Engineering

System
Modeling

Engr. Sardar Muhammad Fahad

B.E (Electro) MS (Elect) MBA (HRM)
02
Modeling and Simulation

• Modeling vs. Simulation

 Modeling vs. Simulation

• Model of a system is the replica of the system, physical or mathematical,

which has all the properties and functions of the system,
• Simulation is the process which simulates in the laboratory or on the
computer, the actual scenario as close to the system as possible.
• In fact, a modeling is the general name whereas simulation is specific name
given to the computer modeling

Car Accident Simulation Building Modeling

 Modeling vs. Simulation

There is a very thin Line between Modeling and Simulation

• Physical models can not be called simulation, but
• Mathematical models can be called simulation.
• Similarly computer simulation can not be given name of
modeling, but
• Mathematical simulation can be called modeling.

Car Accident Simulation Building Modeling

 Types of Models

• Physical Model
• Mathematical Model
• Computer Model
These Models are further defined as
• Static Models
• Dynamic Models
 Physical Model

• Physical model is a scaled down model of actual system, which

has all the properties of the system, or at least it is as close to
the actual system as possible
 Static Physical Model

• Static physical model is a scaled down model of a system which

does not change with time. An architect before constructing a
building, makes a scaled down model of the building, which
reflects all it rooms, outer design and other important features
 Dynamic Physical Model

• Dynamic physical models are ones which change with time or

which are function of time. In wind tunnel, small aircraft models
(static models) are kept and air is blown over them with different
velocities and pressure profiles are measured with the help of
transducers embedded in the model.
• Here wind velocity changes with time and is an example of
dynamic physical model.
 Spring Mass System
• Spring Mass System is an Example of Dynamic Model This is a discrete
physical static model. Discrete in a sense, that one can give discrete values F
and observe the oscillations with some measuring equipment. When force is
applied on it, which is a function of time, this discrete physical static model
becomes dynamic model.
Continued…..
Spring Mass System With Damping Force
Continued…..
 Mathematical Model

• Mathematical modeling is a method that represents and

explains real system and occurrences using math formulas,
descriptions and approaches.
• Professionals use mathematical models to examine, analyze and
predict behavior and events.
• In Physical Model Section, we have seen, how a physical model c
an be converted to mathematical model. Most of the systems
can in general be transformed into mathematical equations.
These equations are called the mathematical model of that
system.
 Static and Dynamic Mathematical Model

• A static model gives relationships between the system attributes

when the system is in equilibrium. Mathematical model of a
system, in equilibrium is called a Static Mathematical Model. Or
• If mathematical model doesn't involve time i.e., system doesn't
change with time, it is called a Static Mathematical Model of
the system.
• If mathematical model involves time i.e., system does change
with time, it is called a Dynamic Mathematical Model of the
system.
 Computer Model

• Computational modeling is the use of computers to simulate

and study complex systems using mathematics, physics and
computer science. A computational model contains numerous
variables that characterize the system being studied.

• Simulation in fact is a computer model, which may involve

mathematical computation, computer graphics and even
discrete modeling
• One can design a computer model, with the
help of graphics as well as mathematics,
which simulates the actual scenario
 Continued…..

• Simulation is a numerical technique for conducting experiments on a digital

computer which involves certain types of mathematical and logical models
over extended period of real time.
• We thus define system simulation as the technique of solving problems by the
observation of the performance, over time, of a dynamic model of the system
In other words, we can define simulation as an experiment of physical scenari
o on the computer.
 Why Simulation is required?

• Simulation makes it possible to study and experiment with the

complex internal interactions of a given system, whether it be a
firm, an industry, an economy, or some subsystem of one of these
.
• Through simulation we can study the effect of certain
informational, organizational, and environmental change on the
operation of a system by making alterations in the model of the
system and observing the effects of these alterations on the
system’s behavior.
• Detailed observation of the system being simulated may lead to a
better understanding of the system and to suggestion for
improving it, suggestions that otherwise would not be apparent.
 Continued….

• Simulation can be used as a teaching tool for teaching both

students and practitioners basic skills in theoretical analysis,
statistical analysis, and decision-making.
• Simulation can be used to experiment with new situations
about which we have little or no information so as to prepare
for what may happen.
• Simulation can serve as a “pre service test” to try out new
policies and decision rules for operating a system, before
running the risk of experimenting of the real system.
THANK YOU