BA(JMC) 206 , Television Programming and Production

TELEVISION PROGRAMMING
AND PRODUCTION
BA(JMC) 206
Unit I

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Syllabus- Unit 1
Unit I: [Understanding the Medium]
1. Brief Historical Background of Television in India
2. Characteristics and Importance of Television
3. Various Formats of TV programmes
4. Stages of Programme Production

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Evolution of Television
• It was John Logie Baird who designed the first
working electronic TV in 1926. He was the one who is
the inventor of the television.

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 BA(JMC) 206 , Television Programming and Production

Dates to Remember
• 1936 - British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) of
Britain began the first television service of the world
• 1939 - Television broadcasts began in US
• 1950s - Other countries began television
broadcasting on a wide scale
• 1953 - The first successful programme in colour was
transmitted by CBS (Columbia Broadcasting
System)in USA

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History Of Television In India

• Television came to India on September 15, 1959, with
experimental transmission from Delhi. It was a modest
beginning with a makeshift studio, a low-power
transmitter, and only 21 community television sets. All
India Radio provided the engineering and program
professionals. A daily one-hour service with a news
bulletin was started in 1965. In 1972 television services
were extended to a second city—Mumbai and by 1975,
television stations appeared in Calcutta, Chennai,
Srinagar, Amritsar, and Lucknow.

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Cont…
• Television services were separated from Radio in 1976.
Each office of All India Radio and Doordarshan was
placed under the management of two separate Director
Generals in New Delhi.
• Finally, its existence came into being when
Doordarshan became a National Broadcaster.
• "Hum Log", the first-ever T.V. serial to be broadcasted
by Doordarshan, the sole T.V. channel, in 1984. People
were glued to their television sets to watch each
episode of Manohar Shyam Joshi's “Hum Log".

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 BA(JMC) 206 , Television Programming and Production

Cont…
• Over the years, Doordarshan has presented many
popular and engrossing serials. For example, "Waghley
Ki Duniya", "Yeh Jo Hain Zindagi", "Nukkad", "Rajni",
and the list goes on

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Important Dates Doordarshan

• 15.09.1959 Experimental transmission from Delhi
• 24.10.1961 School television for Delhi students.
• 15.08.1965 Regular service with daily news bulletin in
Hindi.
• 26.01.1967 Krishi Darshan - programmes for farmers.
• 02.10.1972 Television in a second city—Mumbai
• 01.08.1975 SITE launched.
• 01.01.1976 Commercials introduced

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Cont…
• 01.04.1976 Doordarshan delinked from AIR.
• 15.08.1982 National programmes, colour transmission
and networking through satellite.
• 19.11.1982 Expansion though LPTs launched.
• 15.07.1984 First mass appeal serial Hum Log.
• 15.08.1983 Countrywide classroom of UGC launched.
• 09.08.1984 Second channel at Delhi.
• 09.08.1985 First regional satellite network in
Maharashtra.
• 23.02.1987 Morning transmissions

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 BA(JMC) 206 , Television Programming and Production

Cont…
• 26.01.1989 Afternoon transmissions
• 01.04.1993 Metro channel with satellite networking
• 01.10.1993 Regional language satellite channels.
• 15.08.1994 Restructuring of channels -DDl to DD 13.
• 14.03.1995 DD India—International channel.
• 23.11.1997 Prasar Bharati—the autonomous
broadcasting corporation of India.
• 18.03.1999 DD Sports channel inaugurated.
• 10.07.1999 News on the hour.
• 15.08.1999 DD News and current affairs channel.

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History Of Television In India

• The decade of the 1990s brought a big challenge for
Doordarshan. The CNN covered Gulf War through
satellite and telecast it on national channels of most the
western and Asian countries.
• In 1992, a Hong Kong-based group of companies
launched STAR TELEVISION (Satellite Television Asian
Region). The programmes of STAR Television are
beamed by Asian set Satellite. Its channel, Star Plus,
Prime Sports, BBC, and MTV (now replaced by V
Channel), beam their signal around the clock. The Hindi
channel Zee TV also showed its programmes by hiring a
transponder from Star TV.
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Characteristics of Television as a Medium

• While radio has sound, television content includes both
sound and visuals. This audio-visual television
character makes it a magic medium that allows us to
watch the world from our drawing rooms.

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 BA(JMC) 206 , Television Programming and Production

Domestic medium:
 To watch television, we need not leave your drawing room. No
need of going to the movie theater or buying tickets. We can
watch television in the comfort of our home with our family.
This is why television is generally regarded as a domestic
medium. It provides entertainment and information right inside
our homes and has become an integral part of our everyday
lives. It can actually pattern our daily activities. Even our family
makes it a point to watch their favorite serial at a particular
time and adjust dinner timings accordingly. This domestic
nature of television influences the content also. We have
noticed that a newspaper report has an impersonal tone,
whereas the television anchor addresses us directly. This
makes the viewers experience a sense of closeness to the
Television.

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Live medium:
• The important characteristic of television is that it is
capable of being a live medium. This is because the live
nature of television allows it to transmit visuals and
information almost instantly. The visuals of an
earthquake in Indonesia can reach our television set in
almost no time. This capacity of the medium makes it
ideal for transmitting live visuals of news and sports
events. If we are watching a cricket match in a television
channel, we can almost instantly see the wicket hit by
our favourite player. On the Television allows you to
witness events which happen thousands of miles away.

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Mass medium:
• All of us know that there are a large number of people
who cannot read or write. Such people may not be able
to read a newspaper, but they can watch television.
Anyone with a television receiver can access the
information shown on television. This makes it an ideal
medium to transmit messages to a large audience. In a
country like ours, with a huge illiterate population, this
characteristic of television Makes it an ideal instrument
for transmitting social messages. Television also has a
very wide output, range and reach. It is truly a mass
medium.

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 BA(JMC) 206 , Television Programming and Production

A Transitory medium:
• Television programmes are not easy to be recorded by
viewers. It may be practically impossible to record every
programme which appears on your television.
Therefore, television is generally identified as a
transitory medium.

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Expensive medium:
• There is need to large amount of machinery and
expertise needed to run a television station. We can
write articles and stories and draw our own pictures. All
we need will be paper, pen, drawing instruments and
time. However, a television programme can never be
made this. However, a television programme can never
be made this easily. It requires lots of money, machinery
and experienced people. Broadcast media in general
and television in particular involves complex technology
and organization. We will need crores of rupees to start
a television station.

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Impact of television in our daily lives

• Positive
• Education - SITE experiment, INSAT, HETV by UGC, telecasts by IGNOU,
educational channel like Gyan-Darshan educational channel, other educational
programs
• 2. Information - National Geographic, Discovery, BBC Earth, Animal Planet.
Documentaries on these channels. Special interest channels on food, travel,
cooking, technology, etc.
• 3. Entertainment - dedicated channels for movies, music, kids, etc.
• 4. Inspiring creativity - channels/programs that focus on DIY, crafts ,
adventure, experiments, etc.

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 BA(JMC) 206 , Television Programming and Production

• easily digestible medium

• 1. Even communicate to illiterates
• 2. Communicates even without the need for active effort (like
reading, understanding)
• 3. Visuals helps communicate and retain information effectively
• Bypass Distance and Time
• 1. Live medium, live sports
• 2. Access to information from distant places, international news
coverages
• 3. Facilitates cultural exposures/exchanges between cultures that
are far off geographically.

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Negative
• 1. Mindless Consumption: Adverts influencing buying decisions;
ads targeted at children can have a bad influence on
them. Catchy advertisements on television can tempt people to
buy various products, even if they do not need them.
• 2. Creation of stereotypes: serials and programmes that portray
a particular gender, race, ethnicity in a particular way can be
misleading. Watch some of the women based serials and observe
where maximum time is spent by the heroine . You are most likely
to find her spending most of the time inside a house. Here the
stereotype that women are supposed to spend most of the time at
home is subtly re-enforced. You would have come across the
portrayal of a "madrasi" in Hindi comedy shows. This depiction
may not have any real relation to a South Indian.
• 3.
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• Obesity: Too much television can distract you from other

activities, like reading, sports or helping your parents with
household chores. Since television viewing is a sedentary activity,
it can also lead to obesity.
• 4. Inciting Violence: A lot of studies has been conducted on the
connection between television violence and violent behaviour in
children. The general assumption derived from these studies is
that increased exposure to violence make children think that it is
an acceptable behaviour. Watching violent programmes have
been linked with aggression in both adults and children. These
progammes have been found to cause more adverse effects on
children who have experienced violence, poverty or neglect in
their lives.

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 BA(JMC) 206 , Television Programming and Production

Television Programming Formats

• Category 1 News
• Newscasts, newsbreaks, and headlines. Programs
reporting on local, regional, national, and international
events. Such programs may include weather reports,
sportscasts, community news, and other related
features or segments in "News Programs."

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CONT…
• Category 2a) Analysis and Interpretation
• Programs on various topics include analysis or
discussion, for example, talk or panel shows, consumer
affairs or reviews, news magazines and documentaries
that do not fall under Long-form documentary. This
category excludes programs presenting information
primarily for entertainment value.

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CONT…
• Category 2 b) Long-form documentary
• Original works of non-fiction, primarily designed to inform
but may also educate and entertain, providing an in-depth
critical analysis of a specific subject or point of view over at
least 22 minutes. These programs shall not be used as
commercial vehicles. Further, programs that fall under the
category (General entertainment and human interest)
reality television do not qualify as Long-form documentary
programming.

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 BA(JMC) 206 , Television Programming and Production

CONT…
• Category 3 Reporting & Actualities
• There are various programs focused on capturing and
reporting events of significance to the public. These can
range from conferences, political conventions, and
debates to major events' opening and closing
ceremonies, including awards dinners.

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CONT…
• Category 4 Religion
• Programs dealing primarily with (i.e. more than 50%)
religion and religious teachings, as well as discussions
of the human spiritual condition.

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CONT…
• Category 5a) Formal Education & Pre-school
• Programs presenting detailed information related to a
wide variety of topics are used by the viewer primarily to
acquire knowledge. The agenda can be connected to
established curricula. All programs are targeted at pre-
schoolers (ages 2-5) except those that are primarily
comprised of drama

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 BA(JMC) 206 , Television Programming and Production

CONT…
• Category 5b) Informal Education/Recreation &
Leisure
• Programs presenting information on recreation, hobby
and skill development, recreational sports and outdoor
activities, travel and leisure, employment opportunities,
and talk shows of an informative ("how-to") nature.

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CONT…
• Category 6 Sports
• Programs of live or live-to-tape sports events and
competitions, including coverage of professional and
amateur tournaments. The category also includes
programs reviewing and analysing professional or
amateur competitive sports events/teams (i.e. pre-and
post-game shows, magazine shows, scripted sports,
call-in and talk shows, etc.). This category includes the
following sub-categories:
• Category 6(a) Professional sports
Category 6(b) Amateur sports

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Music and Entertainment

 Category 7 Drama and Comedy
Entertainment productions of a fictional nature, including dramatisations of
actual events. They must be comprised primarily of (i.e. more than 50%)
dramatic performances. Category 7 includes the following subcategories:
 a) On-going dramatic series
 b) Ongoing comedy series (sitcoms);
 c) Specials, mini-series, and made-for-TV feature films;
 d) Theatrical feature films aired on television;
 e) Animated television programs and films (excludes computer graphic
productions without storylines);
 f) Programs of comedy sketches, improvisations, unscripted works, stand-up
comedy; and
 g) Other drama, including, but not limited to, readings, narratives,
improvisations, tapes/films of live theatre not explicitly developed for television,
experimental shorts, video clips, and continuous action animation (e.g. puppet
shows).

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 BA(JMC) 206 , Television Programming and Production

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Cont.
• Category 8a) Music and dance
• Programs comprised primarily (i.e. more than 50%) of
live or pre-recorded music and dance performances,
including opera, operetta, ballet, and musicals. The
performance portion excludes video clips, voice-overs or
musical performances used as background.

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Cont.
• Category 8b) Music video clips
• Short film or videotape productions or concert excerpts
(clips) not produced primarily for the particular program
they are presented, normally containing one musical
selection with visual material.

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 BA(JMC) 206 , Television Programming and Production

Cont.
• Category 8c) Music video programs
• Programs consisting primarily (i.e. more than 50%) of
music videos and, in some cases, including a host and
other programming elements.

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Cont.
• Category 10 Game shows
 Programs featuring games of skill and chance as well as quizzes.
• Category 11) Reality television
 Programs that present unscripted dramatic or humorous situations
document actual events and typically feature ordinary people instead of
professional actors. This type of programming involves passively following
individuals as they go about their daily personal and professional activities.
Though unscripted, this programming may be directed and resemble a
soap opera – hence the general references to “docusoaps” and
“docudramas.”
Though this type of programming may be factual, it lacks or has a minimal
in-depth critical analysis of a specific subject or point of view, which is the
key defining element of category 2(b) Long-form documentary
programming.

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 BA(JMC) 206 , Television Programming and Production

Cont.
• Category 13 Public service announcements
 Messages of less than 5 minutes duration intended to educate
the audience about issues of public concern, encourage public
support and awareness of a worthy cause or promote the work
of a non-profit group or organisation dedicated to enhancing the
quality of life in local communities or society or the world at
large. These include community billboards. These messages are
not intended to sell or promote goods or commercial services.
No payment is exchanged between broadcasters and producers
for the broadcast of these messages.
 When public service announcements are logged, the start and
end times must be entered, the program class must be "PSA“,
and two components of the key figure must be recorded: "Origin"
and "Category" (130). No other components should be entered.
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Cont.
• Category 14 Infomercials, promotional and
corporate videos
 Programming exceeding 12 minutes in length that combines
information and entertainment with the sale or promotion of
goods or services into a virtually indistinguishable whole. This
category includes videos and films of any size produced by
individuals, groups and businesses for public relations,
recruitment, etc.
 When this material is logged, the start and end times must be
entered, the program class must be "PGI", and the category
140. No other components of the key figure should be
documented.

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Cont.
• Category 15 Filler programming
• Programming, in no case longer than 30 minutes in
duration, the purpose of which is to fill in the time
between the presentation of the significant programs
broadcast by the licensed pay services and those
speciality services authorised to distribute filler
programming, and includes material that promotes the
programs or services provided by the licensee

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 BA(JMC) 206 , Television Programming and Production

Stages of Programme Production

• Let's imagine that you are hosting a dinner party for
guests. To ensure everything runs smoothly, there are
several steps you can take.
 First and foremost, you must decide on a menu
 which may require a trip to the market.
 With everything you need, it's time to begin preparing the food.
 Once the food is ready, you can move on to the final stage:
presentation. Here, you'll need to artfully arrange the dishes in
serving dishes and garnish them to make them visually
appealing.

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Cont.
• In summary, three critical stages in preparing for a
dinner party exist. The first stage involves planning and
gathering ingredients, while the second requires
cooking. Finally, the third stage is presentation, where
you showcase your creations to your guests.

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 BA(JMC) 206 , Television Programming and Production

Cont.
• Let's say you are tasked with producing a television
program. The production process can be broken down
into three key stages. The first stage involves arranging
everything required for the program, including
equipment, crew, and actors. This ensures that you
have everything you need to start the production
process.

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Cont.
• In the second stage, you will begin the actual production
process. This includes filming or recording the program,
editing the footage, and adding any necessary special
effects or sound effects. This stage requires a great deal
of skill and attention to detail to ensure that the program
turns out exactly as planned.

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Cont.
• Finally, in the third stage, you will polish the final product
for presentation on television. This involves reviewing
and refining the program to ensure it is of the highest
quality possible. Once this is done, the program is ready
for broadcast and will be seen by a large audience.

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 BA(JMC) 206 , Television Programming and Production

Pre-Production
• The pre-production stage of any production involves all
the necessary preparations that need to be made before
entering the studio or shooting location. This stage
requires idea generation, research, scripting,
discussions with crew members and actors, arranging
equipment, video and audio tapes, properties,
costumes, set designing, location scouting, and booking
editing shifts.

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Pre-Production
• To create a successful production, it's important to start
with a clear idea of what you want to achieve, just like
planning a meal. This is where pre-production comes in.
You need to have a clear idea of what you want to
create and how you want to present it to the audience.
This is where a well-written and detailed script comes in,
allowing you to effectively translate your ideas into a
television program.

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Pre-Production
• The pre-production stage involves planning everything
in advance, crucial to achieving desired results. It's like
having all the raw ingredients ready in your kitchen
before starting to cook. If you've worked well during this
stage of program production, the other two stages -
production and post-production - become much more
manageable.

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 BA(JMC) 206 , Television Programming and Production

Pre-Production
• In summary, pre-production is a critical stage of
program production, requiring careful planning and
preparation to ensure a successful outcome. By taking
the time to plan and organize everything in advance,
you can ensure that your program turns out exactly as
you envisioned it.

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Production
• This is the crucial stage where you step onto the studio
floor or on location and begin shooting or are already
shooting. To draw a parallel, this can be likened to when
you were in the kitchen actively cooking a dish. Here,
you are responsible for overseeing all the logistical
arrangements, coordinating with the talent and crew,
ensuring the smooth flow of the shoot, and
troubleshooting any issues that arise in real-time. This
requires professional management of facilities, efficient
crowd control, and seamless problem-solving skills to
ensure a seamless shooting experience.

© Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, by Dr. Vanshika Bhatia, Assistant Prof., BVICAM U1.51

© Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, by Dr. Vanshika Bhatia U1 17
 BA(JMC) 206 , Television Programming and Production

© Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, by Dr. Vanshika Bhatia, Assistant Prof., BVICAM U1.52

Post-production
• This is the critical third stage of programme production, where
you craft the final shape of the programme, much like the final
touches you add to every dish before it is presented on the dining
table. This stage involves trimming recorded visuals to an
appropriate length, arranging them in a logical sequence, adding
desired visual and text effects, recording commentary, capturing
music and song recordings, and ultimately assembling all the
components to create the final programme. With a keen eye for
detail and skilled use of the various tools and techniques
available, this stage ensures that the programme is presented in
its best possible form and ready for its audience.

© Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, by Dr. Vanshika Bhatia, Assistant Prof., BVICAM U1.53

© Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, by Dr. Vanshika Bhatia U1 18