Dr.

Ratnakar Swain
(M. Tech. & Ph.D., IIT KGP)
Asst. Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
NIT Rourkela
 Continues
Orificemeter: The Device which is used to measure rate of discharge in a pipe flow. It is used
only in liquid flow not in gas unlike in venturimeter which can be used for both liquid and gas.

Orifice dia = 0.4 to 0.8 times pipe dia

x1 = 1.5 – 2 times pipe dia
𝟏𝟏
x2 = × pipe dia
𝟐𝟐

A0 = area of orifice
A1, A2 = area of pipe at section 1 and 2
v1, v2 = Velocity of pipe at section 1 and 2
p1 , p2 = pressure of pipe at section 1 and 2

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Dr. R. Swain, Asst. Prof., NIT RKL
Apply Bernoulli's equation between section-1 and 2

𝑷𝑷𝟏𝟏 𝑽𝑽𝟐𝟐𝟏𝟏 𝑷𝑷𝟐𝟐 𝑽𝑽𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐

+ + 𝒛𝒛𝟏𝟏 = + + 𝒛𝒛𝟐𝟐
𝒘𝒘 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒘𝒘 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐

𝑷𝑷𝟏𝟏 𝑷𝑷𝟐𝟐 𝑽𝑽𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝑽𝑽𝟐𝟐𝟏𝟏

+ 𝒛𝒛𝟏𝟏 − + 𝒛𝒛𝟐𝟐 = −
𝒘𝒘 𝒘𝒘 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐

𝑽𝑽𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝑽𝑽𝟐𝟐𝟏𝟏
⇒ 𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫 𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉 (𝒉𝒉) = −
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐

⇒ 𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 + 𝑽𝑽𝟐𝟐𝟏𝟏

𝑨𝑨𝟐𝟐
Coefficient of contraction, 𝑪𝑪𝒄𝒄 =
𝑨𝑨𝟎𝟎

Using continuity equation A1V1 = A2V2 and Putting, A2 = A0Cc

𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐 =
𝟐𝟐
𝑨𝑨
𝟏𝟏 − 𝟎𝟎 𝑪𝑪𝟐𝟐𝒄𝒄
𝑨𝑨𝟏𝟏
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Dr. R. Swain, Asst. Prof., NIT RKL
 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
𝑸𝑸 = 𝑨𝑨𝟐𝟐 𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐 = 𝑨𝑨𝟎𝟎 𝑪𝑪𝒄𝒄 𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐 = 𝑨𝑨𝟎𝟎 𝑪𝑪𝒄𝒄
𝟐𝟐
𝑨𝑨
𝟏𝟏 − 𝟎𝟎 𝑪𝑪𝟐𝟐𝒄𝒄
𝑨𝑨𝟏𝟏

𝟐𝟐
𝑨𝑨
𝟏𝟏 − 𝟎𝟎 𝑪𝑪𝟐𝟐𝒄𝒄
𝑨𝑨𝟏𝟏
Putting value of Cc 𝑪𝑪𝒄𝒄 = 𝑪𝑪𝒅𝒅
𝟐𝟐
𝑨𝑨
𝟏𝟏 − 𝟎𝟎
𝑨𝑨𝟏𝟏

𝑨𝑨𝟎𝟎 𝑨𝑨𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐

𝑸𝑸 = 𝑪𝑪𝒅𝒅
𝑨𝑨𝟐𝟐𝟏𝟏 − 𝑨𝑨𝟐𝟐𝟎𝟎

Cd =Coefficient of discharge for orificemeter= 0.6-0.76, for venturimeter=0.91-0.99.

Cd (Orifice) < Cd (Venturimeter) due to more energy loss in orifice
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Dr. R. Swain, Asst. Prof., NIT RKL
Pitot tube: The Device which is used to measure velocity in a pipe flow. It works on principle of
conversion of kinetic energy into pressure energy.

Applying Bernoulli's equation between point S and P

𝑷𝑷𝟎𝟎 𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐 𝑷𝑷𝒔𝒔
+ =
𝒘𝒘 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒘𝒘

𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐
⇒ 𝒉𝒉𝟎𝟎 +
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 = 𝒉𝒉𝒔𝒔
⇒ 𝒗𝒗 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐(𝒉𝒉𝒔𝒔 − 𝒉𝒉𝟎𝟎

⇒ 𝒗𝒗 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐∆𝒉𝒉

For real fluid: 𝒗𝒗𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 = 𝒄𝒄𝒗𝒗 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐∆𝒉𝒉

𝒄𝒄𝒗𝒗 =Coefficient of velocity for pitot tube
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Dr. R. Swain, Asst. Prof., NIT RKL
Conservation of Momentum in Fluid Dynamics:

• The momentum of an isolated system is a constant.

• The vector sum of the momentum of all the objects of a system remains constant within the
system.
• Newton’s 2nd Law of motion is based upon conservation of momentum.

� 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 = � 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐

Application of momentum principle on Impact of free jets

Free jets: Flow of fluid from a nozzle with high velocity and Kinetic energy.
The force exerted by free jet on a stationary or moving plate is estimated using conservation
of momentum principle

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Dr. R. Swain, Asst. Prof., NIT RKL
Impact of jet on a Stationary inclined plate

Since displacement is
zero, the work done=0

………….(1)

………….(2)
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Dr. R. Swain, Asst. Prof., NIT RKL
Applying impulse momentum equation tangential to the plate:

……….…….(3)

For flat plate normal to the jet: θ =90˚

Applying in Equation (1)-(3),

𝑭𝑭𝒙𝒙 = 𝝆𝝆𝒂𝒂𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐
𝑭𝑭𝒚𝒚 = 𝟎𝟎
Since displacement is
Q1=Q2 zero, the work done=0
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Dr. R. Swain, Asst. Prof., NIT RKL
Impact of jet on a moving inclined plate

Plate velocity=u

𝑭𝑭𝒙𝒙 = 𝝆𝝆𝒂𝒂(𝒗𝒗 − 𝒖𝒖)𝟐𝟐 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝟐𝟐 𝜽𝜽

𝑭𝑭𝒚𝒚 = 𝝆𝝆𝒂𝒂(𝒗𝒗 − 𝒖𝒖)𝟐𝟐 sin 𝜽𝜽 cos 𝜽𝜽
𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷 = 𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 = 𝑭𝑭𝒙𝒙 × 𝒖𝒖
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Dr. R. Swain, Asst. Prof., NIT RKL
Problem-1:

Dr. R. Swain, Asst. Prof., NIT RKL 10

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