S T R U C T 1 – LEC T U R E I

INTRODUCTION TO
STRUCTURAL THEORY
GERALD RICKSON R. BERNARDINO, CE, RMP, SO2
OBJECTIVES
• Define what is structural analysis

• Understand the role of structural analysis in structural

engineering project
• Identify the classification of structures
• Identify and compute the loads on structures
• Ability to use codes in the computation of loads
 WHAT IS
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS?

Structural engineering is the science

and art of planning, designing, and
constructing safe and economical
structures that will serve their
intended purposes. Structural analysis
is an integral part of any structural
engineering project, its function being
the prediction of the performance of
the proposed structure.
 STRUCTURE

Refers to a system of connected parts used to support a load.

Important examples related to civil engineering include
buildings, bridges, and towers; and in other branches of
engineering, ship and aircraft frames, tanks, pressure vessels,
mechanical systems, and electrical supporting structures are
important.
 CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURE

It is important for a structural engineer to recognize the

various types of elements composing a structure and to be able
to classify structures as to their form and function.
 STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS:
TIE RODS

Structural members subjected to a tensile force are often

referred to as tie rods or bracing struts. Due to the nature of
this load, these members are rather slender, and are often
chosen from rods, bars, angles, or channels.
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS:
TIE RODS
 STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS:
BEAMS

Beams are usually straight horizontal members used primarily

to carry vertical loads. Quite often they are classified
according to the way they are supported.
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS:
BEAMS
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS:
BEAMS
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS:
BEAMS
 STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS:
COLUMNS

Members that are generally vertical and resist axial compressive

loads are referred to as columns. Tubes and wide -flange cross
sections are often used for metal columns, and circular and square
cross-sections with reinforcing rods are used for those made of
concrete. Occasionally, columns are subjected to both an axial load
and a bending moment as shown in the figure. These members are
referred to as beam-columns.
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS:
COLUMNS
 TYPES OF STRUCTURE

The combination of structural elements and the materials from

which they are composed is referred to as a structural system.
Each system is constructed of one or more of four basic types
of structures.
 TYPES OF STRUCTURES:
TRUSSES

When the span of a structure is required to be large and its depth is

not an important criterion for design, a truss may be selected.
Trusses consist of slender elements, usually arranged in triangular
fashion. Planar trusses are composed of members that lie in the
same plane and are frequently used for bridge and roof support,
whereas space trusses have members extending in three
dimensions and are suitable for derricks
and towers.
TYPES OF STRUCTURES:
TRUSSES
 TYPES OF STRUCTURES:
CABLES AND ARCHES

Cables are usually flexible and carry their loads in tension.

They are commonly used to support bridges, and building roofs.
Arch achieves its strength in compression, since it has a reverse
curvature to that of the cable. The arch must be rigid, however,
in order to maintain its shape, and this results in secondary
loadings involving shear and moment, which must be considered
in its design.
TYPES OF STRUCTURES:
CABLES AND ARCHES
TYPES OF STRUCTURES:
CABLES AND ARCHES
 TYPES OF STRUCTURES:
FRAMES

Frames are often used in buildings and are composed of beams

and columns that are either pin or fixed connected.
TYPES OF STRUCTURES:
FRAMES
 TYPES OF STRUCTURES:
SURFACE STRUCTURES

A surface structure is made from a material having a very

small thickness compared to its other dimensions. Sometimes
this material is very flexible and can take the form of a tent or
air-inflated structure. In both cases the material acts as a
membrane that is subjected to pure tension.
TYPES OF STRUCTURES:
SURFACE STRUCTURES
 LOADS

The objective of a structural engineer is to design a structure

that will be able to withstand all the loads to which it is
subjected while serving its intended purpose throughout its
intended life span. In designing a structure, an engineer
must, therefore, consider all the loads that can realistically
be expected to act on the structure during its planned life
span.
 CLASSIFICATION OF LOADS

The loads that act on common civil engineering structures

can be grouped according to their nature and source into
three classes:

1. Dead Loads
2. Live Loads
3. Environmental Loads
 DEAD LOADS

Due to the weight of the structural system itself and any

other material permanently attached to it.
DEAD LOADS
DEAD LOADS
DEAD LOADS
DEAD LOADS
DEAD LOADS
DEAD LOADS
 LIVE LOADS

Which are movable or moving loads due to the use of

the structure.
LIVE LOADS
LIVE LOADS
LIVE LOADS
 ENVIRONMENTAL LOADS

Which are caused by environmental effects, such as wind,

snow, and earthquakes.