SIBUGAY TECHNICAL INSTITUTE INCORPORATED

Lower Taway, Ipil, Zamboanga Sibugay

www.sibugaytech.edu.ph
[email protected]

School President: 09171271826/0917127190 Academic Dean: 09064393454

Registrar: 09353420564 Guidance Coach: 09497510953
DSA: 0935119087

BASIC CALCULUS

LEARNER’S MODULE
SECOND SEMESTER
SCHOOL YEAR 2021-2022

TEACHER CONTACT NO. COURSE AND SECTION

LEIZLE C. SIA 09269333457 ________________________

1
UNIT PERIOD
WEEK 1-3

Relations and Functions

A relation is simply a set or collection of ordered pairs. Nothing really special about it. An ordered pair,
commonly known as a point, has two components which are the x and y coordinates.
This is an example of an ordered pair.

Here we have a relation that has five ordered pairs. Writing this in set notation using curly braces,

Relation in set notation:

However, aside from set notation, there are other ways to write this same relation. We can show it in a
table, plot it on the xy-axis, and express it using a mapping diagram.

 Relation in table

 Relation in graph

 Relation in mapping diagram

We can also describe the domain and range of a given relation.

 The domain is the set of all x or input values. We may describe it as the collection of the first
values in the ordered pairs.
 The range is the set of all y or output values. We may describe it as the collection of the second
values in the ordered pairs.
So then in the relation below

2
Our domain and range are as follows:

What is a Function?
A function is a relation which describes that there should be only one output for each input (or) we can
say that a special kind of relation (a set of ordered pairs), which follows a rule i.e every X-value should
be associated with only one y-value is called a function.
For example:
Domain Range

-1 -3

1 3

3 9

Let us also look at the definition of Domain and Range of a function.

Domain It is a collection of the first values in the ordered pair (Set of all input (x) values).

Range It is a collection of the second values in the ordered pair (Set of all output (y) values).
Example:
In the relation, {(-2, 3), {4, 5), (6, -5), (-2, 3)},
The domain is {-2, 4, 6} and range is {-5, 3, 5}.
Note: Don’t consider duplicates while writing the domain and range and also write it in increasing order.

Types of Functions
In terms of relations, we can define the types of functions as:

 One to one function or Injective function: A function f: P → Q is said to be one to one if for
each element of P there is a distinct element of Q.
 Many to one function: A function which maps two or more elements of P to the same element
of set Q.
 Onto Function or Surjective function: A function for which every element of set Q there is pre-
image in set P
 One-one correspondence or Bijective function: The function f matches with each element of
P with a discrete element of Q and every element of Q has a pre-image in P.

Note: All functions are relations, but not all relations are functions.

3
One to one function basically denotes the mapping of two sets. A function g is one-to-one if every
element of the range of g corresponds to exactly one element of the domain of g. One-to-one is also
written as 1-1.
Apart from the one-to-one function, there are other sets of functions which denotes the relation between
sets, elements or identities. They are;

 Many to One function or Surjective function

 Onto Function or Bijective function

Onto Function Definition (Surjective Function)

Onto function could be explained by considering two sets, Set A and Set B, which consist of elements.
If for every element of B, there is at least one or more than one element matching with A, then the
function is said to be onto function or surjective function.

A function is said to be bijective or bijection, if a function f: A → B satisfies both the injective (one-to-
one function) and surjective function (onto function) properties. It means that every element “b” in the
codomain B, there is exactly one element “a” in the domain A. such that f(a) = b. If the function satisfies
this condition, then it is known as one-to-one correspondence.

Evaluating Functions

To evaluate a function is to:

Replace (substitute) its variable with a given number or expression.

Like in this example:

Example: evaluate the function f(x) = 2x+4 for x=5

Just replace the variable "x" with "5":

f(5) = 2×5 + 4 = 14

Answer: f(5) = 14

Evaluate For a Given Value:

Let us evaluate that function for x=3:

f(3) = 1 − 3 + 32 = 1 − 3 + 9 = 7

4
Evaluate for a Given Expression:
Evaluating can also mean replacing with an expression (such as 3m+1 or v2).
Let us evaluate the function for x=1/r:
f(1/r) = 1 − (1/r) + (1/r)2
Or evaluate the function for x = a−4:
f(a−4)= 1 − (a−4) + (a−4)2
= 1 − a + 4 + a2 − 8a + 16
= 21 − 9a + a2
Example: h(x) = 3x2 + ax − 1

 You are told that h(3) = 8, can you work out what "a" is?

First, evaluate h(3):h(3) = 3×(3)2 + a×3 − 1

Simplify:h(3) = 27 + 3a − 1
h(3) = 26 + 3a

Now, we know that h(3) = 8, so: 8 = 26 + 3a

Swap sides: 26 + 3a = 8
Subtract 26 from both sides: 3a = −18
Divide by 3: a = −6

Check: h(3) = 3(3)2 − 6×3 − 1 = 27 − 18 − 1 = 8

Operations on Functions
Addition: (f+g)(x) = f(x) + g(x)
Example: f(x) = 2x+3 and g(x) = x2
(f+g)(x) = (2x+3) + (x2) = x2+2x+3
Subtraction: (f-g)(x) = f(x) − g(x)
Example: f(x) = 2x+3 and g(x) = x2
(f-g)(x) = (2x+3) − (x2)
Multiplication: (f·g)(x) = f(x) · g(x)
Example: f(x) = 2x+3 and g(x) = x2
(f·g)(x) = (2x+3)(x2) = 2x3 + 3x2
Division: (f/g)(x) = f(x) / g(x)
Example: f(x) = 2x+3 and g(x) = x2
(f/g)(x) = (2x+3)/x2

Composition of Functions
Suppose the two given functions are f and g, the composition of f∘g and g∘f are defined by

5
 Examples

Linear Functions
A linear function has the following form
y = f(x) = a + bx
A linear function has one independent variable and one dependent variable. The independent
variable is x and the dependent variable is y.
a is the constant term or the y intercept. It is the value of the dependent variable when x = 0.
b is the coefficient of the independent variable. It is also known as the slope and gives the rate of
change of the dependent variable.

Zero of Linear Functions

 A zero is a point at which a function's value will be equal to zero. Its coordinates are (x,0)(x,0),
where xx is equal to the zero of the graph.
 Zeros can be observed graphically or solved for algebraically.

6
 A linear function can have none, one, or infinitely many zeros. If the function is a horizontal line
(slope = 00), it will have no zeros unless its equation is y=0, y=0, in which case it will have infinitely
many. If the line is non-horizontal, it will have one zero
Inverse Functions

A function normally tells you what y is if you know what x is. The inverse of a function will tell you
what x had to be to get that value of y.
A function f -1 is the inverse of f if
 for every x in the domain of f, f -1[f(x)] = x, and
 for every x in the domain of f -1, f[f -1(x)] = x
The domain of f is the range of f -1 and the range of f is the domain of f -1.
Example:

Independent Activities
Directions: Read and understand the exercises below. Answer what is asked in each part. Write ONLY
your final answer. 2 pts. each.
A. Determine which of the following is a function or a relation. Write F if it is a function and R if it is a
relation on the blank before each statement.
_______ 1. y = mx + b
_______ 2. I = {(-2,2), (0,0), (2, -2), (4, -4), (6, -6)}
7
_______ 3. y = 5x2 + 2
_______ 4. y3 = 2x
_______ 5. 4x – y = 10
B. Evaluate the given function below. Write your answer below each given.
1. Given the function g(x) = x2 – 3x – 21, find:
1
a. f(-4) b. f(2)
C. Perform the indicated operations on functions. Use the given functions below. Write your answer
after each item.
f(x) = 5x + 1
g(x) = x2 – 9
h(x) = x2 + 22x + 121
m(x) = x + 11
1. f + g
2. m – g
3. f.m
D. Given the following functions, solve for the composition of each given pair of functions. Write your
answer after each item.
f(x) = 5x + 1
g(x) = x2 – 9
h(x) = x2 + 22x + 121
m(x) = x + 11
1. 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 =
2. 𝑓 ∘ 𝑚 =
3. ℎ ∘ 𝑓 =

E. Solve for the zero of each given function. Express all answers in simplest form. Write your answer
after each item.
1. f(x) = 3x – 7
2. f(x) = 4x
1
3. f(x) = 2x + 2

F. Find the inverse of the following functions. Write your answer after each item.
1. y = -5x + 3
2. y = 3x
4
3. y = 𝑥−5
1
4. y = 4 𝑥

References:
https://www.coolmath.com/algebra/16-inverse-functions/05-how-to-find-the-inverse-of-a-function-01
https://people.richland.edu/james/lecture/m116/functions/inverses.html
https://www.mathsisfun.com/

PRELIM PERIOD
WEEK 4-7

Quadratic Functions
A quadratic function is one of the form f(x) = ax2 + bx + c, where a, b, and c are numbers with a not
equal to zero.
8
The graph of a quadratic function is a curve called a parabola. Parabolas may open upward or
downward and vary in "width" or "steepness", but they all have the same basic "U" shape. The picture
below shows three graphs, and they are all parabolas.

The quadratic function f(x) = a(x - h)2 + k, a not equal to zero, is said to be in standard form. If a is
positive, the graph opens upward, and if a is negative, then it opens downward. The line of
symmetry is the vertical line x = h, and the vertex is the point (h,k).

Roots are also called x-intercepts or zeros. A quadratic function is graphically represented by
a parabola with vertex located at the origin, below the x-axis, or above the x-axis. Therefore,
a quadratic function may have one, two, or zero roots.

There are several different methods that we can use depending on what type of quadratic that we
are trying to solve. The four methods of solving a quadratic equation are factoring, using the
square roots, completing the square and the quadratic formula.

When solving quadratic equations by factoring, we must always have the equation in the form
"(quadratic expression) equals (zero)" before we make any attempt to solve the quadratic equation by
factoring.

Solve x2 + 5x + 6 = 0, and check.

x2 + 5x + 6 = (x + 2)(x + 3)
(x + 2)(x + 3) = 0
x + 2 = 0 or x + 3 = 0
x = –2 or x = – 3
These two values are the solution to the original quadratic equation. So my answer is:
x = –3, –2
Checking x = –3:
[–3]2 + 5[–3] + 6
9 – 15 + 6
9 + 6 – 15
15 – 15
0
Checking x = –2:
[–2]2 + 5[–2] + 6
4 – 10 + 6
4 + 6 – 10
10 – 10
0
Solve x2 + 6x – 7 = 0 by completing the square.
x2 + 6x – 7 = 0
x2 + 6x = 7
My next step is to square this derived value:
9
square of derived value: (+3)2 = 9; The 3 is derived from the half of the middle term
x2 + 6x + 9 = 7 + 9
x2 + 6x + 9 = 16
(x + 3)2 = 16
x+3=±4
x = –3 ±4
= –3 – 4, –3 + 4
= –7, 1
Then my answer is:
x = –7, 1
The roots of a quadratic function are given by,

This formula is called the quadratic formula, and its derivation is included so that you can see where
it comes from. We call the term b2 −4ac the discriminant. The discriminant is important because it tells
you how many roots a quadratic function has. Specifically, if
1. b2 −4ac < 0 There are no real roots.
2. b2 −4ac = 0 There is one real root.
3. b2 −4ac > 0 There are two real roots.
To use the quadratic formula, we must get this equation in the form ax2 + bx + c = 0 as,
−4x2 + x + 3 = 0.
We now find the solutions using the quadratic formula as,

which yields the two solutions,

Therefore, we conclude that the equation −4x2 + x + 9 = 6 has two solutions, x = −3/4 and x = 1.

Polynomial Functions

A polynomial function is a function that can be expressed in the form of a polynomial. The definition
can be derived from the definition of a polynomial equation. A polynomial is generally represented as
P(x). The highest power of the variable of P(x) is known as its degree. Degree of a polynomial function
is very important as it tells us about the behaviour of the function P(x) when x becomes very large. The
domain of a polynomial function is entire real numbers (R).
10
If P(x) = an xn + an-1 xn-1+.……….…+a2 x2 + a1 x + a0, then for x ≫ 0 or x ≪ 0, P(x) ≈ an xn. Thus,
polynomial functions approach power functions for very large values of their variables.
A polynomial function has only positive integers as exponents. We can even perform different types of
arithmetic operations for such functions like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.
Some of the examples of polynomial functions are here:

 x2+2x+1
 3x-7
 7x3+x2-2
All three expressions above are polynomial since all of the variables have positive integer exponents.
But expressions like;

 5x-1+1
 4x1/2+3x+1
 (9x +1) ÷ (x)
are not polynomials, we cannot consider negative integer exponents or fraction exponent or division
here.
Zero Polynomial Function
Degree 0 (Constant Functions)

 Standard form: P(x) = a = a.x0, where a is a constant.

 Graph: A horizontal line indicates that the output of the function is constant. It doesn’t depend
on the input.
Long division of polynomials is a lot like long division of real numbers. If the polynomials involved were
written in fraction form, the numerator would be the dividend, and the denominator would be the divisor.
To divide polynomials using long division, first divide the first term of the dividend by the first term of
the divisor. This is the first term of the quotient. Multiply the new term by the divisor, and subtract this
product from the dividend. This difference is the new dividend. Repeat these steps, using the difference
as the new dividend until the first term of the divisor is of a greater degree than the new dividend. The
last "new dividend" whose degree is less than that of the divisor is the remainder. If the remainder is
zero, the divisor divided evenly into the dividend. In the example below, f (x) = x4 +4x3 + x - 10 is divided
by g(x) = x2 + 3x - 5.

Two important theorems pertain to long division of polynomials.

The Remainder Theorem states the following: if a polynomial f (x) is divided by the polynomial g(x)
= x - c, then the remainder is the value of f at c, f (c).

11
The Factor Theorem states the following: Let f (x) be a polynomial; (x - c) a factor of f if and only if f (c)
= 0. This means that if a given value c is a root of a polynomial, then (x - c) is a factor of that polynomial.

Synthetic division is an easy way to divide polynomials by a polynomial of the form (x - c). It is both a
way to calculate the value of a function at c (Remainder Theorem) as well as to check whether or
not c is a root of the polynomial (Factor Theorem). Synthetic division is a shortcut to long division. It
requires only three lines -- the top line for the dividend and divisor, the second line for the intermediate
values, and the third line for the quotient and remainder.

Independent Activities
Directions: Read and understand the exercises below. Answer what is asked in each part. Write ONLY
your final answer. 2 pts. each.
A. Determine which of the following is a polynomial function or not. Write check (/) if it is a polynomial
function and cross (x) if it is not on the blank before each given item.
_______ 1. 3x + y = 0
_______ 2. y = √3𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 − 7
_______ 3. y = -12
2
_______ 4. y = 3𝑥
_______ 5. y = 6x3 – 4x2 + 5x – 10

B. Find the quotients of the following pairs of polynomials. Write your answer below each given.
1. x3 – 2x2 + x – 2 and x – 2

2. -2x3 + 9x2 – 11x + 2 and x + 1

3. x3 – 5x + 12 and x2 – 3x + 4

C. Solve for the zeros of the following polynomial functions.

1. f(x) = x3 – x2 – 12x

2. f(x) = x3 – 10x2 + 33x – 22

References:
http://dl.uncw.edu/digilib/Mathematics/Algebra/mat111hb/PandR/quadratic/quadratic.html
http://www.biology.arizona.edu/biomath/tutorials/quadratic/SolvingQuadraticEquations.html
https://byjus.com/maths/polynomial-functions/

12
MIDTERM PERIOD
WEEK 8-11

Limit of Functions

13
14
Independent Activities

A. Evaluate the limits of functions given below using the different theorems. (2 pts. each)

B. Determine if the given function is continuous at a given value of x.

1. f(x) = x2 – 4x – 2 at x = 1
2𝑥
2. f(x) = 𝑥−3 at x = 3

Reference:
Marcelo, G. (2009). Basic Calculus

15
PRE-FINAL - FINAL PERIOD
WEEK 12-19

The Derivatives
The following are the different rules in finding the derivatives:

16
17
18
19
20
Independent Activity

Find the derivatives of the following:

1. y = 5x4 – 3x2 + 7
2. y = 7x-3 + 2x2 – 13x-2
3
3. y = 4 𝑥 5
4. y = -3x4
5. y’’ for y = -2x4 + 2x3 + x2 – 8x + 7
6. y = 3x
7. y = 72
8. y = -5x(x4 – 4)
2−5𝑥
9. y = 3𝑥−1
10. y = (3x – 4)

21
Reference:

Marcelo, G. (2009). Basic Calculus

Prepared by Reviewed & Checked by Noted by

LEIZLE C. SIA NANCY CHIONG-MAGBANUA, MSIT EUFEMIO D. JAVIER, JR., DDM

Instructor Academic Director CEO & School President

22