ATTRACT

ACTIVITY 1
Have you ever watched a candle burning? You might have watched the candle burn out as the
last of the wax was used up. Either way, when the candle stopped burning, the combustion
reaction ended. 
Yes, I have watched a candle burning until combustion reaction ended. The candle wax is
becoming lesser as the burning started. It is because of the wax oxidizes in the flame that
creates a water and carbon dioxide which evaporates in a reaction that creates light and heat.

ACTIVITY 2
An easy way to prepare s'mores, a favorite dessert can be done by preparing the
following: 2 graham crackers; 1 marshmallow and 1 square chocolate. Roast marshmallow over
open fire. Place hot marshmallow on graham cracker; top with chocolate square and additional
graham cracker. 

If you have done any cooking, you know that a recipe tells you what ingredients are
needed (and how much), instructions for making the food, and the yield (or how much that recipe
would make). S'mores are a treat made by placing a roasted marshmallow and a square of
chocolate between two graham crackers. While you usually would not need a written recipe for a
simple treat such as this, one could be written. This recipe tells you that to make one s'more, you
need two graham crackers, one marshmallow and one square of chocolate.

Suppose you and a group of 15 friends are planning a cookout. You figure each person
will eat two s'mores. You purchase a box of graham crackers (contains 70 crackers), a bag of
marshmallows (contain 40 marshmallows) and eight chocolate bars (which can be broken into 32
chocolate pieces). How many s'mores will you be able to make?

a. 32 b. 35 c. 40 d. 70

RESEARCH

A balanced chemical equation gives you the ingredients (reactants) and the final food
(products). The stoichiometric coefficients tell you how much reactants are needed to make a
given number of products. For example, methane (CH ) is the major component of natural gas.
4

When burned in the presence of oxygen gas, carbon dioxide and water are produced. If you have
used a Bunsen burner in the laboratory or used a natural gas stovetop, you have seen this
reaction. The balanced chemical equation representing this process is:

This equation tells us that one molecule of methane will react with two molecules of
oxygen to form one molecule of carbon dioxide and two molecules of water. When methane and
oxygen undergo this reaction, they will always react in this proportion. How many molecules of
oxygen are needed to react with 20 molecules of methane?

a. 10 b. 20 c. 40 d. 60

SET-OUT

1. What does it mean to say an equation is balanced? Why is it important for an equation to be
balanced?

We can say that the equation is balanced when each element has the same number on the
reactant and product. It is important for an equation to accurately reflect the law of conservation
of matter.
2. Consider molecular, complete ionic, and net ionic equations.
(a) What is the difference between these types of equations?

The difference between these three types of equation are: the molecular equations, also
known as balanced equations, portray neutral ionic compounds and acids using molecular
formulas. To clearly show the state of each substance, parentheses are used after each compound.
While, the net ionic equation displays only the chemical species involved in a reaction. Thus, a
complete ionic equation depicts the chemical species involved in a reaction as well as the
spectator ions.

(b) In what circumstance would the complete and net ionic equations for a reaction be identical?

If there are no spectator ions, then the complete and net ionic equations will be identical.

3. Analyze the following problems and provide necessary solutions:

(a). What is the molecular formula of a compound with a percent composition of 49.47% C,
5.201% H, 28.84% N, and 16.48% O, and a molecular mass of 194.2 amu?
 49.47 g
=4.12 mol of Carbon
g
12.01
mol
5.201 g
=5.15 mol of Hydrogen
g
1.01
mol
28.84 g
=2.06 mol of Nitrogen
g
14.01
mol
16.48 g
=1.03 mol of Oxygen
g
16
mol

4.12
=4 Carbon
1.03
5.15
=5 Hydrogen
1.03
2.06
=2 Nitrogen
1.03
1.03
=1Oxygen
1.03
C4H5N2O

194.2⋅g⋅mol−1={4×12.011+5×1.00794+2×14.01+15.999}n⋅g⋅mol−1
n = 194.2⋅g⋅mol−197.1⋅g⋅mol−1 = 2

Molecular Formula = C8H10N4O2

(b) A teaspoon of table sugar contains about 0.01 mol sucrose. What is the molarity of sucrose if
a teaspoon of sugar has been dissolved in a cup of tea with a volume of 200 mL?

0.01 mol
M= =0.05 M
200 mL x 1 L/1000 mL

(c) Analysis of a 12.04-g sample of a liquid compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and
nitrogen showed it to contain 7.34 g C, 1.85 g H, and 2.85 g N. What is the percent composition
of this compound?

7.34 g
%C= =x 100 %=61.0 % C
12.04 g

1.85 g
%H = =x 100 %=15.4 % H
12.04 g
 2.85 g
%N = =x 100 %=23.7 % N
12.04 g

(d) To three significant digits, what is the mass percentage of iron in the compound Fe O ?
2 3

Fe2O3 = (55.85 x 2) + (16 x 3) = 159.7g

Fe2 = 55.85 x 2 = 111.7

55.85 g
%Fe= = x 100 %=69.9 % Fe
159.7 g

(e) How many grams of CaCl2 (110.98 g/mol) are contained in 250.0 mL of a 0.200-M solution
of calcium chloride?

Mol solute = 0.200 M x 2.5L = 50mol CaCl2

50mol CaCl2 x 110.98 CaCl2/ mol CaCl2 = 5.55g CaCl2

4. Calculate the molarity of 6.52 g of CoCl2 (128.9 g/mol) dissolved in an aqueous solution with
a total volume of 75.0 mL.?

1 mol CoCl2
6.52 g of CoCl 2 x
128.9 g CoCl 2
M= =0.674 M
0.075 L solution

5. What volume of a 1.50-M KBr solution contains 66.0 g KBr?

66.0 g KBr ( mol

119.1 g )( 1.50 mol KBr )
KBr L solution
=0.37 L

6. A 50.0-g sample of industrial wastewater was determined to contain 0.48 mg of mercury.

Express the mercury concentration of the wastewater in ppm and ppb units.

ppm=0.48 ( 1000
50.0 )
6
x 10 ppm=9.6 ppm

ppb=0.48 ( 1000
50.0 )
9
x 10 ppm=9600 ppb
7. Wine is approximately 12% ethanol (CH3CH2OH) by volume. Ethanol has a molar mass of
46.06 g/mol and a density 0.789 g/mL. How many moles of ethanol are present in a 750-mL
bottle of wine?

(0.789 g/mL)(12ml) = 9.47 g ethanol

1 mol
9.47 g =0.205 moles
46.06 g
(750ml x 0.205)/100 = 1.54 moles of ethanol present in 750 ml

8.  A bottle of a tile cleanser contains 135 g of HCl and 775 g of water. What is the percent by
mass of HCl in this cleanser?

135 g HCl
%HCl= x 100=14.8 %HCl
135 g HCl+775 g water

EVALUATE

I. Multiple Choice. Encircle your final answer.  

1. The number of atoms in a 12- gram sample of carbon is:
a. 6.12 x 10
23
b. 6.02 x 10 23
c. 6.12 x 10 22
d. none of the above

2. Molecular weight:
a. The sum of the atomic weights of all the atoms in a molecule or substance.
b. The quotient of the atomic weights of all atoms in a molecule or substance.
c. The sum of the atomic mass of all the atoms in a molecule or substance.
d. None of the above

3. Molar mass:
a. Mass of two moles of a compound b. Weight of two moles of a compound 
c. Mass of one mole of a substance d. Weight of one mole of a substance

4. The empirical formula gives the largest whole number ratios of atoms in a formula. The
molecular formula should be a multiple of the empirical formula since both have the same
per cent composition.
a. Both statements are true.
b. The first statement is correct, but the second statement is incorrect.
c. The first statement is incorrect, but the second statement is correct.
d. Both statements are incorrect.

5. Percent composition:
a. Mass percentage of each polyatomic anion in the compound.
b. Yield percentage of each element in the compound.
c. Yield percentage of each polyatomic anion in the compound.
d. Mass percentage of each element in a compound.

II. Balance the following equations:

1. ____PCl (s) + ____H O(l) ⟶ ____POCl (l) + ___2__HCl(aq)
5 2 3

2. __3__Cu(s) + __8__HNO (aq) ⟶ ___3__Cu (NO ) (aq) + ___4__H O(l) + 2NO(g)

3 3 2 2

3. ____H (g) + ____I (s) ⟶ __2__HI(s)

2 2

4. __4__Fe(s) + __3__O (g) ⟶ __2__Fe O (s) 2 2 3

5. __2__Na(s) + __2__H O(l) ⟶ __2__NaOH(aq) + ____H (g)

2 2

6. ____(NH ) Cr O (s) ⟶ ____Cr O (s) + ____N (g) + __4__H O(g)

4 2 2 7 2 3 2 2

7. __3__Fe(s) + ___4_H O(l) ⟶ ___Fe O4(s) + __4__H (g)

2 3 2

8. ____Sc O (s) + __3__SO (l) ⟶ ____Sc (SO ) (s)

2 3 3 2 4 3

9. ____Ca (PO ) (aq) + __4__H PO (aq) ⟶ __3__Ca (H PO ) (aq)

3 4 2 3 4 2 4 2

10. __2__Al(s) + __3__H SO (aq) ⟶ ____Al (SO ) (s) + __3__H (g)

2 4 2 4 3 2

III. Write a balanced molecular equation describing each of the following chemical
reactions.
1. Solid calcium carbonate is heated and decomposes to solid calcium oxide and carbon dioxide
gas.

CaCO3(s)→CaO(s)+CO2(g)

2. Gaseous butane, C4H10, reacts with diatomic oxygen gas to yield gaseous carbon dioxide and
water vapor.

2C4H10(g)+13O2(g)→8CO2(g)+10H2O(g)

3. Aqueous solutions of magnesium chloride and sodium hydroxide react to produce solid
magnesium hydroxide and aqueous sodium chloride.

MgCl2(aq)+2NaOH(aq)→Mg(OH)2(s)+2NaCl(aq)

4. Water vapor reacts with sodium metal to produce solid sodium hydroxide and hydrogen gas.

2H2O(g)+2Na(s)→2NaOH(s)+H2(g)

5. Solid potassium chlorate, KClO3, decomposes to form solid potassium chloride and diatomic
oxygen gas.

2KClO3(s)→2KCl(s)+3O2(g)

IV. PROBLEM ANALYSIS. Compute and analyze the following set of problems. Indicate the
appropriate unit of measurement and round off the answer to the nearest hundredths. Encircle
your final answer and show your computations.
1. How many moles do 189g Mercury contains?

Molar Mass of Hg = 200.59g/mol

Given mass = 189g

n= m/M
n= 189g/200.59g/mol

n= 0.94mol

2. How many moles do 128 g of Cadmium Dichromate represent?

Molar Mass of CdCrO4 = (112.41) + (52) + (16x4) = 228.41g/mol

Given mass = 128g

n= m/M
n=128g/228.41g/mol

n=0.56mol

3. How many moles do 229 g of Barium Carbonate represent? 

Molar Mass of BaCO3= (137.33) + (12) + (16x3) = 197.33g/mol

Given mass =229g

n= m/M
n= 229g/197.33g/mol

n= 1.16mol

4. Compute for the molecules of the following substances.

a. Suppose we have a 4.56g of Sodium Chlorite. How many molecules of Sodium Chlorite does
this represent?

Molar Mass of NaClO2= (23) + (35.45) + (16x2) = 90.45g/mol

Given mass = 4.56g

n= m/M
n= 4.56g/90.45g/mol
n=0.05mol

(6.02 × 10^23molecules)( 0.05mol)/1mol = 3.01 x 10^22 molecules

b. How many O atoms are in 4.56g of Sodium Chlorite?

Molar Mass of NaClO2= (23) + (35.45) + (16x2) = 90.45g/mol

4.56g NaClO2 (1mol/90.45g)(2 O/ 1 NaClO2) (6.02 × 10^23/ 1mol) = 6.07x10^22 O atoms

c. How many grams of Sodium are there in 4.56g Sodium Chlorite?

Molar Mass of NaClO2= (23) + (35.45) + (16x2) = 90.45g/mol

4.56g NaClO2 (1mol/90.45g)(1 Na/ 1 NaClO2) (6.02 × 10^23/ 1mol) = 3.03x10^22 Na atoms

5. Calculate the percent composition of the following substances:

a. Calcium Carbonate

 CaCO3
Ca= (40x1) = 40 amu
C= (12x1) = 12 amu
O= (16x3) = 48 amu
(40amu+12amu+48amu) = 1 molecule of CaCO3 = 100 amu

40 amuCa
%Ca= = x 100 %=40 % Ca
100 amu CaCO3
12 amuC
%C= =x 100 %=12% C
100 amuCaCO 3

48 amu C
%O= =x 100 %=48 % O
100 amu CaCO3

b. Cuprous Nitrate 

CuNO3
Cu= (63.55x1) =63.55amu
N= (14x1) = 14amu
O=(16x3) = 48amu
(63.55amu+14amu+48amu) = 1 molecule of CuNO3 = 125.55amu

63.55 amu Cu
%Cu= =x 100 %=50.62 % Cu
125.55 amuCuNO 3

14 amu N
%N = =x 100 %=11.15 % N
125.55 amu CuNO 3
 48 amu
%O= =x 100 %=38.23 % O
125.55 amu CuNO3