal for
different purposes and applications.
• The device which performs this conversion is called a scan converter.

Thus, the process of scan conversion requires some basic rules and
guidelines to be followed:
• All the objects drawn on the graphics screen should be of uniform
brightness. The brightness content must be the same for every point so
that the conversion is made easy.
• The objects drawn on the graphics screen should be free from any
orientation and independent of length and size.

<SELO: 2> <Reference No.: R1>


Method of Scan Conversion

• Scan conversion methods, not only needs to make changes in


synchronization (sync) frequencies, but also changes in picture
information data rate are also mandatory in most cases.
• We can perform scan conversion by using two methods.

- Analog Method
- Digital Method

• These two distinct methods are also used for changing a picture's data
rate

<SELO: 2> <Reference No.: R1>


Method of Scan Conversion
Analog Method (Non retentive, memory-less or real time method)

• This conversion is done using large numbers of delay cells and is


appropriate for analog video.
• It may also be performed using a specialized scan converter vacuum
tube.
• In this case polar coordinates (angle and distance) data from a source
such as a radar receiver, so that it can be displayed on a raster
scan (TV type) display.

<SELO: 2> <Reference No.: R1>


Method of Scan Conversion

• Digital methods (Retentive or buffered method)

• In this method, a picture is stored in a line or frame buffer with n1


speed (data rate) and is read with n2 speed, several picture processing
techniques are applicable when the picture is stored in buffer memory
including kinds of interpolation from simple to smart high order
comparisons, motion detection and to improve the picture quality and
prevent the conversion artifacts.

<SELO: 2> <Reference No.: R1,R2>


Side Effects of Scan Conversion
• Scan conversion is essentially a systematic approach to mapping objects
that are defined in continuous space to their discrete approximation.
• The various forms of distortion that result from this operation are
collectively referred to as the aliasing effects (side effects) of scan
conversion.

Following are the well known side effect methods:

- Staircase
- Unequal Brightness
- Picket Fence Problem

<SELO: 2> <Reference No.: R1>


Side Effects of Scan Conversion

Staircase Effect
• A common example of aliasing effects is the staircase of jagged
appearance, we see when scan converting a primitive such as a line or a
circle.
• We also see the stair steps of jaggiest along the border of a filled region.
• This effect is an example of something called "aliasing."

<SELO: 2> <Reference No.: R1>


Side Effects of Scan Conversion

Unequal Brightness
• Another side effect that is less noticeable is the unequal brightness of
lines of different orientation. A slanted line appears dimmer than a
horizontal or vertical line although all are presented at the same
intensity level.
• The reason for this problem can be explained as the pixels on the
horizontal/vertical lines are placed one unit apart, whereas those on the
diagonal line are approximately 1.414 units apart.
• This difference in the density produces the perceived difference in
brightness.

<SELO: 2> <Reference No.: R1>


Side Effects of Scan Conversion

Picket Fence Problem


• The picket fence problem occurs when an object is not aligned with of
does not fit into the pixel grid properly.
• This is sometimes called local aliasing, as the distances between
pickets are kept close to their true distances.
• Another example of such a problem arises with the outline font.

Picket Fence effect Picket Fence problem in 3D Image

<SELO: 2> <Reference No.: R1>


Need of Scan Conversion Algorithm

• This helps in accelerating the process of scan conversion and can generate
graphic objects at a faster rate comparatively. Using these algorithms
memory is also used efficiently and the production quality of the objects
on the screen is also improved.
• We can use a random scan system for this process. It uses a beam of
electrons that are accelerated through the potential difference and operates
like a pencil on the screen of the cathode ray tube thus producing objects
on the screen.
• The Scan Converting rate is a technique that is used in video processing.
In this technique, we can change the horizontal and vertical frequencies
for different purposes.

<SELO: 2> <Reference No.: R1>


Need of Scan Conversion Algorithm

We can apply the scan conversion algorithm for various objects that are:

• Point
• Line
• Polygon example rectangle, triangle and many more
• Circle
• Arc
• Sector
• Any filled region

<SELO: 2> <Reference No.: R1>


Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantages:
• The scan conversion technique is used for various purposes, such as
videoProjectors,TV, HDTV, Video capture card, LCD monitor, etc.
• The Scan Conversion technique has wide applications.
• We can efficiently perform scan conversion using high speed integrated
circuits.

Disadvantages:
• We can only apply scan conversion with LSI and VLSI integrated circuit.
• Int the digital scan conversion, the analog video signal has changed into
digital data.

<SELO: 2> <Reference No.: R1>


Exercise

Describe the Most popular side effects of Scan conversion methods.


Learning Outcomes

The student learn and understand the following Outcomes:


▪ The concept of scan conversion.
▪ Understand the different methods of scan conversions.
▪ Its advantages and disadvantages.
References

1. Donald Hearn, M.P. Baker; Computer Graphics; Pearson Publication.


2. Zhigang Xiang, Roy A. Plastock; Schaum’s Outline of Computer
Graphics; Tata McGraw-Hill.
3. David F. Rogers; Procedural Elements for Computer Graphics; Tata
McGraw-Hill.
4. J. D. Folay, A. V. Dam, S. K. Feiner, J. F. Hughes; Computer
Graphics: Principle & Practice; Addison-Wesley.
5. https://www.javatpoint.com/application-of-computer-graphics

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