This document discusses the nomenclature of ionic and covalent compounds. It begins by defining covalent and ionic compounds, and notes that the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) establishes the systematic naming rules. It then provides the rules for naming covalent compounds using Greek prefixes and the "-ide" suffix. For ionic compounds, it explains that formulas are based on achieving electrical neutrality between cations and anions. Cations and anions are then named systematically according to IUPAC rules. Polyatomic ions and acids/salts are also discussed. Standardized nomenclature allows for clear communication in chemistry.
This document discusses the nomenclature of ionic and covalent compounds. It begins by defining covalent and ionic compounds, and notes that the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) establishes the systematic naming rules. It then provides the rules for naming covalent compounds using Greek prefixes and the "-ide" suffix. For ionic compounds, it explains that formulas are based on achieving electrical neutrality between cations and anions. Cations and anions are then named systematically according to IUPAC rules. Polyatomic ions and acids/salts are also discussed. Standardized nomenclature allows for clear communication in chemistry.
Original Title
Q3W4-GENCHEM-PPT-NOMENCLATURE OF IONIC AND COVALENT COMPOUND.pdf
This document discusses the nomenclature of ionic and covalent compounds. It begins by defining covalent and ionic compounds, and notes that the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) establishes the systematic naming rules. It then provides the rules for naming covalent compounds using Greek prefixes and the "-ide" suffix. For ionic compounds, it explains that formulas are based on achieving electrical neutrality between cations and anions. Cations and anions are then named systematically according to IUPAC rules. Polyatomic ions and acids/salts are also discussed. Standardized nomenclature allows for clear communication in chemistry.
This document discusses the nomenclature of ionic and covalent compounds. It begins by defining covalent and ionic compounds, and notes that the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) establishes the systematic naming rules. It then provides the rules for naming covalent compounds using Greek prefixes and the "-ide" suffix. For ionic compounds, it explains that formulas are based on achieving electrical neutrality between cations and anions. Cations and anions are then named systematically according to IUPAC rules. Polyatomic ions and acids/salts are also discussed. Standardized nomenclature allows for clear communication in chemistry.
NOMENCLATURE: IONIC AND COVALENT COMPOUNDS Elizabeth M. Mortel Learning Objectives ● identify and differentiate covalent and ionic compounds. ● apply the rules of nomenclature to name covalent and ionic compounds. ● write the chemical formulas for covalent and ionic compounds. INTERNATIONAL UNION OF PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY (IUPAC) has established the rules of nomenclature of all chemical compounds. IUPAC nomenclature can also be called "systematic" nomenclature because there is an overall system and structure to the names. COVALENT COMPOUNDS ● Covalent compounds are made up of two or more nonmetals that are chemically bonded together. ● One characteristic of covalent compounds is that they are named using the Greek prefixes mono-, di-, tri-, tetra- and so on. ● In addition, it also uses the suffix -ide, just like how binary ionic compounds are named. How are chemical formulas of covalent compounds determined from their names? The name specifically count the number of atoms each element has. Greek Prefix Numerical WRITING CHEMICAL Equivalent FORMULA mono- 1 Greek Prefix Numerical di- 2 Equivalent tri- 3 hexa- 6 tetra- 4 hepta- 7 penta- 5 octa- 8
nona- 9
deca- 10 NAMING COVALENT COMPOUND GENERAL RULE Step 1: Determine the formula of the compound. Step 2: Determine the number of atoms of each element in the compound. This will help you decide which prefixes to use when naming the compound. Step 3: Write the name of the first element in the compound. If there is only one atom of the first element, do not use the prefix "mono-". Step 4: Write the name of the second element in the compound, using the appropriate prefix to indicate the number of atoms. The second element will end in "-ide". Step 5: Put the prefixes and element names together to form the name of the compound, with the prefix for the first element being optional. EXAMPLE N2O4 Nitrogen and Oxygen
Prefixes :Two = di Four = tetra Second Element will end to -ide
dinitrogen tetraoxide You try this! HBr IF iodine 5 hydrogen bromide pentafluoride phosphorus PI3 triiodide
CCl4 carbon tetrachloride
PBr3 phosphorus tribromide
02 Writing and Naming Ionic Compounds How are chemical formulas of ionic compounds determined? ● The most important consideration in writing the chemical formulas of ionic compounds is their electrical neutrality.
● When a cation and an anion combine, they must
form an ionic compound with a net charge of zero. How are chemical formulas of ionic compounds determined? How are chemical formulas of ionic compounds determined? How are chemical formulas of ionic compounds +1
+2 determined? +3 -3 -2 -1
TRANSITION METALS (STOCK SYSTEM)
FOR TRANSISTION METALS Metal Charge States Metal Charge States Cd +2 Au +1, +3 Cr +2, +3 Fe +2, +3 Co +2, +3 Mn +2 Cu +1, +2 Hg +1, +2 Ni +2, +3 Pt +2, +4 Ag +1 Zn +2 Formulas of Ionic Compounds with Polyatomic Ions Polyatomic ions are charged chemical species composed of two or more atoms that are covalently bonded to each other.
For example, nitrate (NO3-) is a
polyatomic anion. Naming Ionic Compounds: Step 1: Identify the cation and anion in the ionic compound. Step 2: Write the name of the cation first. If the cation is a metal that can form multiple ions, indicate the charge of the ion by writing the Roman numeral in parentheses after the name of the metal. For example, FeCl2 is iron(II) chloride because iron can form both Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions. Step 3: Write the name of the anion second, using the first syllable of the element name followed by "-ide". For example, Cl- is chloride, O2- is oxide, N3- is nitride. Step 4: Combine the names of the cation and anion, making sure to use correct capitalization and spacing. Naming common cations:
Zn+ 2 zinc ion
Na+ sodium ion
Nomenclature of Common Cations Nomenclature of Common Cations For monatomic cations with several charge states, different rules are applied to distinguish the different charge states.
lower -ous charge state Nomenclature of Common Cations For monatomic cations with several charge states, different rules are applied to distinguish the different charge states.
higher -ic charge state Nomenclature of Common Cations Usually, the stem name is taken from the element’s Latin name.
Fe+2 Fe+3 ferrous ion ferric ion Nomenclature of Common Cations Stock system: the cation’s charge state is written as Roman numerals enclosed in parentheses beside the element’s name.
Fe+2 Fe+3 iron (II) ion iron (III) ion Nomenclature of Common Cations Element Stem Charge Traditional Stock Name State Naming Naming chromium chrom- +2 chromous chromium (II) +3 chromic chromium (III) cobalt cobalt- +2 cobaltous cobalt (II) +3 cobaltic cobalt (III) copper cupr- +1 cuprous copper (I) +2 cupric copper (II) Nomenclature of Common Cations
Element Stem Charge Traditional Stock
Name State Naming Naming gold aur- +1 aurous gold (I) +3 auric gold (III) iron ferr- +2 ferrous iron (II) +3 ferric iron (III) Nomenclature of Common Cations
Element Stem Charge Traditional Stock
Name State Naming Naming mercury mercur- +1 mercurous mercury (I) +2 mercuric mercury (II) nickel nickel- +2 nickelous nickel (II) +3 nickelic nickel (III) Nomenclature of Common Cations ● Polyatomic compounds are compounds with three or more types of elements. ● Polyatomic anions usually come in the form of oxoanions, which are ions that contain both a nonmetal element and oxygen. ● For example, CO32- is an oxoanion because it contains the nonmetal element carbon and oxygen. Nomenclature of Common Cations Oxoanions are named by appending the suffix - ate to the element’s stem name.
CO32- carbon + ate Nomenclature of Common Cations If the nonmetal can form two oxyanions, then the one with a lower number of oxygen atoms is appended with the suffix -ite.
SO3 2- SO4 2- sulfite sulfate Nomenclature of Polyatomic Ions If more than two oxoanions are possible, then the following rules are applied:
increasing number of oxygen
ClO- ClO2- ClO3- ClO4-
hypo– –ite –ate hyper– –ite –ate Nomenclature of Acids and Their Salts ● For binary acids, the prefix hydro- and the suffix -ic are appended to the stem name of the element. ● Therefore, HCl (aq) is called hydrochloric acid while HBr (aq) is called hydrobromic acid. ● The acid should have the label (aq) to indicate that it is dissolved in water. Without that indication, the acid should be named as a molecule. Nomenclature of Common Cations Nomenclature of Acids and Their Salts ● For binary acids, the prefix hydro- and the suffix -ic are appended to the stem name of the element. ● Therefore, HCl (aq) is called hydrochloric acid while HBr (aq) is called hydrobromic acid. ● The acid should have the label (aq) to indicate that it is dissolved in water. Without that indication, the acid should be named as a molecule. Nomenclature of Acids and Their Salts
For acids of oxoanions, naming involves replacing the
suffix -ite with -ous and replacing the suffix -ate with -ic.
HClO hypochlorite ⟶ hypochlorous acid 34 Nomenclature of Acids and Their Salts
For acids of oxoanions, naming involves replacing the
suffix -ite with -ous and replacing the suffix -ate with -ic.
HClO4 perchlorate ⟶ perchloric acid Nomenclature of Acids and Their Salts
If more than one type of hydrogen-containing salt is
possible for an element, then the prefixes di-, tri-, tetra-, and so on, are added to hydrogen.
NaH2PO4 sodium dihydrogen phosphate Nomenclature in chemistry is important for several reasons: COMMUNICATION CLARITY SAFETY STANDARDIZATION HISTORICAL CONTEXT
