I. Advantages and disadvantages of globalization.

Globalization is a multi-faceted process, involving many factors such as economy, politics, law,
science - technology, culture and society. “Globalization” is a term that requires an
interdisciplinary and multidimensional approach as it relates to all contemporary social
phenomena. Globalization is approached from the perspective of economics, sociology,
technology, environment, culture, etc.

Globalization is an inevitable result from the strong development of productive forces. The
concept is the most agreed upon by many scholars. They are a consequence of the strong
development of productive forces in separate economies, from which this process leads to
breaking the isolation of each country, creating a cohesive relationship, interaction and
interdependence among nations and peoples on a global scale in the movement of development.

On the one hand, globalization undeniably brings a lot of advantages. The development of
science and technology has fundamentally changed the basis and method of transactions between
countries around the world. But in recent decades information technology and transportation
have made great progress, which has reduced the cost of international transport by ten times and
the cost of telecommunications by several hundred times. This scientific and technological
progress has had an extremely important impact on the entire international economic relations, it
has transformed national technologies into global technologies. The production technologies of
motorcycles, cars, electronic computers, airplanes... have become more and more global in
nature. This globality has been shown right from the production stage (assigned to specialize in
many countries) to the stage of distribution (global consumption). As soon as they were born,
global technologies such as telecommunications satellite technology were present. It is science
and technology that creates wide applications for many countries, contributing to the acceleration
of the globalization process. Thanks to developed technology, cooperation between countries,
corporations can expand from production to distribution of services on a global scale, mutually
beneficial relationships develop. A global technology emerged as the basis for the development
of global economic relations. The first is commercial relations. The lower the cost of
transportation and communication, the greater the ability to sell to distant markets, the more
global trade is likely to grow. At the same time, the process of division and specialization of
production can take place between countries and continents. The production and trade relations
are global, leading to the flows of money, capital, services... moving on a global scale.

On the other hand, globalization also brings many challenges for countries. Some argue that
globalization is the biggest cause of inequality between economies. For example, many people
believe that limiting and reducing strict economic, social and cultural regulations of each country
can unbalance the labor market, seriously affecting wages. . Along with the benefits from
technology, this can make the quality of life of people in many less developed countries worse,
the risk of unemployment is higher due to the impact of technology. Moreover, it is possible that
cooperation and trade between countries could be the beginning of an economic recession. With
the process of cultural globalization, there are suggestions that culture and identity Ethnicity can
be dissolved in this process.

Until now, there can still be many different opinions about the globalization process. This
process can bring a lot of benefits, but it can also pose a lot of risks to humanity. It can be said
that this is the existence of two opposites, always together and inseparable.

II. Determinants and measures of economic development.

1. So what is economic growth?
Economic growth is the increase in gross domestic product (GDP) or gross national income
(GNP) over a certain period of time.
Economic growth is also defined as the increase in the level of production an economy produces
over time.
Economic growth depends on two processes: the accumulation of assets (such as capital, labor
and land) and the more productive investment of these assets. Savings and investment are
central, but investment must be efficient to promote growth. Government policy, institutions,
political and economic stability, geography, natural resources, and health and education levels all
play a role in influencing growth economy.

1.1. Measures of economic growth

- Gross domestic product is the total value of final goods and services produced by economic
activities within the territory of a country during a given period.
- Real GDP is a measure of gross domestic product adjusted for inflation, which reflects the
value of all goods and services produced by an economy in a given year.
Unlike nominal GDP, real GDP takes into account changes in the price level and is a more
accurate measure of economic growth.

- Gross National Income (GNI) is an indicator reflecting the first time income generated from
the factors of ownership of a country engaged in production activities in that country's
territory or abroad in a period of time. certain, usually a year.
- Gross Value of Production (GO) is the total value of physical products and services produced
within the territory of a country during a given period (usually a year).
- National income NI is the value of new physical products and services created in a certain
period of time. NI is the gross national income (GNI) after deducting the depreciation of fixed
capital of the economy (Dp).
- Net domestic product is the total of net incomes earned and costs incurred in the generation of
net domestic product. It's equivalent to gross domestic product minus fixed capital
consumption, as well as net domestic product minus the statistical disparity. Employee
compensation, production and import taxes less subsidies, and net operational surplus make
up the NDI.
- PCI - the amount of money earned per person in a country or region is referred to as per capita
income. Per capita income is used to calculate the average per-person income in order to
assess a population's standard of life.
- Gross domestic product divided by midyear population equals GDP per capita. Gross
domestic product (GDP) at purchaser's prices is the sum of gross value contributed by all
resident producers in the economy, plus any product taxes, minus any subsidies not included
in the product value.

2. Economic development
Economic development is the process of growing up and improving all aspects of the economy.
It includes economic growth and at the same time completeness in terms of economic structure,
institutions, quality of life and social justice. The content of economic development is
generalized according to three criteria:
• An increase in the economy's total income and an increase in per capita income;
• The change follows the trend of the economic structure;
• Change for the better in social issues.

2.1 Measures of economic development

- The HDI is a measure of human progress in its broadest sense. What is the definition of it?
The HDI is a composite summary measure of a country's average achievements in three
essential dimensions of human development: health, knowledge, and living standards.
What are the components of the HDI?
• Knowledge: An educational component made up of 2 statistics - mean years of schooling and
expected years of schooling
• Long and healthy life: A life expectancy componnent is calculated using a minimum value for
life expecteancy of 25 years and maximum value of 85 years
• A decent standard of living: using GNI per capital adjusted to purchasing power parity santard
(PPP)

III. Ways of poverty reduction in developing countries.

Poverty is one of the major barriers that reduce the ability to develop people, communities, and
each country. The poor often do not have access to social services such as employment,
education, health care, information, etc., and that makes them less likely to escape poverty.
Therefore, expanding options and capacity building for the poor is the best way to achieve
sustainable poverty reduction.
Poverty is a multidimensional concept that is both easy and difficult to define means. Poverty is
often described as a condition in which individuals, households, and communities lack the
resources to generate income that can sustain a level of consumption sufficient to meet the needs
of a living. complete, affluent. According to this approach, poverty is a state of material
deprivation.
 The lack of material things can also be expressed through the features are typical of areas where
the poor usually live, which often lack electricity, clean water, or latrines and other services. In
these areas, even a single household with the financial means to pay for these services may
experience supply difficulties. In other words, material deprivation also manifests itself in
geographical aspects.
Most poverty analyzes and interventions are fails to address the multidimensional problems of
poverty, but only focus on the aspect of material deprivation. So when people talk about poverty
alleviation, they mean a decline in income or poverty in consumption at the household level.
There are many related concepts as follows:
- Income poverty is when the total income of the whole family below a certain threshold, also
known as the hunger threshold poor. This threshold is usually scaled and household composition
(‘the number of adults equivalent to response’) and is often expressed in terms of money
('measure in money')
- Poverty in consumption is when the total expenditure of the whole family below a certain
threshold. And this threshold is also possible represented by the corresponding number of adults
in a households and monetary measures.
- Poverty per capita is the number of individuals living in households in a country or region
whose income or consumption is below a poverty threshold.
specific poverty. Poverty per capita is an accurate measure of the number of poor people.
- Poverty rate is poverty per capita expressed as a percentage of the entire population.
Poverty depth is a measure of whether individuals in a household in a country or region how far
below the poverty line, and at the same time this is also measure of the severity of poverty.
- Time poverty is when individuals don't have enough time needed to participate in activities
such as child care personal, educational, recreational and other activities aimed at maintaining a
balanced life after doing profitable jobs income (SNA) as well as no income. Poverty concept
about time is very useful when discussing the use of time and this concept can be measured by
conducting surveys on the use of time.
Consumption poverty is also sometimes measured by a group specific goods to emphasize the
perception of lack of a some essential need. For example, poor households do not have gardens,
their land for subsistence production, tending to tend to spend more money on food. There is also
a lack of water that can be used to emphasize the lack of a need basic necessity.
Poverty status and poverty rates are often estimated by using survey data collected in a variety
of ways, although the participant's Survey respondents often understate their income themselves,
causing poverty levels to be higher than they actually are. Furthermore, reported income figures
are unreliable when it is related to the type of income that is not stable, such as income or
irregular salary.

There are numerous options for doing so. While economic growth has disproportionately
benefited high-income groups while leaving low-income households behind, here are
someinitiatives that are already in the works to strengthen opportunity structures and increase
poor people's incomes:
  Employ more people.
 Maintain the social safety net rather than cutting it.
 Investment in education reform, vocational training
 Segregation and concentrated poverty must be addressed.
 Reforming the immigration system
 The poverty tax should be abolished.

IV. Arguments for trade protection.

Trade protectionism is an international trade policy. In which the Government of a country
applies measures to impede and regulate the movement of foreign goods entering the domestic
market. Measures are applied over time to varying degrees. In order to create advantages for
domestic enterprises to develop and find a foothold. From there, hold the consumption needs of
people. Create their strengths when there are many foreign enterprises participating in the
competition.

The subject of policy implementation is the Government of the country. The Government
determines the conditions for products and goods with foreign elements that want to participate
in the domestic market. This creates certain barriers for foreign enterprises when they want to
compete with domestic enterprises. Policies are specific to different items. It can be understood
that the more competitive products are, the more barriers to import will be created.
Implementation policies revolve around the establishment of tariff and non-tariff barriers.

The task of the protectionist trade policy is to protect the domestic market from the increasingly
strong penetration of foreign goods and services. The protectionist trade policy sets high
standards for goods in areas such as quality, hygiene, safety, labor, environment, origin, etc. Or
the imposition of high import and export taxes on with some items imported from abroad. To
protect the domestic industry producing similar goods (or services).

With the purposes and content of the trade protection policy, it is reflected in the following
characteristics:

- Restricting the import of foreign goods.

- This policy is implemented through the application of relatively dense tariff and non-tariff
barriers.

- Prepare the potential to implement the free trade policy.

In the economic performance of a country. Opening the market brings a variety of goods and
services. Help meet people's needs. However, to participate in the liberalization of trade in
goods, domestic enterprises must have strong enough potential to compete with foreign
enterprises. Therefore, trade protection policies are applied by countries to certain products and
goods. Thus, the roles in applying protectionist trade policy can be seen as follows:

- Protection of domestic enterprises.

- Create advantages for domestic products and business activities of small and medium
enterprises.

So in specific time periods. Based on the domestic economic situation, the protectionist trade
policies can be applied by countries. This helps to protect domestic enterprises from the
competition of foreign enterprises with the domestic market. Domestic product consumption is
promoted. When there is enough competitive potential, the opening of the market helps the
country promote economic growth. Diversity of products and international integration.

V. Winners and losers of labor migration.

Over the past two decades, labor migration has emerged as an important driver of economic
growth and development in both the country of origin and the country of origin.

International labor migration is the movement of workers from one country to another for the
purposes of finding work or earning a living or in other words for certain economic reasons.

Foreign workers who come to work in a country are also called "migrant workers". In the system
of international instruments on migrant workers, the International Convention on the Rights of
Migrant Workers and members of their families is considered one of the most important treaties.
This Convention was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on December 18, 1990
by Resolution A/RES/45/158, which entered into force on July 1, 2003. For the purposes of this
Convention, the term "migrant worker" refers to a person who has been, is or will be, in a
remunerated work in a State of which he is not a national (paragraph 1 of Article 2). Article 5 of
the Convention divides migrant workers and members of their families into two categories: (i)
Legally (or legally) Documented; and (ii) Undocumented (or illegal).

In which, type (i) is people who are allowed by a country to enter, stay and do a paid job in that
country, and type (ii) are people who are not granted the same rights.

There are benefits and drawbacks to migration. Getting better places, mingling with people, and
learning about their way of life are just a few of the benefits. Being killed, having cattle stolen,
or having fights are all disadvantages.

Increased in immigration, younger workers move away at higher rates, are more likely to enter
the labor force and more likely to experience income losses. The increases in labor force
participation are exclusively concentrated on young workers under the age of 24, likely
accelerating their entry into the labor market, and that there is no significant impact for
primeaged workers
 The lower skilled workers are similarly more likely to move out and observe income losses in
response to increases in immigration. In contrast, older and higher- skilled workers are less likely
to move and more likely to see income gains from immigration.
Thus, the younger and lower skilled workers are the relative “losers” from immigration and older
and higher skilled workers are the relative “winners.

Low skill workers are clear “losers” of increased immigration, as they are more likely to move
out and experience income losses. In contrast, higher skilled workers are clear “winners” of
increased immigration, as they are less likely to move and more likely to see income increases.
Thus, among this population of the original natives residing in a city, increased immigration
exacerbates income inequality.