Vector-active Structure Systems

Arch. Shatha Qtait

Building Construction & Structure Systems

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Vector-active System: Definition

Short, solid, straight-line elements. i.e. lineal members are structural

components, e.g. bars, rods, that because of their small section in
comparison to their length can transmit only forces in direction of their
length.

‫تعريفه‬

‫ ويمكن‬،‫ صلبة (قضبان فالذية) تشكل الهيكل االنشائي لهذه المنظومة‬،‫ عناصر قصيرة‬-
.‫أن تنقل القوى في اتجاه طولها فقط بسبب صغر المقطع العرضي لها مقارنة مع طولها‬
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Vector-active System: Definition

• In triangular assemblage form, i.e. triangulation. )‫(مثلثات‬

• Compressive and tensile members, arranged in a certain pattern and put
together in a system with hinged joints.
• Can redirect forces )‫ & (اعادة توجيه القوة‬transmit loads )‫ (نقل األحمال‬over long
distances (spans) without intermediate supports.
• It is a multi-components systems )‫ (انظمة المركبات المتعددة‬.
• Suitable angle between 45˚-60˚ to achieve effective redirection with relatively

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small vector forces.
Vector-active System: Definition

• Vector )‫ = (قوة موجهة‬line representing magnitude and direction of the forces.

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Vector-active System: Definition

• Forces take the type of Stresses ‫ اجهادات‬:

Compression )‫ (قوة الضغط‬and Tension )‫ (قوة الشد‬.

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Vector-active System:

• Chord
• Web member, Bar,
Rod
• Crown hinge
• Base hinge
• Span
• Spacing or frame
distance

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Vector-active System: Classification
Flat Trusses

Top Chord Systems

‫أنظمة الوتر العلوي‬

Bottom Chord Systems

‫أنظمة الوتر السفلي‬

Two-Chord Systems
‫أنظمة ثنائية األوتار‬

Cambered Systems
‫أنظمة محدبة‬

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Vector-active System: Classification
TransmittedTrusses

Linear Systems
‫أنظمة خطية‬

Folded Systems
‫أنظمة مطوية‬

Intersecting Systems
‫أنظمة متقاطعة‬

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Vector-active System: Classification
Curved Trusses

Singly curved Systems

‫أنطمة منحنية مفردة‬

Saddle-Shape Systems
‫أنطمة ذات شكل السرج‬

Dome-Shape Systems
‫أنظمة ذات شكل القبة‬

Spherical Systems
‫أنظمة كروية‬

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Vector-active System: Classification
Space Trusses

Flat Systems
‫أنطمة مستوية‬

Folded Systems
‫أنطمة مطوية‬

Curved Systems
‫أنظمة منحنية‬

linear Systems
‫أنظمة خطية‬

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Vector-active System: Properties
Applications strucural system – material - span

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Vector-active System: Truss Mechanism

Beam mechanism:
Redirection of external
forces through rigid
material section.

Arch mechanism:
Redirection of external
forces through suitable
material form.

Truss mechanism:
Redirection of external
forces through suitable
pattern of individual
members.

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Vector-active System: Truss Mechanism
Frame with four corner hinges is only
theoretically in equilibrium.
‫من الناحية النظرية في حالة توازن‬

Under asymmetrical load the system will

fail as long as corners remain flexible.
‫ سوف يفشل النظام طالما‬،‫تحت تحميل غير متناظر‬
‫الزوايا مرنة‬

diagonal member resists deflection the

frame becomes a Truss.
‫عنصرقطري يقاوم االنحراف وبهذه االضافة نحصل‬
Truss ‫على‬

Second diagonal member increases

stiffness, but is not requisite for vector
action.
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‫ ولكن ليس من‬،‫العنصر القطري الثاني يزيد من صالبة‬
vector ‫الضروري للعمل انظمة المركبات المتعددة‬
Vector-active System: Truss Mechanism

Reduce height:
The member force will
increase .
Less efficient.

Increase height:
The member force will
decrease.
More efficient.
Each external force will be held in balance by
two or more vector forces.

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Vector-active System: Truss Mechanism Belgian Truss:
4 panels
•Main stressing in upper
chord members.
•High stresses in diagonal
members.
•Critical buckling length.
)‫(طول االلتواء‬

6 panels
•Stresses Decrease in
diagonal members.
•Reduction of buckling
length.

8 panels
•No sizeable decrease of
stresses in diagonal
members. ‫ال يوجد انخفاض كبير‬
•Minor reduction of
15 buckling length.
Vector-active System: Truss Mechanism

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Vector-active System: Flat Trusses

Trusses supported at the both ends: free-span structure

Trusses doubly supported in center: cantilevered structure

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Trusses with cantilevered ends: cantilevered free-span structure
Vector-active System: Transmitted Flat Trusses

Linear systems: trussed two-hinged frame

Linear systems: trussed three-hinged frame with cantilevers

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Linear systems: trussed three-hinged arch
Vector-active System: Compositions

Symmetrical composition with long-span truss in center

Symmetrical composition with long-span trusses at the sides

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Symmetrical composition with long-span and short-span trusses
Vector-active System: Curved Trusses
Trusses Stiffness

Polygonal profile approximation to cylinder profile

Critical
deformation

Trusses stiffness

trussed 3-hinged
frame with tension
Diaphragm
cable .
20 truss.
trussed 2-hinged arch
Vector-active System: Curved Trusses
Truss Systems for
singly curved planes

Two cylindrical
surfaces rising
toward center

Four cylindrical
surfaces forming
a dome

Four cylindrical
surfaces forming
a cross vault

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Vector-active System: Curved Trusses
Truss Systems for
doubly curved planes

Three hyper
surfaces over
triangle plan

Four hyper
surfaces over
square plan

Six hyper
surfaces over
hexagonal plan

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Vector-active System: Curved Trusses
Truss Systems for
Spherical planes
Schwedler dome ‫شويدلر قبة‬ Lattice ‫ شبكية‬dome
Sphere rings with one way Sphere rings with two way
or left-diagonal trussing diagonal trussing

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Vector-active System: Curved Trusses
Truss Systems for
Spherical planes

Parallel lattice dome

Hexagonal lamella dome

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Vector-active System: Curved Trusses
Geodesic dome
is a hemispherical thin-shell structure (lattice-shell). The triangular elements of the
dome are structurally rigid and distribute the structural stress throughout the
structure, making geodesic domes able to withstand very heavy loads for their size.
‫هي هيكل قشري خفيف ذات شكل كروي أو شبه كروي مبنية على أساس شبكة من الدوائر العظمى (جيوديسي) على‬
‫سطح كرة‬

• Geometric
Derivation
Of geodesic
dome

‫• اشتقاق هندسي‬
‫من القبة‬
‫الجيوديسية‬

20 identical equilateral 20 identical equilateral 60 identical triangles

Triangles Spherical triangles formed by 15 great arcs
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‫ مثلث متطابق متساوي‬20 ‫ مثلث كروي متطابق‬20 15 ‫ مثلث متطابق شكلتها‬60
‫االضالع‬ ‫متساوي االضالع‬ ‫اقواس كبيرة‬
Vector-active System: Curved Trusses
Geodesic dome
Typical grid for geodesic domes

Triangular half rhombic rhombic hexagonal

‫مثلثي‬ ‫نصف معيني‬ ‫معيني الشكل‬ ‫مسدس الشكل‬

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Vector-active System: Space Trusses

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Vector-active System: Space Trusses or Space Frame
Shapes: flat space truss composed of rectangular prisms

Type 1 Type 2 Type 3

Type 1: single trussing of

vertical prism faces
‫تدعيم مفرد على وجوه المنشور‬
‫الرأسية‬

Type 2: double trussing of

vertical prism faces
‫تدعيم مزدوج على وجوه المنشور‬
‫الرأسية‬

Type 3: crosswise trussing

of diagonal prism sections
‫تدعيم متقاطع على وجوه النشور‬
‫القطرية‬
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Vector-active System: Space Trusses or Space Frame
Shapes: flat space truss composed of triangluar prisms

Type 1 Type 2

Type 1 or Type 2: single or

double trussing of
rectangular prism faces
‫منظومة مفردة او مزدوجة التدعيم‬
‫على وجوه المنشور المستطيلة‬

Type 1 or Type 2: single or

double trussing of Type 1 Type 2
rectangular prism faces
‫منظومة مفردة او مزدوجة التدعيم‬
‫على وجوه المنشور المستطيلة‬
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Vector-active System: Space Trusses or Space Frame
Shapes: flat space truss composed of different shapes

Truss system composed of

tetrahedra & semi-
octrahedra
‫رباعي وثماني السطوح‬

Truss system composed of

tetrahedra & octrahedra
‫رباعي وثماني السطوح‬

Truss system based upon

hexagonal pyramid
‫على أساس الهرم السداسي‬

Truss system of two square

grids with different
coordinates
‫اثنين من شبكات مربع مع إحداثيات‬
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‫مختلفة‬
Vector-active System: Space Trusses or Space Frame
Shapes: flat space truss composed of different shapes

Truss system with upside-

down hexagonal pyramid
‫هرم سداسي مقلوب راسا على عقب‬

Truss system with two

different hexagonal grids
‫اثنين من شبكات سداسية مختلفة‬

Truss system with two

counter-running triangular
grids
‫اثنين من شبكات مضادة تشغيل‬
‫الثالثي‬
Truss system with
hexagonal and triangular
grids
‫شبكات سداسية وثالثية‬
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Vector-active System: Space Trusses or Space Frame

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Vector-active System: Space Trusses or Space Frame
Interpenetration of trussed arches for wide-span roof enclosures
‫اقحام األقواس المدعمة للحصول على بحور اوسع‬

Skew-grid for circular cylinder

shape
‫شبكة مائلة للحصول على شكل اسطوانة‬
‫دائرية‬

45˚ grid for synclastic translational

shape
‫˚ للحصول على شكل متعدد‬45 ‫شبكة‬
‫االنحناءات‬

Triangular grid for spherical shape

‫شبكة ثالثية الشكل للحصول على شكل كروية‬

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Vector-active System: Space Trusses or Space Frame
Application of space trusses for long span structures

Planar space truss for long span roof

Linear space truss for three-hinged frame with

34 cantilevers
Vector-active System: Space Trusses or Space Frame
Application of space trusses for long span structures

space truss for continuous roof/wall structure

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