What is the difference between wet and damp runway?

Damp: The surface shows a change of colour due to moisture

Wet: The surface is soaked but there is not standing water
Wet patches: Patches of standing water are visible
Flooded: Extensive standing water is visible

Is the wind reported as true or magnetic in a TAF?

True

Is the wind reported as true or magnetic in an ATIS?

Magnetic

What does it mean if you see alternating white and red lights on the
RWY?
If it’s a British Calvert Lighting design you have 3000' of runway
remaining, and if its US ASLF design it's the last 2000'. Go on the
safe side and assume its 2000'

How do you know you are out of the critical area after a low
visibility landing?
Taxiway holding point markings [boxed line]

What happens to profile and induced drag with speed?

Profile increases [squared]
Induced decreases

What is max range with respect to drag curve?

1.32 Vimd

Critical engine on a 4 engined aircraft?

Upwind engine

At 33 000', when do you start descending?

3:1 descent = 99nm

What if you're heavy, what if you have to keep a lower speed in

descent?
Still a 3:1 decent, just vary RoD
Heavier, requires a higher RoD
Slower speed, requires a lower RoD

When does holdover time start?

It starts at the beginning of the 1st anti-ice/de-ice application if
only one application or at the beginning of the 2nd application when
two applications are required.

Doing the turnaround, you find a nose gear door missing, what would
you do?
Check MEL/CDL [Configuration Deviation List]

What is the tropopause, its temperature, and altitude?

It is the region at the top of the troposphere where a temperature
inversion exists i.e. the temperature is isothermal. It's is variable
in height, though the standard atmosphere assumes it to be at 36 000'
and isothermic at -57ºc

What is the windshear procedure on the Metro?

Simultaneously
 Apply max power
 Ensure wings level
 Up to 18º pitch [until stick shaker]
 Don't reconfigure or increase airspeed until terrain clearance is
assured

What happens when you pull the fire handle on the Metro?
A detonator fires and 1.1kg of Halon 1301 is discharged by a 500-800
psi nitrogen. It is a single use system with only bottle to
respective engine capability.

The last flap setting on the 747 creates a lot of drag, why?
You are creating a lot of lift and consequently a lot of drag, this
has several beneficial effects, it allows lower Vref speeds and less
landing distance and the ability to spool up to high approach idle on
final.

Larger flap setting, how does it affect take-off roll, screen height?
Larger flap settings will decrease the landing roll but reduce the
climb gradient

Climbing at constant MN, what happens to IAS, TAS?

IAS decreases
TAS decreases

Tell us about the Metro's engines [type, SHP]

TPE-331-12UAR
1100shp

How many compressor/turbine stages?

2 centrifugal compressors
3 axial flow turbines

What is the cargo compartment max loading on the Metro?

Nose - 333kg
Zone A - 227
Zone B - 272

Tell us about the fire protection system on the Metro.

What happens when you start the engine with on the GPU with not
enough voltage?
A hung start possibly leading to a hot start

What’s a hung start? What’s a hot start? When and why do we have
them?
A potential hot start is indicated by an abnormally rapid EGT rise
after light off. By monitoring fuel flow and EGT, a hot start can be
anticipated before the 770ºc limit is exceeded.

Hot Starts may be caused by:

 Inadequate starter voltage, resulting in insufficient compressor
airflow.
 Premature starter deactivation
 Incomplete purging of fuel in the combustion chamber from the
previous start attempt.
 Foreign object damage preventing sufficient engine acceleration
and airflow.
 Incorrect start fuel scheduling.

A hung start is identified by light off followed by abnormally slow

acceleration. A hung start may be result of fuel scheduling being
either too lean or too rich. A lean hung start is associated with low
fuel flow and proportionally low EGT. A rich condition can be
recognized by a high fuel flow and an EGT rise, which may tend to
develop into an over-temperature condition and possible compressor
stall.
 Hung Starts may be caused by:
Starter air pressure too low to accelerate engine to self-
sustaining speed
 Premature starter deactivation
 FOD to compressor
 Turbine section damage.

What is the hazard of using the BCF fire extinguisher in the cockpit?
Asphyxiation if you're not on oxygen

Why are V1 and VR significantly different on the 747-400?

Due to the large take-off weight

How do you find and determine V1 and Vr?

V1: Decision speed, chosen to allow a rejected take-off in the
event of an engine failure.
VR: Chosen to allow the aircraft to attain V2 by 35' on a dry
runway.

What do you do on the wet runway with V1?

V1 may be reduced [usually by a maximum of 10kts], due to the reduced
stopping ability, in doing so the aircraft my not reach the 35'
screen height because of the longer acceleration with OEI, so the
screen height may now be reduced to 15'.

What is Vmcg?
Minimum control speed, ground.

Can V1 be less than Vmcg? Can it be equal?

No
Yes

Where is the critical engine on the Metro and why?

The number 2 engine
Due to Asymmetric blade effect and Propeller slipstream

Does the 747-400 have critical engines?

Yes

In a crosswind, which engine the most critical?

The outboard, upwind engine [increased yaw]

Where are the high lift devices located on the 747-400 and what type
are they?
Leading edge: Krueger flap
Trailing edge: Triple slotted fowler flap

How many slots on the 747-400’s fowler flap?

3

Why is the 747-400 fowler flap fully extended [nearly perpendicular

to the wing] on very short final?
To produce maximum lift and drag, reducing the approach speed and
allowing the engines to be at high approach idle

What is the difference between max range and max endurance

[definition].
Max range is the most distance for a given amount of fuel, it equates
to 1.32 Vimd at a constant airspeed
Max endurance is the most time you can stay in the air, it equates to
minimum power, and corresponds to the minimum lift/drag ration and is
a fixed AoA.

What happens to Mach number when you climb at constant IAS. Why?
Mach number and TAS increase
Relationship to the local speed of sound as temperature decreases

How would you load the 747-400 to obtain max range? Why?
With the most rearward C of G practicable, to reduce the down force
required on the elevator, thus reducing drag.

How many feet in 1hpa? Is it always constant with altitude?

30'
No

At 33,000 ft the OAT is -45C, what is ISA deviation?

ISA -06ºc

What height should you be at 15nm on slope on the ILS?

4500'

If your IAS is 150kts on slope and established on the ILS and your
VSI reads 1200fpm, what’s happening?
You will start descending below the glide slope

Explain the fohn wind. Where do you find fohn wind in Australia?
The Fohn is due to a mountain barrier. The classic Fohn wind
experienced in the Alps is caused by air-cooling as it rises over the
mountains, with moisture lost as precipitation. On the other side of
the mountain the air sinks and is warmed by adiabatic compression as
it descends.

What is Epsilon and dither?

They are two errors that can be intentionally imposed on the GPS
system, otherwise known as Selective availability [S/A].

Dither is manipulation of the satellite clock information in the

signal.

Epsilon is manipulating navigation message, orbit data.

What are some aerodynamic qualities associated with operating at high

altitudes?
Less aerodynamic damping
Restricted operating range [Buffet boundaries]
Reduced manoeuvring ability

Why do jets operate at high altitudes?

To make coincident the best operating conditions for the airframe and
engines.

Airframe: The higher the altitude the higher the TAS for a given EAS
and drag, therefore more air miles are covered for the fuel used to
produce the thrust, equal to drag.
Engines: Best TSFC occurs typically at around 90% engine RPM. Since
thrust falls with altitude, it follows that only at high altitude
will the thrust be low enough to equal the required thrust at normal
cruise RPM.

Shockwaves and compressibility

As flight speed nears the speed of sound, a compression wave will
form at the leading edge and all changes in velocity and pressure
will take place quite sharply and suddenly.

The principle difference between subsonic and supersonic flow is due

to the compressibility of the supersonic flow.

Normal Shockwaves
Whenever the shockwave forms perpendicular to the upstream flow, the
shockwave is termed a Normal shockwave and the flow immediately
behind the shockwave is subsonic. Whenever a supersonic airstream is
slowed to subsonic without a change in direction, a normal shockwave
will form as a boundary between the supersonic and subsonic regions.

Supersonic airstream passing through a normal shockwave will

experience the following changes:

 The airstream is slowed to subsonic. The local Mach number behind

the shockwave is roughly equal to the reciprocal of the Mach
number ahead of the shockwave. [M1.25/M0.80]
 The airflow direction immediately behind the wave unchanged
 The static pressure of the airstream behind the wave is greatly
increased
 The density of the airstream [as indicated by total pressure] is
greatly reduced. The normal shockwave is very wasteful of energy

Shockwaves cause: Increased drag

Reduced lift
Nose down pitching tendency