MATHEMATICS - III

UNIT-3- Complex Integration

Two marks

1. Define Singular point

A point z = a at which a function f(z) fails to be analytic is called a singular point or

singularity of f(z)

Ex: Consider f ( z ) 
1
z 3
Here z = 3 is a singular point of f(z)

2. Define Poles and Simple poles

o An analytic function f(z) with a singularity at z=a if Lim f ( z )  

z2
then z=a is a pole of f(z).

o Pole of order one is called a simple pole

Here  z    4 is a simple pole      
Ex: Consider f ( z )  1
2 3 z  3 is a pole of order 2
 z  4  z  3  z  5 
z  5 is a pole of order 3

3. Define Removable singularity

A point z = a is called removable singularity of f(z) if,

i. z=a is a singular point
ii. Lim f ( z ) exists
z a

Ex: Consider f ( z )  tan z

z
Here z = 0 is a singular point
 tan z
Lim 1
z a z
 z  0 is an removable singularity.

4. Define Essential singularity

A point z = a is called essential singularity of f(z) if,

i. z=a is a singular point
ii. z=a should not be a pole or removable singularity

1
Ex: Consider f ( z )  e z 2
1
At z=2 , f ( z )  e 0  e   
 z  0 is not a pole or removable singularity.
 z  0 is an essential singularity.

5. Define Isolated Singularity

A point z = a is called isolated singularity of f(z) if,

i. f(z) is not analytic at z=a
ii. There exists a neighbourhood of z=a containing no other singularity.

Ex: Consider f ( z ) 
1
z
The function is analytic everywhere except at z=0
 z  0 is an isolated singularity.
 6. Expand f ( z )  sin z in a Taylor series about origin

Taylor’s series about z = 0 is,

( z) ( z)2 ( z)3 Function Value @ z = 0
f ( z )  f (0)  f (0)  f (0)  f (0)  ...
1! 2! 3!
( z) ( z)2 ( z )3 f ( z )  sin z f (0)  sin0  0
0 (1)  (0)  (1)  ...
1! 2! 3! f ( z )  cos z f (0)  cos0  1
z3 z5 f ( z )   sin z f (0)  sin0  0
sin z z 0  z    ...
3! 5! f ( z )   cos z f (0)  cos0  1

7. Find the Taylor series for f ( z )  sin z about z  

4
Taylor’s series about z   is
4 Function Value @ z = 0
2 3
        1
z  z  z  f ( z )  sin z f  
   4      4       4      4 2
f (z)  f    f   f   f    ...
4 1! 4 2! 4 3! 4  
f   
1
f ( z )  cos z  4 2
2 3
      
  1
z  z  z  f    
1  4 1  4 1  4 1 f ( z )   sin z 4 2
     ...
2 1! 2 2! 2 3! 2 
  1
2 3 f    
        f ( z )   cos z  4 2
 z  z  z  
1   4  4  4
sin z z  4  1    ...
2 1! 2! 3! 
 
 

ez
8. Evaluate
c z  1 dz if C is z  2
Points Order Lies

Let f ( z )  e z Z=1 1 inside

By Cauchy’s integral formula,

f ( z)
c z  a dz  2 i  f (a)
ez
 dz  2 i  f (1)
c
z 1
f (z)  ez
 2 i  e
f (1)  e1  e
 2 i (e)
z dz 1
9. Evaluate where C is the circle z 
c  z  1 z  2  2
Points Order Lies
Let f ( z )  z
 z  1 z  2 Z= 1 1 outside
1 Z= 2 1 outside
Here the points both lies outside the given circle z
2
By Cauchy’s integral theorem,
 f ( z ) dz  0
c

z
 dz  0
c   z  2 
z  1
 z4 1 1
10. Evaluate
z 2
dz where C is the circle z  
c
 2z 2 3
Points Order Lies
Let f ( z )  z4
z  z  2 Z= 0 1 outside

Here the points both lies outside the given circle z 

1 1 Z= -2 1 outside

2 3
By Cauchy’s integral theorem,
 f ( z ) dz  0
c

z4
 dz  0
c
z 2  2z

 3z 2  7 z  1  1
11. Evaluate where C is z 
c  z  1 
  dz
2
2
Points Order Lies
Let f ( z )  3 z  7 z  1
z 1 Z= -1 1 outside
1
Here z=-1 lies outside the given circle z
2
By Cauchy’s integral theorem,

 f ( z) dz  0
c

 3z 2  7 z  1 
c  z  1  dz  0
sin  z 2  cos  z 2 1
where C is z 
12. Using Cauchy’s Integral formula, evaluate
c  z  1 z  2 dz
2
2 2
Let f ( z )  sin  z  cos  z
 z  1 z  2  Points Order Lies

1 Z= -1 1 outside
Here the points both lies outside the given circle z
2 Z= -2 1 outside
By Cauchy’s integral theorem,
 f ( z ) dz  0
c

sin  z 2  cos  z 2
 dz  0
c  z  1 z  2 

1
13. Identify the type of singularities of the following function: f ( z )  e z 1
1
z 1
f ( z)  e
Here z = 1 is a singular point.
1
At z = 1 we get, f ( z )  e 0   which is not defined.

Also z =1 is not a pole or removable singularity.

 z = 1 is an essential singularity.
14. State Cauchy’s Integral formula for derivative

If a function f(z) is analytic within and on a simple closed curve C and a is any point lying in it,

then f ( z) 2 i
  z  a n 1
dz   f ( n ) ( a)
C
n!

1
15. If f ( z )   2 1  ( z  1)  ( z  1)2  ...  , find the residue of f ( z ) at z  1
z 1
Given 1
f ( z )   1  2 1  ( z  1)  ( z  1) 2  ...
z 1

1 in Laurents series of f(z)

Res  f (z) : z  1  = Coefficient of
z 1
= 1
z2
16. Find the residue of the function f ( z )  at its simple pole
( z  1)2 ( z  2)
By Cauchy’s Residue Theorem,
Points Order
Re s  f ( z ) : z  2   Lim ( z  2) f ( z )
z  2 Z=1 2
2
z
 Lim ( z  2) Z = -2 1
z  2 ( z  1) 2 ( z  2) Simple pole
z2
 Lim
z  2 ( z  1) 2
4

9
4
17. Find the residue of the function f ( z )  at a simple pole
3
z ( z  2)
By Cauchy’s ResidueTheorem,
Points Order
Re s  f ( z ) : z  2   Lim ( z  2) f ( z )
z 2 Z=0 3
4
 Lim ( z  2) 3 Z=2 1
z 2 z ( z  2) Simple pole
4
 Lim 3
z 2 z
4 1
 
8 2
e2z
18. Calculate the residue of f ( z )  at its poles.
( z  1)2

By Cauchy’s ResidueTheorem, Points Order

d Z = -1 2
Re s  f ( z ) : z  1  Lim ( z  1) 2 f ( z )
dz
z 1

d e2 z
 Lim ( z  1) 2
z 1 dz ( z  1)2
d 2z
 Lim e
z 1 dz

 Lim 2 e 2 z
z 1

 2 e 2
2
 2
e
 1  e z
19. Find the residue of f ( z )  at z = 0
z2
By Cauchy’s ResidueTheorem,
1 d Points Order
Re s  f ( z ) : z  0   Lim ( z  0)2 f ( z )
1! z 0 dz Z=0 2
d 1  e z
 Lim ( z )2
z 0 dz z2
d
 Lim
z0 dz
1  e z 
 Lim  e  z 
z0

 e0
1
1  e 2z
20. Find the residue of f ( z )  at z = 0
z3
By Cauchy’s ResidueTheorem, Points Order
1 d2
Re s  f ( z ) : z  0  Lim ( z  0) 3 f ( z ) Z=0 3
2! z 0 dz 2
1 d2 3 1 e
2z
 Lim ( z )
2 z 0 dz 2 z3
1 d2
 Lim
2 z0 dz 2
1  e2 z 
1 d
 Lim
2 z0 dz
 2 e 2 z 
1
 Lim
2 z0
 4 e 
2z

 2
21. Evaluate
 tan z dz where
c
C is z  2

sin z P( z ) where, P ( z )  sin z

 tan z dz   cos z dz   Q ( z ) dz
c c c
Q ( z )  cos z
Poles: cos z = 0

 z  (2 n  1) 2 , n  0,  1,  2,...
 5 7
z , , ,...
2 2 2
 Out of these poles only z 
 lies inside
z 2
2

  P (a )
Re s  f ( z ) : z   
 2 Q  (a )
 
P  P ( z)  sin z Q( z )  cos z
 2  1
  1   
Q   P    sin  1 Q  ( z )   sin z
2 2 2
 1   
Q     sin  1
2 2
By CRT,
 f ( z) dz  2 i   S .O.R 
c

 2 i   1

 tan z dz  2 i
c