[a] woe dot diectly) bd Dot fivst obsesve 4 29d hen find bas much uncedtainty is these & calculate - Channel Inpet X =% HOA] Y= 4) ys ‘ud a jee 1 [os ” ak sia |e 705/94 stgas)| Pd ko L j=e ¥ 9 gels of nyu) = PCM) log ( 1 welt = FB PCI Gay) Kel! nay = 3 PC%, Ye) tog ( k=0 J=¢ — tjoint) PCa, HG) -HCx[g) —S aocestainty about the channel inpot resolved by Obsesving channel cutpat DUK 4) = HOO ~ ory) + 2tys%) = Hey) HUY la)© channel copays Cc: plogaP + C-Pdfog,,(-p) my PCY /j) C=-HtP) T-1 K+ Dip 2 = PC), Yc) "99 Lo PCH), Yad= PlYk/aj) POX) J-! Ply) = Z_ PL Yw/xj) PC) é jz0 which has Skill chaonel_is cox eect, aia ee Voit is ip estos out of (00 oe bits teansmitted mose iofosmation) bot Aine Sovste* (So we do We do channel, coding 4o viedvce BER hannel coding - Gocseases nesigtance oF a digital corpmonication systero to’ channel Noise le do some mapping of incoming data Sequence Toto channel toput “sequence Hex) Peers | ; oh keane ed amy) Diecedle 2 " x cod din fess C= Dewy) ari > a ae cee Poms TPeead= PER S= Ya) ® rr Q PCy /aq) =1-P ey ; r P Ciera) = 2 oa PUY /x.)=P etDisesete chandel ise] channel fers [tebe sovsce| | encoder) * channel Ee } ins wees Te Discuete |_| Encoder Iniaveleam) |detectos/ | [eect }1en) to aone| | Ldeodex pkey poe +e Cocle B io advance ae om & j he este transmitting 1 we teansiit positive polee Signal Y= X+N 6 Xnoise Signal 14 } coengy of tbat, bit) ! y <8 —_—_7 ve An ———_s Sn channel coding scheme Bsolo opesations -2 i Addition Subwaction oto =0 0-0=0 ae ots! Block codes CLinear) >. convolutional codes Joke K POF 0: messome— Mo ,Pry ipfesmation bits and Gereates 9 of bits (Genesally N2K) “chanel > nr mn iS encoder 2 oP idan, mesuosgnyy, we ane, adding to mq signs Mt Kk poof bits i each 1H k bits > 2° possible messages oI, : > ms oo mse ke 2, elo, dake ort q to _ Repoaee code’ Book code wosds "|! code 2oed =— = diff code @osds) Cojo word bod %, M1 Go-1 Sequences 65a 0 dita streamtoanslated 10% aK of thero axe actoal We do all this +tbnovg? a Meq, sequence = Mo, Pasi bits b= bob (ode wosd C= C1 grrevaea From req bits: ana" genescled — (ish os. bi is th check [re mm, Mj I |Fo Pon Ro Py Fao Pray ¢ [be b& +... UR EDK IX DK, c -[bim) See. erm ek KXN-K 2? vectors ones ae bo -K-1 ++ Co-2,Co-4 ; - o-1 sequences . ane gpresatos mabe, IXK OD Vectoy KO-K 2100 vechyy 1xn now vectow ee Po.0-Ke=1 Plow Pat Pak Pow] p ee CkxO-K) DEKK e- wen -CZDP ea KXN-K KX K ieee a A Winean Block code has @ tnatsix gives Find C K=3, O24 2 ble médges 23 -g possible ay 9?» 23 combinations of code wowds M -(0 00) m, 2001) OK=F-3 <4 s =(219) 9 bern. m - (ol 1) m, = (100) mg = (101) m = Co) m= tt) C= mq Co= 8 =a 1x3 KXD 3nd modvb 2 ae eae addition Efe Gioac ii ee aa a qteys Crates) 9 GeMmq Cc, =™M24K : 1st er Leb sent, = ™M% E EGr 1 Ete = MG Ct code word We ave to xemove nedundancy > Given a code book, bow +0 extract K Po.o¢ bits 42-22 Sore tock Words algo. user C= [mb] develop bole OF maby: 5 using this we con genesate all 2 code woxds i menting [To-n! Teel a = Tyg PT PT a Ha" = pty eT fo] DKK E O-KexK, pe itgor 3 qwitithe - Vek Kxn-K a8 fees per eked ox.) Posh SPAR FE One tan er ct gy is gx. Detenenine all code Words beginning caith 1 —i —_ =: oa enone oe? Soq a m=[m, m, 4 sas To] slits Stab a 6 =[3,P] “ aie G Elion 00 mJ appended with [bo by byl c-(m ™, o1 © 0 {ot roo 'rltlo ange a] eon) |, 25 eeftrscoel / ~slasting uct eq BS MMe lalhen we Settle added, 60 instead of infosmation, some esror is et © os vice versa Sea ~ deo) - (cig) care, fieotitd epaporanip:|! o i] d(G,G)*3- ssegponds to single code eum “rr SE vag in a code Gowd. i ght of G = WCC Hemming ig w(l2) =3 7 = Mipioorn dictorce QBs (be, ormlest barony beticeen any “too code Words: pice, e= ello) « | alas e 210000 esme bas occosed i0 vector , pose these ase 2 oP eRSO® patterns 0 2 e apie Sheacch Sees hs =eHT - 7 S2=@aH" = CetC)H may ave Same Sung. (can be) ona i Sa= Si cHT 2S GD =.1- of code ond dCi, 2) iS least Hamming weight of essvs blo ¢i,1=t- d(C < dCGj,70 Bf 2 civcles axe none inkexsecting BCerepyH zee Henan coill be identified by decodes O% Sj: 6,3) ae. check” equations for |n-k=3 k23 Oxf oe slim. m, m+ bp b ba] mM ™ Ma Oe or ° e Pp. 0 in © 0 1 [mo m, me) 3 Doky co. D aes: | Fok wet 7 ee To 6 ; fo) Genesate Hand hen G matrices ity check peers vsing pastity cK mathnk ef. ee! 2 ‘Gue implement wit Polyromial sepsesentaton OF cyclic codes Haroming, codes Bose chowdeny (Bch) codes: Golay codes Bie can wx Moltiple exons (G10 9 & decoding can be implernented with shift weqistess ~ easily): ar Memery not needed-(h No deed of ok vp tables) - L aphiicinans psi SBR 0. Ay ‘ Bonst exss - essor happetd in a continous bits, Vi bay k boy qowentwe aca aies) C= Co, G ay cyclic shift wight Cor Co q 2 cydic shifts +o sept “D2 | [> Cyt Co ers | nt eyelic shifts +o wight } de G Cp Cy tse one left cyglle shift Eaves Kroc cyclic shifts to sight is same as that of giviog th-K) cyclic shifts % left tle assodate code wosd with polynomial of (Gagpee <0 cle) ox €(p) \ SECO Cre TC. Code pelyromiat COM) = LotR +x. ten x” Che) = CoP? lng cup + Co and they belong 40 dinay field with GF(4) mx We = KEK oa +b” m2 2 ie S 2 ajb,x ‘G0 i-0 YO= dot aut a. ZC = bot bix + yes) 200) = {ert zla) = (a9 Hoe) Hath ™t -_ + Cantbn)~” + nn redx(P)q(P)'= has degree 16 ak ABromiat fxr}: 28 These ‘can be, fosmed fxorra giver GUD Cos + G0P)_ _ ce) PP 41 Coo (P41) + ,(P) = (P41) CCP) OP) = Pertx ~ +)+%t : fee) + 4 y ()> 14% ° Ero E 1 = (14e)0+%) ro cae atx 40H te tae atz)= x34eH oven GAL 2) DIZ) = a4Ex4]) aya yreyxti( rt] a xryx i se la Reet! os TR pasity ck pom = bt bat bxty 440" Dba) Xa cole Polyrorniat due qnee > D-ktK-1= 9 x (x) = ACx) ow) + 0X) modulo-2 avithmal ‘ wr mC) _atxy4 bx) ae qcay add Cx) “mox) = ca) Se Gly Linear leek code Show that these axe 2 gene Polypornialsre My wet Te oe WHOLE AE (oe p-K= 4-4 lity checks pits added- Lea a 3 parity vote 9 (ade V+ a pae3 PD Yr 12> sft La v net arg Be ; - ence) xh) 241 (ater eS x+ ee aye a = x? me) {ease Te ea 2 a2(t4 423 © 24a 403 are Sat ies i) Find memainder Go as , 20) _ ox said a@ ws emda Creme) ELE 4 Pay ry oy 4 at4aF — qpoteiot ya oe oo, es poicamist xP net ae t - a4 034 2c? 2 4 LA ree a am O42, a e4eth a pene oe acad> X32. oe $04) bee)= 1 pri tail : gc, £9 0 se” Se th (MOM DIOR ip ip, P > 0-15, m8 cen) Lacan ie g| eee yaa 43 |" 1 Vocoma « 6 Finding Genesatos potyoorniale 16 © difficolt. Pe inact i GHT=0 m eae OT Kxp, gore =0 modulo (27415 OM tet qc? bx) axe factoss of 27H 0 0 IO a i A-kx0 4 o-K KT re 1 mP=b 2 mp-b ere en renee mele bE (Pelt till Peqinaat Pee) ax 0 eh aa em, om “ex Ay = cat) CaP DCP HAH). : para Be sma be x+x7 Po tHe xara Wxte (ay ra a o PAX = ° © ho) Por check mataix st qcm bex) Mod (x41 =0 gods eat Srey ail RS aor aay is bee) bead > eachSH takes” block by In fname Sroalles frames St has gi a finite Sbift wep stens cabal Je) Sequentiatty, + I” state AA a 017 Tevet ooo ; !oo Wwe FaKe linearnD Gf) Before Socerning bit ° 1 ° ca | ' for ° 1 ° 1 Convolution encoden Kel Leo OTe) affes Cossent State a} oo o1 Oo! to 10 ae (bool ois dropped et bi oo let fel oo oa to 10 O71 and the convolution encoder can be mlepnesented by a state diagsam aoonert gtote OF shift deqistes Be does 2 SRS HOt dene, 5 leDend 4op of Anellis. line mepresent ofp of encode Pill entise possible cases ©O11 1 Gol OMe ofp combo W101011, 5 op bits es decode this olpCowsent outgeing Ei state nS OF 0° SA °° to a mt ay d, Dox other 3 cases also (ot, 10,11) 1 Si 30 a I>2 ol\o ay) So lated to discond ups State diagnam ea n- yedtor gn 5c c wosd dete: Zi weedattah vo noe me AG xo o10ll? n=00,000° qa 1) Ag6uere Har dict On line Jowarde left side cove olpy Right oie Harorning distance comet into’ pictose 19 vitertoi diagno? “ (sil) starring ut ot Be 2 ies eS eof pe a calwlote: sor of ham, de differ ther we oo as Ngee thi Re aa least harnming dictance path which bas CE path) gf bab” same, both one ees BR _—eeeeeee cosuivalot d ¢ iene 4ing " m) (4,4), mnmnor U4 ¢ onal code A 0 : a0oxe channe yed= x44 ith OPP yee) =mtk) # bE) + re) tle need toasern BEN nga esign a filles x) — ie £ hie polve is ‘fox aoe eer which bit ntt) = yet) * He) q carey 44d) HEED enenally 4 rect seoveloren cant be Qererated bez. it bas — shanp nisiog and fallin, q si system / Received Fitter g edges» < ee xc is ———ole dy al pent tes bt ; AX in hat, +f Signal 40 6 0 4 pal * anal Maxire be sqrt fo Ae pw ¢ ul Si — { | sselation s ke vl ied comp we take expectation (avg vale of Sigoal p0 zapectation is linear Pe E(B) ~ eff ma-7) HC) 87 fr 5 2 e tool” f ef | Pte mpndarl § we of amplitude power of data symbole q PR), bit) 3 fixed a 12 efow}o: mean Rando? waniable 5 pier bird fr qF Ff bo bl) drat \ can be as auto covselation fee ae Ss. £ efor 0lT-¥), 7=t tT, ott! nl + 7-7) E ce Pb 4it ae efncr- 706 og aime seepsesenteg beg oe are any Ne BUTT) bObCT) ard 3 a ty? ye No bir) fi pen s(rtar at 2 nn Exists onl: when e-% ~ Ne fherd boar = 2 Le 2 Sed coin S08 «fA ene- B(feenbmst)> U,. frm i eign be) SS fibesPar Jou which , valve of pes SNR | 10x -. open We eqpation Se ae wo inequality tbeosenn ocho i jacd V@dL?dt ef \udo|Pat ti (Meat ones % “Lees vl? dr [ hese ay Ne [ierstan fa 2 é fy flees) dy Ne/> a 2 “en < Py f [Pa-r)I"dr eh) uct) LV) =5 ult) = KVL) tonstant P(t) & h(t) (7-7) =Kb) Gf pulse « bE) max pom pi = © ace) Design ttt) bor) =P CT-7) er) patched ae, itt ee coe of “be patebed 28 a freer at pear aa oS eae = oa lon Ooh No/y No/y a “ f eoendr ie, dg oe. —— f 2 z ever C0 mmAKe’ SOMME EHEDKS bey some AWGN is present Ore metric fo measuse pesfosmance no Ain: wb moiniroige probability of eros x) = aPC) “2 ade b= POT-B) jo i ben = PCT) i 3 ee a@® =f xc T)bCT) dr + { ocenberidr as i signal component ~ 6 To maxinnige SNR PCT) = b(T) ha a n(#)= Saf Pendt +B se hl ' a» oo 30 tems Energy L AF Signal pore OF ay - pelse flee saurpling aie 7 ao ay > teansmitted bit Isymbol etaeo elt = Ne (Order = No z SF GB oNoice offer sampling 2h hos % property » additive wide cea Noise gah mean 0. NP Ep 2 jm (or Seer) voniance no, ) Standand eo av ale) = a0 &p +0 get & CAAY ex yotrto Jos weal san gmissioP lo 4A Pdf o9-A of acv)= AEprh fos a= A fees t= -A Spt fos Oo= -h 2 > of neN (he ) i Bate) pie HK se propentional fo sormat ner) 7A Spt 0 i with ome mean & Vantiance ? gictsibbuto by NCHe?) 4 “ col. mean is changedSMEG decide a A tO — Pr nobability of es Considen, transmission of Qo=-A 5 let ASp 2A Enos occvsS When %CT)>0 wt) Hind iotesm fon eyo Nea) eel) 4 ae Tse | Ww ist poser] given " Receiver = | iHes at tne *°T bie) | 4) > puge signal jantance gpm reco Nels a. ———=———————Receiver: detect pulse - optimem 7eccivert the effects, oF noise minimize signal + noise poo io oP Sign od - jpstantaneous aici pom poe l gecoP efrayy > wang pie) ~ filles seopers® che qe +ult) xt), a yoo= x) * bw) Y= x(PHO) = {gen +N ENE) 2 GEA) HED) FNAHD cee Siparmrrrcot cee RO Retr [SacHe Pe tL <@ saropling v se when filtes olp sampled at *=T rise is a mandem signal, we ; cant compote a epeteuny aheectly i ht Su) - —— x tolds + value | 29 oo \ (REE) op GANT) af |? Piven ae ae eqn Ne f HEH dF ana » jor a ae valve of polse of pontticulay how to design Ht. oI that # fap eB) ouch thar # makes a tax vale of fficiencs i 3 2D PDK OMe > VSi0% schwag; inequality tbeosem capt me petals ‘ Holde eqpalliy only hen one ig factos/ Scalar mottiple of cthen. 1. neers flares ee One) eats: Dac, No f pene SS [e@lae assuming * HG) & GCF) on related depend on bit), depends, only o signal enengy and noise power spectsal density oe consider ge © % ee se. ot aa aia FA (LAM Sy translate’ ©ryooo ot lolll wt, Toc) of commun enor Ry aftey is teanemnitted Data »a What ig DR when ore bit sequentially? aa bit > Ts & 166 peed to + the data ratte Obl sec. ao ; ‘ Sei atomee 00 30 tirning pesiodap vies 2 ttyl = Pr nal 200 apace concept at) ale 2h Xb) <2), TCE signal HWaa@ll= \% Pawoah cst cola col = > docoming message signal mitt OM these sigrals ane peste onto Se modvlated — Sigoal PNENPETIobee eBtovination BF HAsts fSottion + ostbonowmal ve ul: ut she et ig vowrmalized by ie > We gpnesate this 9) transmission through extbowomnal - Clineax comto of basis fonction) wv oi These ane orthonosmat Real valued signals Si), zc k, emit) each of 7 dysatiod S10 = Boy 7 Fi Ne. ae ane ages © Siw 0 ae = called Ras pron al BERS EOD i z — exthoooxmal basie fonction dimension fonctions, yaived OS'S = ofthonosmnal Real v be), Oo). ya) ghee fooctions one nosmaliged voit erergqy aie Meceiace y> element of N dirnensionat vectos Si Si- [8S Sin] Sin ihe 4.0) 2S) Se SS) 6,0 oe t butt) = {ae gcodt ats al— Six Sia. it aoe ies L_@—fpaj> Sin Gy?: 6, poxmalized signal if P Iprer Yuide product es {wre 6 il 5,051 : ge, Gu 18 COeHbCen gpa be e Be + 2 3 Nay sij= [aepgcos st Su = (aes e®yy = Er ). St) at = i Gi 2 = [ott Se 6S NG Secord ete =6)) Sore fes w od, ij ea? a cae en 6 gobtoachog aul qh) progeetions Trig & powmaligi?? g2(t)- $21 di E-Sai S foesqy of Si ah jdt =! i $i) E5580 eat 4,(0= ae gro So 2 - Fswjarde Kapow. ni $04) = Gi) To rae. a ayy ieee & iodependeot- 3,0) Seat) are Poeasely Nam (+), Sqq@h) ane EOF Voeanly independent nem 3) sal) S30) ne ea pe may Of hut Puech 4 tut dont Know we frat “a if Se 2uldt = 273 273, Ey=T ong |. octe 3 v% & otheatoise e - otheswise Son =f Sal Hat HE = i ro ) Pele icy Find 45 tt) & posal ase ° ae pe a € {! aget Jo. baseband Re ise eratet Nee fee. y > Co:GBBso hey we ate, modolating es freq mange, the bandwidth 1s EBs antenna propoyaticn Amp, Ineq and Phace ane 4oi0F ti hed v ( gk actosding + signal aceowdiog to req gral L conde SP dshBS dows and a com modulation, *8 30 4bi freq, axe embedded otto cases atedL 2 bik, ak O time 0 ‘ Now tnansmiesion +o detect theee sigaales \ Solies we ved a8 optimal “filles Same We. ose How matched costain i Ssves, that can, be Concentrate _ off |. Max dol wate 2: Mio probability of ossor. CRecelven shold give + Pe) Scone 3. Lees power transmission: Ye Minicom baed width. (channel) Max 5 pictmore ABlotance -BIMEE Fesence 6. Minirodm — Cisentt complexity ig COsties™ Wave. 1S 152 ager 22 M22? 28 00, osi05" ae . ' me ve eee 16 done PRR ET tte e sign’ desig? oe looking, ok P S,(b) v bit” Bact)=Sievilan Wy Ee + (& sintnc) ~ “unfeaverage prc of esxthe enerqy o: diay fo majntion same BER of esay >F 1' comes on-off level encoder dye [Fcooan dit gers eed divectly ! > 9E'S comes mit) is 0 60 prodod © 0 at inverts he sigoad te UP moHiplication becomes negative talk aloout Pane oxmerseseu tion ware fowrns abt ag bet *t mipol enenge, enesq yg, Father