Unit 9: Estimating Parameter Values • Grade 11/12

Lesson 2
Interval Estimator for the Population
Mean

Table of Contents

Learning Competencies 2
Learning Objectives 2
Suggested Time Frame 2
Essential Questions 3
Prerequisite Skills and Topics 3
Lesson Proper 4
- A. Introduction 4
- B. Discussion 6
- C. Practice and Feedback 11
Performance Assessment 17
Synthesis 27
Bibliography 27

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 Unit 9: Estimating Parameter Values • Grade 11/12
Unit 9 | Estimating Parameter Values
Lesson 2: Interval Estimator for the Population
Mean

Learning Competencies

The learner
• illustrates point and interval estimations [M11/12SP-IIIf-2]; and
• distinguishes between point and interval estimation [M11/12SP-IIIf-3].

Learning Objectives

At the end of this lesson, the learner should be able to

• properly illustrate an interval estimator;
• properly define a confidence level;
• accurately solve for the margin of error in an interval estimate; and
• correctly construct a confidence interval.

Suggested Time Frame

1 hour and 20 minutes1

1
Suggested time frame is based on the DepEd calendar for A.Y. 2018-2019 and the curriculum guide for mathematics (August
2016 version).

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 Unit 9: Estimating Parameter Values • Grade 11/12

Essential Questions

At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to answer the following questions:
• What is the advantage of interval estimates over point estimates?
• Why varying confidence levels are used in constructing interval estimates?

Prerequisite Skills and Topics

Skills:
• Solving a point estimate of the population mean
• Solving areas under the normal curve

Topics:
• Statistics and Probability Unit 9: Estimating Parameter Values | Lesson 1: Point
Estimator for the Population Mean
• Statistics and Probability Unit 4: Standard Scores and the Normal Curve | Lesson 2:
Regions under the Normal Curve

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 Unit 9: Estimating Parameter Values • Grade 11/12
Lesson Proper

A. Introduction

Suggested Warm-up Activities

Choose from any of the following warm-up activities. These warm-up activities should
either stimulate recall of previous lesson or introduce the lesson and not already used
in the study guide.

Activity 1: Duration: 10 minutes

Interval Estimation
Materials Needed: paper, pen

In this activity, the students Methodology:

will list and share instances 1. Ask the students to list three instances when they
when they have estimated estimated something using a range of values.
something using a range of 2. Call some students to share their list.
values.
Expected Results:
The students should be able to list applicable instances.

Guide Questions:
1. Are you good at estimating using a range of
values?
2. How can you say that an estimate is correct?
3. What is the advantage of giving a range of values
instead of a single number when estimating? What
is the disadvantage?

Activity 2: Duration: 10 minutes

Coins Challenge
Materials Needed: jar of coins

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 Unit 9: Estimating Parameter Values • Grade 11/12
In this activity, the students Methodology:
will estimate the amount of 1. Prepare a jar filled with coins beforehand. Make
coins in a jar by providing a sure that you know the exact amount it contains.
range of values. 2. Ask the students to form groups with three
members.
3. Tell them to estimate the total amount of coins
inside the jar. Let them give a range of values.
4. Let each group share their answer to the class.
5. The group whose estimate contains the correct
answer wins. If there is more than one group who
made a correct estimate, the one with the smallest
range wins.

Expected Results:
The students should be able to give reasonable estimates
of the value.

Guide Questions:
1. Was it hard to estimate the amount inside the jar?
Why or why not?
2. How did you come up with your estimate?
3. Why is the smallest range of values that contains
the correct answer to the best estimate?

Teacher’s Notes
A suggested warm-up activity with ICT integration is available in the presentation file
that you can download through this link: https://bit.ly/2MDXXBy

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 Unit 9: Estimating Parameter Values • Grade 11/12
B. Discussion

Teacher’s Notes
An alternative way of presenting the following discussion is through the video lecture
included in your Quipper Video subscription package. Just log in to your teacher
account at http://link.quipper.com/ and assign your students the corresponding video
lecture which they can watch either at home or in the classroom.

Suggested Instructional Flow

1. Define and Discover

• Confidence Level – the probability that an interval estimate contains the

true population parameter

A confidence level is denoted by 1 − 𝛼, where 𝛼 is called the significance level.

Example:
A 95% confidence level means that the probability that an interval estimate
contains the true population parameter is 0.95. Moreover, since 0.95 = 1 −
0.05, the corresponding significance level is 𝛼 = 0.05.

• Interval Estimator – used to estimate a population parameter using a range

of values. The range of values is called an interval estimate.

An interval estimator of the population mean 𝜇 has endpoints given by

𝜎
𝑥̅ ± 𝑧𝛼⁄2 ( ),
√𝑛

where 𝑥̅ is the sample mean, 𝛼 is the significance level, 𝑧𝛼⁄2 is the 𝑧-value
𝛼
corresponding to the area on the right tail of the standard normal
2
distribution, 𝜎 is the population standard deviation, and 𝑛 is the sample size.
We call the resulting interval estimate a confidence interval.

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 Unit 9: Estimating Parameter Values • Grade 11/12
Note that the second term in the formula is the margin of error of the point
estimate 𝑥.
𝜎
𝐸 = ±𝑧𝛼⁄2 ( )
√𝑛

The value of 𝑧𝛼⁄2 in the formula varies depending on the confidence level 1 −
𝛼.

We have learned from the previous lessons how to get the 𝑧-value
corresponding to a given area under the standard normal distribution. The
following table shows the critical values of the most commonly used
confidence levels.

Confidence Level (𝟏 − 𝜶
𝜶 𝒛𝜶⁄
𝟐 𝟐
𝜶)
𝟗𝟎% 0.10 0.05 1.645
𝟗𝟓% 0.05 0.025 1.96
𝟗𝟖% 0.02 0.01 2.33
𝟗𝟗% 0.01 0.005 2.58

Example:
The table below shows the random sample of weights in pounds of 30
students in a certain high school. Suppose that the population standard
deviation is 𝜎 = 13 lbs. Construct a 99% confidence interval for the
population mean.

123 92 132 103 110 98

130 90 111 110 128 110
110 120 110 95 96 113
92 121 99 99 90 115
93 121 98 129 121 99

Solve for the sample mean.

∑ 𝑥 3 258
𝑥̅ = = = 108.6
𝑛 30

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 Unit 9: Estimating Parameter Values • Grade 11/12
Since we need to use a 99% confidence level, 𝑧𝛼⁄2 = 2.58. Substitute the
values into the formula.
𝜎 13
𝑥̅ ± 𝑧𝛼⁄2 ( ) = 108.6 ± 2.58 ( )
√𝑛 √30

Thus, we have the following endpoints of the confidence interval.

13
108.6 − 2.58 ( ) ≈ 102.48
√30

13
108.6 + 2.58 ( ) ≈ 114.72
√30

Therefore, a 99% confidence interval for the mean weight in pounds of

students in a certain high school is (102.48, 114.72).

2. Develop and Demonstrate

The following examples may be used in the discussion.

Teacher’s Notes
Use the Try It! slides of the corresponding presentation file to present the worked
examples. You may also refer to the worked examples provided in the study
guide for varieties.

Example 1: A sample of size 38 was taken to estimate a population

mean 𝜇 and the sample mean 𝑥̅ is computed to be 15.
Suppose 𝜎 = 1.2.

Determine the margin of error of the point estimate at

90% confidence level.

Solution/Explanation: To get the margin of error, we use the formula

𝜎
𝐸 = 𝑧𝛼⁄2 ( )
√𝑛

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 Unit 9: Estimating Parameter Values • Grade 11/12

Since the confidence level is 90%, we use 𝑧𝛼⁄2 = 1.645.

Substitute the given values into the formula.

1.2
𝐸 = 1.645 ( )
√38
= 0.3202

Thus, the margin of error at 90% confidence level is

𝟎. 𝟑𝟐𝟎𝟐. This means that there is a 90% probability that
the difference between the point estimate and the
population mean is less than 𝟎. 𝟑𝟐𝟎𝟐.

Example 2: A sample of size 38 was taken to estimate a population

mean 𝜇 and the sample mean 𝑥̅ is computed to be 15.
Suppose 𝜎 = 1.2.

Given that the margin error at 90% confidence level is

0.3202, construct the 90% confidence interval.

Solution/Explanation: We need to determine the endpoints of the 90%

confidence interval.

To get the left endpoint, subtract the margin of error 𝐸

from the sample mean 𝑥̅ .
𝑥̅ − 𝐸 = 15 − 0.3202 = 14.6798

To get the right endpoint, add the margin of error 𝐸 to

the sample mean 𝑥̅ .
𝑥̅ + 𝐸 = 15 + 0.3202 = 15.3202

Thus, the 90% confidence interval is (𝟏𝟒. 𝟔𝟕𝟗𝟖, 𝟏𝟓. 𝟑𝟐𝟎𝟐).

Therefore, there is a 90% probability that the population

mean is between 𝟏𝟒. 𝟔𝟕𝟗𝟖 and 𝟏𝟓. 𝟑𝟐𝟎𝟐.

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 Unit 9: Estimating Parameter Values • Grade 11/12

Example 3: The average number of attacks of 45 randomly selected

volleyball players in the preliminary round of a league is
98. It is estimated that the population standard deviation
is 𝜎 = 32.3. Construct the 95% confidence interval for the
population mean.

Solution/Explanation: 1. Solve for the margin of error

Since we need to use a 95% confidence level, we

use 𝑧𝛼⁄2 = 1.96. Substitute the given values into
the formula.
𝜎
𝐸 = 𝑧𝛼⁄ ( )
2
√𝑛
32.3
= 1.96 ( )
√45
= 9.4374

Thus, the margin of error at 95% confidence level

is 9.4374.

2. Construct the 95% confidence interval

Determine the endpoints of the 95% confidence

interval.

To get the left endpoint, subtract the margin of

error 𝐸 from the sample mean 𝑥̅ .

𝑥̅ − 𝐸 = 98 − 9.4374 = 88.5626

To get the right endpoint, add the margin of error

𝐸 to the sample mean 𝑥̅ .

𝑥̅ + 𝐸 = 98 + 9.4374 = 107.4374

Thus, the 95% confidence interval is

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 Unit 9: Estimating Parameter Values • Grade 11/12
(𝟖𝟖. 𝟓𝟔𝟐𝟔, 𝟏𝟎𝟕. 𝟒𝟑𝟕𝟒).

Therefore, there is a 95% probability that the mean

number of attacks of the volleyball players in the league
is between 𝟖𝟖. 𝟓𝟔𝟐𝟔 and 𝟏𝟎𝟕. 𝟒𝟑𝟕𝟒.

C. Practice and Feedback

Teacher’s Notes
Use the Let’s Practice! slides of the corresponding presentation file to present the
questions for practice. You may also refer to the Try It Yourself! questions provided in
the study guide for varieties.

For individual practice

1. Ask the students to answer the following problem items individually using pen and
paper.
2. Give students enough time to answer the problem items.
3. Call a random student to show his or her work on the board afterward.
4. Let the student share how he or she came up with his or her solution.
5. Inform the student about the accuracy of his or her answer and solution, and in the
case when there is some sort of misconception, lead the student to the right
direction to find the correct answer.

Problem 1: A sample of size 100 was taken to estimate a population

mean 𝜇 and the sample mean 𝑥̅ is computed to be 120.
Suppose the population standard deviation is 𝜎 = 22.

Determine the margin of error of the point estimate at 95%

confidence level.

Solution/Explanation: Since the confidence level is 95%, we use 𝑧𝛼⁄2 = 1.96.

Substitute the given values into the formula.

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 Unit 9: Estimating Parameter Values • Grade 11/12
22
𝐸 = 1.96 ( )
√100
= 4.312

Thus, the margin of error at 95% confidence level is 𝟒. 𝟑𝟏𝟐.

This means that with 95% probability, the population mean 𝜇
is within 𝟒. 𝟑𝟏𝟐 units from the sample mean 𝑥̅ .

Problem 2: A sample of size 100 was taken to estimate a population

mean 𝜇 and the sample mean 𝑥̅ is computed to be 120.
Suppose the population standard deviation is 𝜎 = 22.

Given that the margin of error at 95% confidence level is

4.312, construct the 95% confidence interval.

Solution/Explanation: We need to determine the endpoints of the 95% confidence

interval.

To get the left endpoint, subtract the margin of error 𝐸 from

the sample mean 𝑥̅ .

𝑥̅ − 𝐸 = 120 − 4.312 = 115.688

To get the right endpoint, add the margin of error 𝐸 to the

sample mean 𝑥̅ .

𝑥̅ + 𝐸 = 120 + 4.312 = 124.312

Thus, the 95% confidence interval is (𝟏𝟏𝟓. 𝟔𝟖𝟖, 𝟏𝟐𝟒. 𝟑𝟏𝟐). This
means that there is a 95% probability that the population
mean is between 𝟏𝟏𝟓. 𝟔𝟖𝟖 and 𝟏𝟐𝟒. 𝟑𝟏𝟐.

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 Unit 9: Estimating Parameter Values • Grade 11/12

Problem 3: A survey was conducted among 50 families in a barangay. It

was found out that their mean monthly income is ₱23 450.
Suppose the population standard deviation is ₱5 450.
Construct a 99% confidence interval for the mean monthly
income of families in the barangay.

Solution/Explanation: 1. Solve for the margin of error.

Since we need to use a 99% confidence level, we use

𝑧𝛼⁄2 = 2.58. Substitute the given values into the
formula.

𝜎
𝐸 = 𝑧𝛼⁄ ( )
2
√𝑛
5 450
= 2.58 ( )
√50
= 1 988.53

Thus, the margin of error at 99% confidence level is

₱1 988.53.

2. Construct the 99% confidence interval.

To construct the 99% confidence interval, we have to

determine the endpoints.

To get the left endpoint, subtract the margin of error

𝐸 from the sample mean 𝑥̅ .

𝑥̅ − 𝐸 = 23 450 − 1 988.53 = 21 461.47

To get the right endpoint, add the margin of error 𝐸 to

the sample mean 𝑥̅ .

𝑥̅ + 𝐸 = 23 450 + 1 988.53 = 25 438.53

Thus, the 99% confidence interval is

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 Unit 9: Estimating Parameter Values • Grade 11/12
(𝟐𝟏 𝟒𝟔𝟏. 𝟒𝟕, 𝟐𝟓 𝟒𝟑𝟖. 𝟓𝟑).

This means that the average monthly income of families in

the barangay is between ₱𝟐𝟏 𝟒𝟔𝟏. 𝟒𝟕 and ₱𝟐𝟓 𝟒𝟑𝟖. 𝟓𝟑.

For group practice

1. Ask the students to form groups of 3 to 4 members.
2. Each group will answer problem items 4 and 5. These questions are meant to test
students’ higher-order thinking skills by working collaboratively with their peers.
3. Give students enough time to analyze the problem and work on their solution.
4. Ask each group to assign a representative to show their solution on the board and
discuss as a group how they came up with their solution.
5. Inform the student about the accuracy of his or her answer and solution, and in the
case when there is some sort of misconception, give the student opportunity to
work with his/her peers to re-analyze the problem. Lead them to the right direction
to find the correct answer.

Problem 4: Using a random sample of 1 050 teenagers, a group of

researchers estimated that the mean length of time
teenagers spend on browsing social media each day is 9
hours. Assume that the population standard deviation is 5
hours.

a. Construct a 90% confidence interval for the

population mean.
b. Construct a 95% confidence interval for the
population mean.
c. Construct a 99% confidence interval for the
population mean.

Solution/Explanation: 𝜎
We use the formula 𝑥̅ ± 𝐸, where 𝐸 = 𝑧𝛼⁄2 ( 𝑛).
√

Note that 𝑥̅ = 9, 𝜎 = 5, and 𝑛 = 1 050.

a. At 90% confidence level, 𝑧𝛼⁄2 = 1.645. Substitute the

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 Unit 9: Estimating Parameter Values • Grade 11/12
values into the formula.

𝜎
𝑥̅ ± 𝐸 = 𝑥̅ ± 𝑧𝛼⁄2 ( )
√𝑛
5
= 9 ± 1.645 ( )
√1 050
= 9 ± 0.2538
= 8.7462, 9.2358

Therefore, the 90% confidence interval is

(𝟖. 𝟕𝟒𝟔𝟐, 𝟗. 𝟐𝟑𝟓𝟖).

b. At 95% confidence level, 𝑧𝛼⁄2 = 1.96. Substitute the values

into the formula.

𝜎
𝑥̅ ± 𝐸 = 𝑥̅ ± 𝑧𝛼⁄ ( )
2
√𝑛
5
= 9 ± 1.96 ( )
√1 050
= 9 ± 0.3024
= 8.6976, 9.3024

Therefore, the 95% confidence interval is

(𝟖. 𝟔𝟗𝟕𝟔, 𝟗. 𝟑𝟎𝟐𝟒).

c. At 99% confidence level, 𝑧𝛼⁄2 = 2.58. Substitute the values

into the formula.

𝜎
𝑥̅ ± 𝐸 = 𝑥̅ ± 𝑧𝛼⁄2 ( )
√𝑛
5
= 9 ± 2.58 ( )
√1 050
= 9 ± 0.3981
= 8.6019, 9.3981

Therefore, the 99% confidence interval is

(𝟖. 𝟔𝟎𝟏𝟗, 𝟗. 𝟑𝟗𝟖𝟏).

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 Unit 9: Estimating Parameter Values • Grade 11/12

Problem 5: What happens to the length of an interval estimate as the

confidence level increases? Explain.

Solution/Explanation: The formula for margin of error is

𝜎
𝐸 = 𝑧𝛼⁄2 ( )
√𝑛

The higher the confidence level, the higher the value of 𝑧𝛼⁄2 .
The higher the value of 𝑧𝛼⁄2 , the greater the margin of error.
The greater the margin of error, the wider the confidence
interval.

Thus, as the confidence level increases, the length of the

interval estimate also increases.

Web Box

For more discussion on interval estimator for the population mean, visit the following
web page:

• “5.2 – Interval Estimate of Population Mean.” PennState Eberly College of

Science. Retrieved 29 July 2019 from http://bit.ly/2KNkQ4h

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 Unit 9: Estimating Parameter Values • Grade 11/12
Performance Assessment

This performance assessment serves as formative assessment, divided into three sets
based on student’s level of learning. See next pages for separate printable worksheets.
• Worksheet I (for beginners)
• Worksheet II (for average learners)
• Worksheet III (for advanced learners)

Teacher’s Notes
For a standard performance assessment regardless of the student’s level of learning,
you may give the problem items provided in the Check Your Understanding section of
the study guide.

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 Unit 9: Estimating Parameter Values • Grade 11/12
Worksheet I

A. Identify the value or expression being described. Choose your answer from the box
below. (6 points)

𝜎
1.645 2.33 𝐸 = 𝑧𝛼⁄2 ( )
√𝑛

1.96 2.58 𝑥̅ ± 𝐸

_____________________1. Formula for the margin of error

_____________________2. The value of 𝑧𝛼⁄ at 90% confidence level
2
_____________________3. The value of 𝑧𝛼⁄ at 95% confidence level
2
_____________________4. Expression used to determine the endpoints of a
confidence interval
_____________________5. The value of 𝑧𝛼⁄2 at 98% confidence level
_____________________6. The value of 𝑧𝛼⁄ at 99% confidence level
2

B. Given the data below, determine the margin of error, and confidence interval for the
population mean at the given confidence level. (9 points)

𝑥̅ = 25 𝜎=3 𝑛 = 34

1. 90% confidence level

Margin of error: 𝐸 = ________ Confidence Interval: _____________________

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 Unit 9: Estimating Parameter Values • Grade 11/12
2. 95% confidence level

Margin of error: 𝐸 = ________ Confidence Interval: _____________________

3. 99% confidence level

Margin of error: 𝐸 = ________ Confidence Interval: _____________________

C. A random sample of 30 packages for delivery in a store has an average weight of

305 grams. Assume that the population standard deviation is 45 grams. Construct a
95% confidence interval for the mean weight of packages for delivery in a store. (5
points)

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 Unit 9: Estimating Parameter Values • Grade 11/12
Worksheet II

A. Identify the term or expression being described. (6 points)

_____________________1. It is used to estimate a population parameter using a

range of values.
_____________________2. It is the probability that an interval estimate contains
the true population parameter.
_____________________3. It is the value of 𝑧𝛼⁄ at 90% confidence level.
2
_____________________4. It is the value of 𝑧𝛼⁄ at 95% confidence level.
2
_____________________5. It is the value of 𝑧𝛼⁄ at 98% confidence level.
2
_____________________6. It is the value of 𝑧𝛼⁄ at 99% confidence level.
2

B. Given the data below, determine the margin of error, and confidence interval for the
population mean at the given confidence level. (9 points)

𝑥̅ = 102.5 𝜎 = 11.4 𝑛 = 50

1. 90% confidence level

Margin of error: 𝐸 = ________ Confidence Interval: _____________________

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 Unit 9: Estimating Parameter Values • Grade 11/12
2. 95% confidence level

Margin of error: 𝐸 = ________ Confidence Interval: _____________________

3. 99% confidence level

Margin of error: 𝐸 = ________ Confidence Interval: _____________________

C. In a random sample of 100 people in a town, the average amount of garbage

generated by each person per day is 500 grams. Construct a 99% confidence
interval for the population mean if the population standard deviation is 250 grams.
Interpret your answer. (5 points)

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 Unit 9: Estimating Parameter Values • Grade 11/12

Worksheet III

A. Write T if the statement is true; otherwise, write F. (6 points)

__________1. An interval estimator is used to estimate the population

parameter using a range of values.
__________2. The confidence interval is the probability that an interval estimate
contains the true population parameter.
__________3. The higher the confidence level, the wider the confidence interval.
__________4. The formula used to determine the margin of error at 99%
𝜎
confidence level is 𝐸 = 1.96 ( ).
√𝑛
__________5. The confidence level is equal to 1 − 𝛼, where 𝛼 is called the
significance level.
__________6. At 98% confidence level, the value of 𝑧𝛼⁄ to be used in solving for
2
the margin of error is 2.33.

B. Given the data below, determine the margin of error, and confidence interval for the
population mean at the given confidence level. (6 points)

𝑥̅ = 322.3 𝜎 = 21.5 𝑛 = 45

1. 90% confidence level

Margin of error: 𝐸 = ________ Confidence Interval: _____________________

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 Unit 9: Estimating Parameter Values • Grade 11/12
2. 99% confidence level

Margin of error: 𝐸 = ________ Confidence Interval: _____________________

C. Using a random sample of 60 days in a year, a researcher estimated that an average

of 80 440 vehicles use a certain highway every day. Construct and interpret the
following confidence interval for the population mean if the population standard
deviation is 1 023 vehicles. (6 points)

1. 95% confidence level

Margin of error: 𝐸 = ________ Confidence Interval: _____________________

Interpretation of the 95% confidence interval:

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 Unit 9: Estimating Parameter Values • Grade 11/12
2. 99% confidence level

Margin of error: 𝐸 = ________ Confidence Interval: _____________________

Interpretation of the 99% confidence interval:

D. Explain what happens to the length of a confidence interval as the sample size
increases. (2 points)

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 Unit 9: Estimating Parameter Values • Grade 11/12
Answer Key

Worksheet I

A.
𝜎
1. 𝐸 = 𝑧𝛼⁄2 ( 𝑛)
√
2. 1.645
3. 1.96
4. 𝑥̅ ± 𝐸
5. 2.33
6. 2.58

B.
1. 𝐸 = 0.85, 90% confidence interval: (24.15, 25.85)
2. 𝐸 = 1.01, 95% confidence interval: (23.99, 26.01)
3. 𝐸 = 1.33, 99% confidence interval: (23.67, 26.33)

C. 95% confidence interval: (288.90, 321.10)

Worksheet II

A.
1. Interval estimator
2. Confidence level
3. 1.645
4. 1.96
5. 2.33
6. 2.58

B.
1. 𝐸 = 2.65, 90% confidence interval: (99.85, 105.15)
2. 𝐸 = 3.16, 95% confidence interval: (99.34, 105.66)
3. 𝐸 = 4.16, 99% confidence interval: (98.34, 106.66)

C. 99% confidence interval: (435.5, 564.5)

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 Unit 9: Estimating Parameter Values • Grade 11/12
Interpretation: There is a 99% probability that the mean amount of garbage
generated by each person per day in the town is between 435.5 grams and 564.5
grams.

Worksheet III

A.
1. T
2. F
3. T
4. F
5. T
6. T

B.
1. 𝐸 = 5.27, 90% confidence interval: (317.03, 327.57)
2. 𝐸 = 8.27, 99% confidence interval: (314.03, 330.57)

C.
1. 95% confidence interval: (80 141.15, 80 658.85)
Interpretation: There is a 95% probability that the mean number of vehicles that
use the highway every day is between 80 141.15 and 80 658.85.
2. 99% confidence interval: (80 059.26, 80 740.74)
Interpretation: There is a 99% probability that the mean number of vehicles that
use the highway is between 80 059.26 and 80 740.74.

D. In the formula for the margin of error, the sample size is in the denominator. Thus,
as the sample size increases, the margin of error decreases. This will result in a
narrower confidence interval. Thus, as the sample size increases, the length of the
confidence interval decreases.

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 Unit 9: Estimating Parameter Values • Grade 11/12
Synthesis

Wrap-up To summarize the lesson, ask students the following

questions:
1. How do you solve for the margin of error in an interval
estimate?
2. How do you construct a confidence interval?

Application and Values To integrate values and build connection to the real world,
Integration ask students the following questions:
1. In what instances do you use a range of numbers to
estimate?
2. Why do you think is it important to give estimates of
population parameters?

Bridge to the Next Topic To spark interest for the next lesson, ask students the
following questions:
1. How will you construct a confidence interval if the
population standard deviation is unknown?
2. How will you construct a confidence interval if the
population is not normally distributed?

Bibliography
Berman, Harvey. “Estimation in Statistics.” Stat Trek. Retrieved 29 July 2019 from
https://bit.ly/2SUnzvr.

Chan Shio, Christian Paul O. and Maria Angeli T. Reyes. Statistics and Probability for Senior
High School. Quezon City: C & E Publishing, 2017.

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