Concepts to Review: BIOSTATISTICS

CHAPTER-1
 Hypothesis- statement that something is true.

 Hypothesis testing- formal procedures with pertinent steps that makes

decision.

 Null Hypothesis(=)- no significant difference and relationship.

 Alternative Hypothesis(>≠<)- contradict null hyp. which the research

wants to prove.

 Level of Significance- probability to commit alpha error in the test.

 Type I error- true null hyp. is rejected = alternative hyp. is false.

 Type II error- false hyp. is not rejected= alternative hyp. is true.

 Rejection Region- values outside the acceptance region and if t-test

falls in it = null hyp. is rejected.

 Acceptance Region- t-test= null hyp. is not rejected.

 Critical values- separates rejection region from remaining values.

One-tailed (directional) Two-tailed( non-directional)

Left-tailed Right-tailed
1 critical 2 critical
point. points.
( >,< ) ( ≠ )

 Statistical test- data obtained from sample.

 Numerical value- obtained from test value (statistical test).

0.01/1%- involves lives of humans 0.05/5%-educational,consumer research,surveys

Reject H0 if computed value is > tabular value (significant).

However, if SPSS is used to process the data, if p-value is less
than .05 (alpha) then reject Ho and accept Ha which means significant.

 Central Limit Theorem- If random samples of size (N) are drawn

from a large population with mean and finite nonzero variance,
then the distribution of the sample mean approaches the normal
probability distribution
 Table A: t-distribution
Critical Values of the t-
distribution

v 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.025

1 0.325 0.727 1.376 1.963 3.078 6.314 12.706

2 0.289 0.617 1.061 1.386 1.886 2.920 4.303
3 0.277 0.584 0.978 1.250 1.638 2.353 3.182
4 0.271 0.569 0.941 1.190 1.533 2.132 2.776
5 0.267 0.559 0.920 1.156 1.476 2.015 2.571
6 0.265 0.553 0.906 1.134 1.440 1.943 2.447
7 0.263 0.549 0.896 1.119 1.415 1.895 2.365
8 0.262 0.546 0.889 1.108 1.397 1.860 2.306
9 0.261 0.543 0.883 1.100 1.383 1.833 2.26
2
10 0.260 0.542 0.879 1.093 1.372 1.812 2.228
11 0.260 0.540 0.876 1.088 1.363 1.796 2.201
12 0.259 0.539 0.873 1.083 1.356 1.782 2.179
13 0.259 0.537 0.870 1.079 1.350 1.771 2.160
14 0.258 0.537 0.868 1.076 1.345 1.761 2.145
15 0.258 0.536 0.866 1.074 1.341 1.753 2.131
16 0.258 0.535 0.865 1.071 1.337 1.746 2.120
17 0.257 0.534 0.863 1.069 1.333 1.740 2.110
18 0.257 0.534 0.862 1.067 1.330 1.734 2.101
19 0.257 0.533 0.861 1.066 1.328 1.729 2.093
20 0.257 0.533 0.860 1.064 1.325 1.725 2.086
21 0.257 0.532 0.859 1.063 1.323 1.721 2.080
22 0.256 0.532 0.858 1.061 1.321 1.717 2.074
23 0.256 0.532 0.858 1.060 1.319 1.714 2.06
9
24 0.256 0.531 0.857 1.059 1.318 1.711 2.064
25 0.256 0.531 0.856 1.058 1.316 1.708 2.060
26 0.256 0.531 0.856 1.058 1.315 1.706 2.056
27 0.256 0.531 0.855 1.057 1.314 1.70 2.052
3
28 0.256 0.530 0.855 1.056 1.313 1.701 2.048
29 0.256 0.530 0.854 1.055 1.311 1.699 2.045
30 0.256 0.530 0.854 1.055 1.310 1.697 2.042
40 0.255 0.529 0.851 1.050 1.303 1.684 2.021
60 0.254 0.527 0.848 1.045 1.296 1.671 2.000
120 0.254 0.526 0.845 1.041 1.289 1.658 1.980
∞ 0.253 0.524 0.842 1.036 1.282 1.645 1.960
v 0.02 0.015 0.01 0.0075 0.005 0.0025 0.0005

1 15.895 21.205 31.821 42.434 63.657 127.322 636.590

2 4.849 5.643 6.965 8.073 9.925 14.089 31.598
3 3.482 3.896 4.541 5.047 5.841 7.453 12.924
4 2.999 3.298 3.747 4.088 4.604 5.598 8.610
5 2.757 3.003 3.365 3.634 4.032 4.773 6.869
6 2.612 2.829 3.143 3.372 3.707 4.317 5.959
7 2.517 2.715 2.998 3.203 3.499 4.029 5.408
8 2.449 2.634 2.896 3.085 3.355 3.833 5.041
9 2.398 2.574 2.821 2.998 3.250 3.690 4.781
10 2.359 2.527 2.764 2.932 3.169 3.581 4.587
11 2.328 2.491 2.71 2.87 3.106 3.497 4.437
8 9
12 2.303 2.461 2.681 2.836 3.055 3.428 4.318
13 2.282 2.436 2.650 2.801 3.012 3.372 4.221
14 2.264 2.415 2.624 2.771 2.977 3.326 4.140
15 2.249 2.397 2.602 2.746 2.947 3.286 4.073
16 2.235 2.382 2.583 2.724 2.921 3.252 4.015
17 2.224 2.368 2.567 2.706 2.898 3.222 3.965
18 2.214 2.356 2.552 2.689 2.878 3.197 3.922
19 2.205 2.346 2.539 2.674 2.861 3.174 3.883
20 2.197 2.336 2.528 2.661 2.845 3.153 3.849
21 2.189 2.328 2.518 2.649 2.831 3.135 3.819
22 2.183 2.320 2.508 2.639 2.819 3.119 3.792
23 2.177 2.313 2.500 2.629 2.807 3.104 3.768
24 2.172 2.307 2.492 2.620 2.797 3.091 3.745
25 2.167 2.301 2.485 2.612 2.787 3.078 3.725
26 2.162 2.296 2.479 2.605 2.779 3.067 3.707
27 2.158 2.291 2.473 2.598 2.771 3.057 3.690
28 2.154 2.286 2.467 2.592 2.763 3.047 3.674
29 2.150 2.282 2.462 2.586 2.756 3.038 3.659
30 2.147 2.278 2.457 2.581 2.750 3.030 3.646
40 2.125 2.250 2.423 2.542 2.704 2.971 3.551
60 2.099 2.223 2.390 2.504 2.660 2.915 3.460
120 2.076 2.196 2.358 2.468 2.617 2.860 3.373
∞ 2.054 2.170 2.326 2.432 2.576 2.807 3.291

Table B: F-distribution
 Critical Values of the F-
distribution
f0.05(v1 ,v2 )

v1

v2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1 161.4 199.5 215.7 224.6 230.2 234.0 236.8 238.9 240.5

2 18.15 19.00 19.16 19.25 19.30 19.33 19.35 19.37 19.38
3 10.13 9.55 9.28 9.12 9.01 8.94 8.89 8.85 8.81
4 7.71 6.94 6.59 6.39 6.26 6.16 6.09 6.04 6.00
5 6.61 5.79 5.41 5.19 5.05 4.95 4.88 4.82 4.77
6 5.99 5.14 4.76 4.53 4.39 4.28 4.21 4.15 4.10
7 5.59 4.74 4.35 4.12 3.97 3.87 3.79 3.73 3.68
8 5.32 4.46 4.07 3.84 3.69 3.58 3.50 3.44 3.39
9 5.12 4.2 3.86 3.63 3.48 3.37 3.29 3.23 3.18
6
10 4.96 4.10 3.71 3.48 3.33 3.22 3.14 3.07 3.02
11 4.84 3.98 3.59 3.36 3.20 3.09 3.01 2.95 2.90
12 4.75 3.89 3.49 3.26 3.11 3.00 2.91 2.85 2.80
13 4.67 3.81 3.41 3.18 3.03 2.92 2.83 2.77 2.71
14 4.60 3.74 3.34 3.11 2.96 2.85 2.76 2.70 2.65
15 4.54 3.68 3.29 3.06 2.90 2.79 2.71 2.64 2.59
16 4.49 3.63 3.24 3.01 2.85 2.74 2.66 2.59 2.54
17 4.45 3.59 3.20 2.96 2.81 2.70 2.61 2.55 2.49
18 4.41 3.55 3.16 2.93 2.77 2.66 2.58 2.51 2.46
19 4.38 3.52 3.13 2.90 2.74 2.63 2.54 2.48 2.42
20 4.35 3.49 3.1 2.87 2.71 2.60 2.51 2.45 2.39
0
21 4.32 3.47 3.07 2.84 2.68 2.57 2.49 2.42 2.37
22 4.30 3.44 3.05 2.82 2.66 2.55 2.46 2.40 2.34
23 4.28 3.42 3.03 2.80 2.64 2.53 2.44 2.37 2.32
24 4.26 3.40 3.01 2.78 2.62 2.51 2.42 2.36 2.30
25 4.24 3.39 2.99 2.76 2.60 2.49 2.40 2.34 2.28
26 4.23 3.37 2.98 2.74 2.59 2.47 2.39 2.32 2.27
27 4.21 3.35 2.96 2.73 2.57 2.46 2.37 2.31 2.25
28 4.20 3.34 2.95 2.71 2.56 2.45 2.36 2.29 2.24
29 4.18 3.33 2.93 2.70 2.55 2.43 2.35 2.28 2.22
30 4.17 3.32 2.92 2.69 2.53 2.42 2.33 2.27 2.21
40 4.08 3.23 2.84 2.61 2.45 2.34 2.25 2.18 2.12
60 4.00 3.15 2.76 2.53 2.37 2.25 2.17 2.10 2.04
120 3.92 3.07 2.68 2.45 2.29 2.17 2.09 2.02 1.96
∞ 3.84 3.00 2.60 2.37 2.21 2.10 2.01 1.94 1.83

Critical Values of the F-

distribution f0.05 (v1 ,v2 )
 v1

v2 10 12 15 20 24 30 40 60 120 ∞
1 241.9 243.9 245.9 248.0 249.1 250.1 251.1 252.2 253.3 254.3
2 19.40 19.41 19.43 19.45 19.45 19.46 19.47 19.48 19.49 19.50
3 8.79 8.74 8.70 8.66 8.64 8.62 8.59 8.57 8.55 8.53
4 5.96 5.91 5.86 5.80 5.77 5.75 5.72 5.69 5.66 5.63
5 4.74 4.68 4.62 4.56 4.53 4.50 4.46 4.43 4.40 4.36
6 4.06 4.00 3.94 3.87 3.84 3.81 3.77 3.74 3.70 3.67
7 3.64 3.57 3.51 3.44 3.41 3.38 3.34 3.30 3.27 3.23
8 3.35 3.28 3.22 3.15 3.12 3.08 3.04 3.01 2.97 2.93
9 3.14 3.07 3.01 2.94 2.90 2.86 2.83 2.79 2.75 2.71
10 2.98 2.91 2.85 2.77 2.74 2.70 2.66 2.62 2.58 2.54
11 2.85 2.79 2.72 2.65 2.61 2.57 2.53 2.49 2.45 2.40
12 2.75 2.69 2.62 2.54 2.51 2.47 2.43 2.38 2.34 2.30
13 2.67 2.60 2.53 2.46 2.42 2.38 2.34 2.30 2.25 2.21
14 2.60 2.53 2.46 2.39 2.35 2.31 2.27 2.22 2.18 2.13
15 2.54 2.48 2.40 2.33 2.29 2.25 2.20 2.16 2.11 2.07
16 2.49 2.42 2.35 2.28 2.24 2.19 2.15 2.11 2.06 2.01
17 2.45 2.38 2.31 2.23 2.19 2.15 2.10 2.06 2.01 1.96
18 2.41 2.34 2.27 2.19 2.15 2.11 2.06 2.02 1.97 1.92
19 2.38 2.31 2.23 2.16 2.11 2.07 2.03 1.98 1.93 1.88
20 2.35 2.28 2.20 2.12 2.08 2.04 1.99 1.95 1.90 1.84
21 2.32 2.25 2.18 2.10 2.05 2.01 1.96 1.92 1.37 1.81
22 2.30 2.23 2.15 2.07 2.03 1.98 1.94 1.89 1.34 1.78
23 2.27 2.20 2.13 2.05 2.01 1.96 1.91 1.86 1.32 1.75
24 2.25 2.18 2.11 2.03 1.98 1.94 1.89 1.84 1.30 1.73
25 2.24 2.16 2.09 2.01 1.96 1.92 1.87 1.82 1.28 1.71
26 2.22 2.15 2.07 1.99 1.95 1.90 1.85 1.80 1.27 1.69
27 2.20 2.13 2.06 1.97 1.93 1.88 1.84 1.79 1.25 1.67
28 2.19 2.12 2.04 1.96 1.91 1.87 1.82 1.77 1.24 1.65
29 2.18 2.10 2.03 1.94 1.90 1.85 1.81 1.75 1.22 1.64
30 2.16 2.09 2.01 1.93 1.89 1.84 1.79 1.74 1.21 1.62
40 2.08 2.00 1.92 1.84 1.79 1.74 1.69 1.64 1.12 1.51
60 1.99 1.92 1.84 1.75 1.70 1.65 1.59 1.53 1.04 1.39
120 1.91 1.83 1.75 1.66 1.61 1.55 1.50 1.43 1.96 1.25
∞ 1.83 1.75 1.67 1.57 1.52 1.46 1.39 1.32 1.83 1.00

 Parametric test- assumptions that needs to satisfy

 Data normally distributed if not it is said to be
left/right
 Level of Significance One-tailed Test Two-tailed Test
Z- test- >30
Left-tailed Right-tailed Z >
α = .025 Z < -1.96 1.96 Z > 2.33 or Z < -2.33
α = .05 Z < -1.65 Z > 1.65 Z > 1.96 or Z < -1.96
α = .01 Z < -2.33 Z > 2.33 Z > 2.58 or Z < -2.58
Formula: α = .10 Z < -1.28 Z > 1.28 Z > 1.65 or Z < -1.65

T-test- <30
T-distribution- symmetrical,flatter than normal distribution
-differ in drgrees of freedom
1 sample t-test w/ parameter-
Formula:

Dependent t-test/ paired t-test- 1 sample tested twice or been paired.

Formula:

(before> after= 1 tailed)

(if 2 tailed, devide by two bc. Of 2 rejection regions)

2 Independent sample t-test- population means not related to each other.

Formula:

F-distribution- 3 or more groups

Analysis of Variance of f-test( ANOVA: single factor)- test homogeneity of a
set of means.
  Normal distribution- normally distributed
 Homogeneity of variance- equal standard deviation
 Independence- independent and random

ANOVA TABLE

Source of
Sum of Squares Degrees of Freedom Mean Square
Variation

SST
Treatments SST k-1
k-1
SSE
Within SSE N-k
N-k
Total SS Total

SST – Sum of Squares due to the treatment effect

SST=

SSE - Sum of squares within (error)

SSE=

SS total is the total variation

SS total = SST + SSE

COMPUTE F:

Multiple Comparison (Post-Hoc Test)- when result is significant.

Scheffe’s Method(SCU)- all pairs of means will be compared. (soc-scie& surveys)