Positional

formatting
REGULAR EXPRESSIONS IN PYTHON

Maria Eugenia Inzaugarat

Data scientist
What is string formatting?
String interpolation

Insert a custom string or variable in prede ned text:

custom_string = "String formatting"

print(f"{custom_string} is a powerful technique")

String formatting is a powerful technique

Usage:
Title in a graph

Show message or error

Pass a statement to a function

REGULAR EXPRESSIONS IN PYTHON

Methods for formatting
Positional forma ing

Forma ed string literals

Template method

REGULAR EXPRESSIONS IN PYTHON

Positional formatting
Placeholder replace by value

str.format()

print("Machine learning provides {} the ability to learn {}".format("systems", "automatically"))

Machine learning provides systems the ability to learn automatically

REGULAR EXPRESSIONS IN PYTHON

Positional formatting
Use variables for both the initial string and the values passed into the method

my_string = "{} rely on {} datasets"

method = "Supervised algorithms"
condition = "labeled"

print(my_string.format(method, condition))

Supervised algorithms rely on labeled datasets

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Reordering values
Include an index number into the placeholders to reorder values

print("{} has a friend called {} and a sister called {}".format("Betty", "Linda", "Daisy"))

Betty has a friend called Linda and a sister called Daisy

print("{2} has a friend called {0} and a sister called {1}".format("Betty", "Linda", "Daisy"))

Daisy has a friend called Betty and a sister called Linda

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Named placeholders
Specify a name for the placeholders

tool="Unsupervised algorithms"
goal="patterns"
print("{title} try to find {aim} in the dataset".format(title=tool, aim=goal))

Unsupervised algorithms try to find patterns in the dataset

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Named placeholders
my_methods = {"tool": "Unsupervised algorithms", "goal": "patterns"}

print('{data[tool]} try to find {data[goal]} in the dataset'.format(data=my_methods))

Unsupervised algorithms try to find patterns in the dataset

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Format specifier
Specify data type to be used: {index:specifier}

print("Only {0:f}% of the {1} produced worldwide is {2}!".format(0.5155675, "data", "analyzed"))

Only 0.515568% of the data produced worldwide is analyzed!

print("Only {0:.2f}% of the {1} produced worldwide is {2}!".format(0.5155675, "data", "analyzed"))

Only 0.52% of the data produced worldwide is analyzed!

REGULAR EXPRESSIONS IN PYTHON

Formatting datetime

from datetime import datetime

print(datetime.now())

datetime.datetime(2019, 4, 11, 20, 19, 22, 58582)

print("Today's date is {:%Y-%m-%d %H:%M}".format(datetime.now()))

Today's date is 2019-04-11 20:20

REGULAR EXPRESSIONS IN PYTHON

 Let's practice!
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 Formatted string
literal
REGULAR EXPRESSIONS IN PYTHON

Maria Eugenia Inzaugarat

Data Scientist
f-strings
Minimal syntax

Add pre x f to string

way = "code"
method = "learning Python faster"
print(f"Practicing how to {way} is the best method for {method}")

Practicing how to code is the best method for learning Python faster

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Type conversion
Allowed conversions:
!s (string version)

!r (string containing a printable representation, i.e. with quotes)

!a (some as !r but escape the non-ASCII characters)

name = "Python"
print(f"Python is called {name!r} due to a comedy series")

Python is called 'Python' due to a comedy series

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Format specifiers
Standard format speci er:
e (scienti c notation, e.g. 5 10^3)

d (digit, e.g. 4)

f ( oat, e.g. 4.5353)

number = 90.41890417471841
print(f"In the last 2 years, {number:.2f}% of the data was produced worldwide!")

In the last 2 years, 90.42% of the data was produced worldwide!

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Format specifiers

datetime

from datetime import datetime

my_today = datetime.now()

print(f"Today's date is {my_today:%B %d, %Y}")

Today's date is April 14, 2019

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Index lookups
family = {"dad": "John", "siblings": "Peter"}

print("Is your dad called {family[dad]}?".format(family=family))

Is your dad called John?

Use quotes for index lookups: family["dad"]

print(f"Is your dad called {family[dad]}?")

NameError: name 'dad' is not defined

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Escape sequences
Escape sequences: backslashes \

print("My dad is called "John"")

SyntaxError: invalid syntax

my_string = "My dad is called \"John\""

My dad is called "John"

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Escape sequences
family = {"dad": "John", "siblings": "Peter"}

Backslashes are not allowed in f-strings

print(f"Is your dad called {family[\"dad\"]}?")

SyntaxError: f-string expression part cannot include a backslash

print(f"Is your dad called {family['dad']}?")

Is your dad called John?

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Inline operations
Advantage: evaluate expressions and call functions inline

my_number = 4
my_multiplier = 7

print(f'{my_number} multiplied by {my_multiplier} is {my_number * my_multiplier}')

4 multiplied by 7 is 28

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Calling functions
def my_function(a, b):
return a + b

print(f"If you sum up 10 and 20 the result is {my_function(10, 20)}")

If you sum up 10 and 20 the result is 30

REGULAR EXPRESSIONS IN PYTHON

 Let's practice!
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 Template method
REGULAR EXPRESSIONS IN PYTHON

Maria Eugenia Inzaugarat

Data Scientist
Template strings
Simpler syntax

Slower than f-strings

Limited: don't allow format speci ers

Good when working with externally forma ed strings

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Basic syntax
from string import Template
my_string = Template('Data science has been called $identifier')
my_string.substitute(identifier="sexiest job of the 21st century")

'Data science has been called sexiest job of the 21st century'

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Substitution
Use many $identifier

Use variables

from string import Template

job = "Data science"
name = "sexiest job of the 21st century"
my_string = Template('$title has been called $description')
my_string.substitute(title=job, description=name)

'Data science has been called sexiest job of the 21st century'

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Substitution
Use ${identifier} when valid characters follow identi er

my_string = Template('I find Python very ${noun}ing but my sister has lost $noun')
my_string.substitute(noun="interest")

'I find Python very interesting but my sister has lost interest'

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Substitution
Use $$ to escape the dollar sign

my_string = Template('I paid for the Python course only $$ $price, amazing!')
my_string.substitute(price="12.50")

'I paid for the Python course only $ 12.50, amazing!'

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Substitution
Raise error when placeholder is missing

favorite = dict(flavor="chocolate")
my_string = Template('I love $flavor $cake very much')
my_string.substitute(favorite)

Traceback (most recent call last):

KeyError: 'cake'

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Substitution
favorite = dict(flavor="chocolate")
my_string = Template('I love $flavor $cake very much')

try:
my_string.substitute(favorite)
except KeyError:
print("missing information")

missing information

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Safe substitution
Always tries to return a usable string

Missing placeholders will appear in resulting string

favorite = dict(flavor="chocolate")
my_string = Template('I love $flavor $cake very much')
my_string.safe_substitute(favorite)

'I love chocolate $cake very much'

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Which should I use?
str.format() :
Good to start with. Concepts apply to f-strings.

Compatible with all versions of Python.

f-strings:
Always advisable above all methods.

Not suitable if not working with modern versions of Python (3.6+).

Template strings:
When working with external or user-provided strings

REGULAR EXPRESSIONS IN PYTHON

 Let's practice!
REGULAR EXPRESSIONS IN PYTHON