Table of Contents

Obs. No. Title Page No

1. Acknowledgement 2

2. Introduction 3

3. Literature Survey 4

4. Block Diagram 6

5. Circuit Diagram 7

6. Working 8

7. Component Description 9

8. Result and Conclusion 34

9. Reference 35

1
 Acknowledgement

I would like to express my deep sense of gratitude in thanking

of ___________ for his guidance and valuable support extended
throughout the project work.

I always thankful to her for devoting so much care and

valuable time.

I’m very much thankful to ___________ Head of Dept. of

___________. I am also thankful to all teaching staff, non-teaching
staff, my classmates and all those who directly or indirectly helped
and encourage me to complete my project work during this semester.

- ___________

2
 Introduction

Public Distribution System (PDS) is an Indian food security system.

It is established by the Government of India under Ministry of
Consumer Affairs, Food, and Public Distribution and managed jointly
with state governments in India. The traditional PDS is used to
distribute grocery items to India's poor who are valid ration card holders.
The validity and the allocation of the ration cards is monitored by the
state governments. A ration card holder should be given 35 kg of food
grain as per the norms of PDS. However, there are concerns about the
efficiency of the distribution process. In order to make it efficient and
improve the current system of PDS we are implementing e-Ration Shop
with Biometric device. Here we are going to use a Biometric device
for shopping purpose. Using this device card holder can get his/her
grocery items from the FPS. The main reason for using this Biometric
device and making this process computerized is to remove the
drawbacks of the present way of issuing products based on ration
card. The main drawback in the current system is that the PDS has been
criticized for its urban bias and its failure to serve the poorer sections
of the population effectively.

The targeted PDS is costly and gives rise to much corruption in

the process of extricating the poor from those who are less needy. Also
many retail shopkeepers have large number of bogus cards to sell
food grains in the open market. Many FPS dealers resort to malpractice
since they acquire less salary. Most of the times Users do not get

3
their rightful entitlement in terms of quantity. What's meant for them or
the farm produce procured by the FPS's is diverted to the open
market. So in order to avoid all these drawbacks we are going to use the
e-Ration Shop with Biometric device which will help us to avoid the
corruption in PDS if not eradicate it.

4
 LITERATURE SURVEY

1) Fully Automated Ration Shop Monitoring and Controlling

System Based on Embedded Processors and Controllers.
PDS scheme is mainly used to distribute the materials to all
consumers with free of cost or low cost. In now a days this PDS
contains lot of corruptions. To overcome this some authors
introduce some innovative technologies. Have introduced a use
of RFID and GSM technology in Ration Distribution
System. The main objective of this system is the automation of
ration shop to provide transparency. But here RFID card is not
secured one. Because any user will use this RFID card and
also this card does not contain any password production. To
overcome this problem here implements Smart Card instead of
RFID card.

2) Automation of public distribution system:Technologies for

redefining India.
India’s PDS consists of ration shops responsible for
distribution to 150 million poor families. The Central Govt use
the Food Corporation of India to do the distribution.
The challenges are in
Storage of food grains
Housekeeping

5
 Ensuring that the right people get the right privilege
Ensuring food grains reach the right people
Manual and inconsistent tallying of records against stock
Technology Solution
Automation of records from warehouse to supply in order to
replace on replenishment of goods Auto-notification set up for
supply, demand, stock clearance.

3) e–Ration Shop : An Automation Tool for Fair Price Shop under

the Public Distribution System in the State of Andhra Pradesh.
The Public Distribution System (PDS) in the country facilitates
the supply of food grains to the poor at a subsidized price.
However, doubts have been raised about the efficacy and
cost-effectiveness of the PDS, especially in the light of the
growing food subsidy and food stocks.

4) Smart Ration Distribution and Controlling.

This paper proposes the advanced Ration Distribution
System, named as “Smart Ration Distribution and
Controlling”. Huge amount of Govt. Money gets wasted due to
corruption in the conventional Ration Distribution System.
5)

6
 Block Diagram

Block Diagram:

7
 Circuit Diagram

8
 Working

In this project we use RFID communication between user mince

public and smart ration distribution system. This RFID Cards are
work as a Ration card in that customer identification number is
detected by the RFID reader and according to the government rule a
particulate amount of food grains are provided to user.

For that Atmega8 microcontroller is used to control all the

technical data handling mince which customer how many food grains
are provided. In that microcontroller all customer ration card data
mince RFID card data is saved. According to this data name of
customer and how many food grains are allow to him is displayed on
LCD. After that Atmega8 gives command to motor driver IC L293D
to open valve of ration chamber then for a precise time motor is stop
after that motor again rotate reverse to closed valve.

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 Component Description

ATmega8L

Introduction

The Atmel ATmega8A is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller

based on the AVR enhanced RISC architecture. By executing powerful
instructions in a single clock cycle, the ATmega8A achieves throughputs close
to 1MIPS per MHz. This empowers system designer to optimize the device for
power consumption versus processing speed.

Features

• High-performance, Low-power Atmel AVR 8-bit Microcontroller

• Advanced RISC Architecture

– 130 Powerful Instructions - Most Single-clock Cycle Execution

– 32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers

– Fully Static Operation

– Up to 16MIPS Throughput at 16MHz

– On-chip 2-cycle Multiplier

• High Endurance Non-volatile Memory segments

– 8KBytes of In-System Self-programmable Flash program memory

– 512Bytes EEPROM

– 1KByte Internal SRAM

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 – Write/Erase Cycles: 10,000 Flash/100,000 EEPROM

– Data retention: 20 years at 85°C/100 years at 25°C(1)

– Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits

• In-System Programming by On-chip Boot Program

• True Read-While-Write Operation

– Programming Lock for Software Security

Block Diagram

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Pin Diagram

12
Pin Descriptions

VCC

Digital supply voltage

GND

Ground

Port B (PB7:PB0) – XTAL1/XTAL2/TOSC1/TOSC2

Port B is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors

(selected for each bit). The Port B output buffers have symmetrical drive
characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port B pins
that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are
activated. The Port B pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active,
even if the clock is not running. Depending on the clock selection fuse settings,
PB6 can be used as input to the inverting Oscillator amplifier and input to the
internal clock operating circuit. Depending on the clock selection fuse settings,
PB7 can be used as output from the inverting Oscillator amplifier. If the Internal
Calibrated RC Oscillator is used as chip clock source, PB7:6 is used as
TOSC2:1 input for the Asynchronous Timer/Counter2 if the AS2 bit in ASSR is
set. The various special features of Port B are elaborated in Alternate Functions
of Port B and System Clock and Clock Options.

Port C (PC5:PC0)

Port C is a 7-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors

(selected for each bit). The Port C output buffers have symmetrical drive
characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port C pins

13
that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are
activated. The Port C pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active,
even if the clock is not running.

PC6/RESET

If the RSTDISBL Fuse is programmed, PC6 is used as an I/O pin. Note

that the electrical characteristics of PC6 differ from those of the other pins of
Port C. If the RSTDISBL Fuse is un-programmed, PC6 is used as a Reset input.
A low level on this pin for longer than the minimum pulse length will generate
a Reset, even if the clock is not running. The minimum pulse length is given in
Table 30-5. Shorter pulses are not guaranteed to generate a Reset. The various
special features of Port C are elaborated in Alternate Functions of Port C.

Port D (PD7:PD0)

Port D is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors

(selected for each bit). The Port D output buffers have symmetrical drive
characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port D pins
that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are
activated. The Port D pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active,
even if the clock is not running. Port D also serves the functions of various
special features of the ATmega8A as listed in Alternate Functions of Port D.

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RESET

Reset input. A low level on this pin for longer than the minimum pulse
length will generate a reset, even if the clock is not running. The minimum
pulse length is given in Table 30-5. Shorter pulses are not guaranteed to
generate a reset.

AVCC

AVCC is the supply voltage pin for the A/D Converter, Port C (3:0), and
ADC (7:6). It should be externally connected to VCC, even if the ADC is not
used. If the ADC is used, it should be connected to VCC through a low-pass
filter. Note that Port C (5:4) use digital supply voltage, VCC.

AREF

AREF is the analog reference pin for the A/D Converter.

ADC7:6 (TQFP and QFN/MLF Package Only)

In the TQFP and QFN/MLF package, ADC7:6 serve as analog inputs to

the A/D converter. These pins are powered from the analog supply and serve as
10-bit ADC channels.

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 Liquid Crystal Display

Introduction

LCD is a type of display used in digital watches and many

portable computers. LCD displays utilize to sheets of polarizing
material with a liquid crystal solution between them. An electric
current passed through the liquid causes the crystals to align so that
light cannot pass through them. LCD technology has advanced very
rapidly since its initial inception over a decade ago for use in laptop
computers. Technical achievement has resulted in brighter displace,
higher resolutions, reduce response times and cheaper manufacturing
process. The liquid crystals can be manipulated through an applied
electric voltage so that light is allowed to pass or is blocked. By
carefully controlling where and what wavelength (color) of light is
allowed to pass, the LCD monitor is able to display images. A back
light provides LCD monitor’s brightness. Just as there are many
varieties of solids and liquids, there is also a variety of liquid crystal
substances. Depending on the temperature and particular nature of a
substance, liquid crystals can be in one of several distinct phases.
Over the years many improvements have been made to LCD to help
enhance resolution, image, sharpness and response times. One of the
latest such advancements is TFT or Thin Film Transistor. TFT-LCD’s
make use of a very thin transistor that is applied to glass during acts
as switch allowing control of light at the pixel level, greatly
16
 enhancing image sharpness and resolution. This has been particularly
important for improving LCD’s ability to display small-sized fonts
and image clearly. LCD interfacing with 8051 is a real-world
application. In recent years the LCD is finding widespread use
replacing LEDs (seven segment LEDs or other multi segment LEDs).

This is due to following reasons:

 The declining prices of LCDs.

 Incorporation of a refreshing controller into the LCD, thereby
relieving the CPU to keep displaying the data.
 Ease of programming for characters and graphics.
Pin diagram

Most of the LCD modules conform to a standard interface

specification. A 14pin access is provided having eight data lines,
three control lines and three power lines. The connections are laid out
in one of the two common configurations, either two rows of seven
pins, or a single row of 14 pins. One of the, pins are numbered on the
LCD’s print circuit board (PCB), but if not, it is quite easy to locate
pin1. Since this pin is connected to ground, it often has a thicker PCB
track, connected to it, and it is generally connected to metalwork at
same point.

17
Pin descriptions

Vcc, Vss and Vee

While Vcc and Vss provide +5V and ground respectively, Vee
is used for controlling LCD contrast.

RS, register select

```There are two very important registers inside the LCD. The RS
pin is used for their selection as follows.

a) If RS=0, the instruction command code register is selected,

allowing the user to send a command such as clear display, cursor at
home, etc.,
b) If RS=1 the data register is selected, allowing the user to send data
to be displayed on the LCD.

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 R/W, read/write

R/W input allows the user to write information to the LCD or

read information from it. R/W=1 when reading; R/W=0 when writing.

EN, Enable

The enable pin is used by the LCD to latch information

presented to its data pins. When data is supplied to data pins, a high-
to-low pulse must be applied to this pin in order for the LCD to latch
in the data present at the data pins. This pulse must be a minimum of
450ns wide.

D0-D7

The 8-bit data pins, D0-D7, are used to send information to

the LCD or read the contents of the LCD’s internal registers. To
display letters and numbers, we send ASCII codes for the letters A-Z,
a-z, and numbers 0-9 to these pins while making RS=1. We also use
RS=0 to check the busy flag bit to see if the LCD is ready to receive
information. The busy flag is D7 and can be read when R/W=1 and
RS=0, as follows:

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 If R/W=1, RS=0. When D7=1 (busy flag=1), the LCD is
busy taking care of internal operations and will not accept any
information.

 Basic Commands Of LCD

Set Cursor Move Direction:

04h – Shift cursor to the left

06h – Shift cursor to the right
80h – force cursor to the beginning of the first line
C0h – force cursor to the beginning of second line
02h – return home

Enable Display/Cursor:

0Ch - Turn Display On, cursor off

0ah - Turn Cursor On, Display off
08h - Cursor off, Display off
0eh/0fh- display on, cursor blinking

Shift Display:

18h – 1Ch - Display Shift to left, right respectively

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 Set Interface Length:

38h – Initialize LCD as 2 lines, 5*7 matrix

Reading Data back is used in this application, which requires data to
be moved back and forth on the LCD. The "Busy Flag" is polled to
determine whether the last instruction that has been sent has
completed processing. Before we send commands or data to the LCD
module, the Module must be initialized. For eight bit mode, this is
done using the following series of operations:

 Wait more than 15 ms after power is applied.

 Write 0x030 to LCD and wait 5 ms for the instruction to complete
 Write 0x030 to LCD and wait 160 µs for instruction to complete
 Write 0x030 AGAIN to LCD and wait 160 µs or Poll the Busy Flag
 Set the Operating Characteristics of the LCD
 Write "Set Interface Length"
 Write 0x010 to turn off the Display
 Write 0x001 to Clear the Display
 Write "Set Cursor Move Direction" Setting Cursor Behavior Bits
 Write "Enable Display/Cursor" & enable Display and Optional
Cursor.

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Radio Frequency Identification (RFID):
WHAT IS RFID?

RFID is short for Radio Frequency Identification. Generally a RFID

system consists of 2 parts. A Reader, and one or more Transponders, also
known as Tags. RFID systems evolved from barcode labels as a means to
automatically identify and track products and people.

HOW DOES RFID WORK?

Shown below is a typical RFID system. In every RFID system the

transponder Tags contain information. This information can be as little as a
single binary bit, or be a large array of bits representing such things as an
identity code, personal medical information, or literally any type of information
that can be stored in digital binary format. 

Shown is a RFID transceiver that communicates with a passive Tag.

Passive tags have no power source of their own and instead derive power from
the incident electromagnetic field. Commonly the heart of each tag is a
microchip. When the Tag enters the generated RF field it is able to draw enough
22
power from the field to access its internal memory and transmit its stored
information. When the transponder Tag draws power in this way the resultant
interaction of the RF fields causes the voltage at the transceiver antenna to drop
in value. This effect is utilized by the Tag to communicate its information to the
reader. The Tag is able to control the amount of power drawn from the field and
by doing so it can modulate the voltage sensed at the Transceiver according to
the bit pattern it wishes to transmit. 

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 IC L293D

The L293D motor driver is available for providing User with ease
and user friendly interfacing for embedded application. L293D motor
driver is mounted on a good quality, single sided PCB. The pins of L293D
motor driver IC are connected to connectors for easy access to the driver
IC’s pin functions.

The L293D is designed to provide bidirectional drive currents of

up to 600-mA at voltages from 4.5 V to 36 V. This device are designed to
drive inductive loads such as relays, solenoids, dc and bipolar stepping
motors, as well as other high-current/high-voltage loads in positive-supply
applications. All inputs are TTL compatible. Each output is a complete

24
totem-pole drive circuit, with a Darlington transistor sink and a pseudo
Darlington source. Drivers are enabled in pairs, with drivers 1 and 2
enabled by 1, 2 EN and drivers 3 and 4 enabled by 3,4EN. When an enable
input is high, the associated drivers are enabled, and their outputs are
active and in phase with their inputs. When the enable input is low, those
drivers are disabled, and their outputs are off and in the high impedance
state. With the proper data inputs, each pair of drivers forms a full-H (or
bridge) reversible drive suitable for solenoid or motor applications.

25
 Features:

 Easily compatible with any of the system

 Easy interfacing through FRC (Flat Ribbon Cable)
 External Power supply pin for Motors supported
 Onboard PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) selection switch
 2pin Terminal Block (Phoenix Connectors) for easy Motors Connection
 Onboard H-Bridge base Motor Driver IC (L293D)

Technical Specification:

 Power Supply : Over FRC connector 5V DC

 External Power 9V to 24V DC
 Dimensional Size : 44mm x 37mm x 14mm (l x b x h)
 Temperature Range : 0°C to +70 °C

26
 LM7805 (Voltage Regulator)

Pin Diagram
Description:

The KA78XX/KA78XXA series of three-terminal positive

regulator are available in the TO-220/D-PAK package and with
several fixed output voltages, making them useful in a wide range of
applications. Each type employs internal current limiting, thermal
shut down and safe operating area protection, making it essentially
indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can deliver
over 1A output current. Although designed primarily as fixed voltage
regulators, these devices can be used with external components to
obtain adjustable voltages and currents.

A voltage regulator is designed to automatically maintain

a constant voltage level. A voltage regulator may be a simple "feed-
forward" design or may include negative feedback control loops. It
may use an electromechanical mechanism, or electronic components.

27
 Depending on the design, it may be used to regulate one or
more AC or DC voltages.

Electronic voltage regulators are found in devices such as

computer power supplies where they stabilize the DC voltages used
by the processor and other elements. In automobile alternators and
central power station generator plants, voltage regulators control the
output of the plant. In an electric system, voltage regulators may be
installed at a substation or along distribution lines so that all
customers receive steady voltage independent of how much power is
drawn from the line.

Features:

 Output Current up to 1A
 Output Voltages of 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 24V
 Thermal Overload Protection
 Short Circuit Protection
 Output Transistor Safe Operating Area Protection

28
 Resistor

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that

implements resistance as a circuit element. Resistors act to reduce
current flow, and, at the same time, act to lower voltage levels within
circuits. In electronic circuits resistors are used to limit current flow,
to adjust signal levels, bias active elements, terminate transmission
lines among other uses. High-power resistors that can dissipate

many watts of electrical power as heat may be used as part of motor

controls, in power distribution systems, or as test loads for generators.
Resistors can have fixed resistances that only change slightly with
temperature, time or operating voltage. Variable resistors can be used
to adjust circuit elements (such as a volume control or a lamp
dimmer), or as sensing devices for heat, light, humidity, force, or
chemical activity.

Resistors are common elements of electrical

networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous in electronic
equipment. Practical resistors as discrete components can be
composed of various compounds and forms. Resistors are also
implemented within integrated circuits.

The electrical function of a resistor is specified by its

resistance: common commercial resistors are manufactured over a

29
 range of more than nine orders of magnitude. The nominal value of
the resistance will fall within a manufacturing tolerance.

Resistors are of two types:

i) Fixed Resistor:

Having a fixed value of resistance

ii) Variable Resistor:

Whose value of resistance can be changed for example if we

have a resistor of 5K then the value of resistance will vary from 0 to
5KΩ.

Value of resistance can be calculated with the help of multi-

meter or with the colour code that is visible on the resistor.

30
 Capacitor:-

A capacitor (originally known as a condenser) is a passive two-

terminal electrical component used to store energy electro statically in
an electric field. The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all
contain at least two electrical conductors (plates) separated by
a dielectric (i.e. insulator). The conductors can be thin films, foils or
sintered beads of metal or conductive electrolyte, etc. The “non-
conducting” dielectric acts to increase the capacitor's charge capacity.
A dielectric can be glass, ceramic, plastic film, air, vacuums, paper,
mica, oxide layer etc. Capacitors are widely used as parts of electrical
circuits in many common electrical devices. Unlike a resistor, an ideal
capacitor does not dissipate energy. Instead, a capacitor
stores energy in the form of an electrostatic between its plates.

31
 A capacitor (formerly known as a condenser)
(and prior to that known as a permittor)  is a passive two-
terminal electrical component that stores electric energy in an electric
field. The forms, styles, and materials of practical capacitors vary
widely, but all contain at least two electrical conductors (called
"plates") separated by an insulating layer (called the dielectric).
Capacitors are widely used as parts of electrical circuits in many
common electrical devices.

Capacitors, together with resistors, inductors, and memristors,

belong to the group of "passive components" used in electronic
equipment. Although, in absolute figures, the most common
capacitors are integrated capacitors (E.g. in DRAMs or flash
memory structures), this article is concentrated on the various styles
of capacitors as discrete components.

Small capacitors are used in electronic devices to couple signals

between stages of amplifiers, as components of electric filters and
tuned circuits, or as parts of power supply systems to smooth rectified

32
current. Larger capacitors are used for energy storage in such
applications as strobe lights, as parts of some types of electric motors,
or for power factor correction in AC power distribution systems.
Standard capacitors have a fixed value of capacitance, but adjustable
capacitors are frequently used in tuned circuits. Different types are
used depending on required capacitance, working voltage, current
handling capacity, and other properties.

33
 Result and Conclusion

In ration shop several drawbacks have occurred like material

robbery, corruption, malpractices, long waiting time to collect
materials and low processing speed. To overcome the above problems
the mechanized rationing scheme is needed. Here the automatic
ration shop has proposed to use smart card and to control the
distributing the materials. In the proposed method smart card is used
in place of ration card and display the stock details on LCD.
Hardware part of the project has completed and the obtained
results were compared with software results. Both the results were
same to distribute the materials accurately. This method automates
all the process associated with the ration shop without any human’s
intervention. Hence this is corruption free, prevents the theft, forgery
and reduces the consumer’s time. Also the proposed method helps to
maintain the stock details easily and the same is conveyed to the
consumer. It improves the overall function of the ration shop and
reduces the burden of shopkeeper as well as the consumer.

This paper portrays the Automation of the Public Distribution

System (PDS) and its recompense over the present Fair Price Shops.
By means of this performance we can reduce the corruption level.
It will help the country's economy to reach new heights. The
automated PDS is easy to implement and requires much less hard
work when compared to the other system using of this system

34
we can avoid the malfunctions because there is no manual
operations .Now in a new system all information is stored in
database. So implementing this will be really helpful to the people
below poverty line.

35
 References

[1] Automated attendance system using Biometrics with

Embedded web server, Graduate Research in Engineering and
Technology (GRET): An International Journal.

[2] Caesar, A.; Khan, S.A., Automation of Time and Attendance

uses RFID Systems, IEEE-ICET 2006 2nd International
Conference on Emerging Technologies, Peshawar.

[3] Josphineleela. R and Dr. M. Ramakrishnan, An Efficient

Automatic Attendance System Using The Fingerprint
Reconstruction Technique, International Journal of Computer
Science and Information Security, Vol. 10, No. 3, March 2012

[4] Smart Ration Card, Volume 4, No. 4, April 2013, Journal of

Global Research in Computer Science, ISSN-2229-371X

[5] Web Enabled Ration Distribution and Corruption Controlling

System, International Journal of Engineering and Innovative
Technology (IJEIT) Volume 2, Issue 8, February 2013.

36