Exercises 10.

4
q q
Comparison Test 10n + 1 5n3 - 3n
In Exercises 1–8, use the Comparison Test to determine if each series 23. a 24. a 2
n = 1 n(n + 1)(n + 2)
2
n = 3 n (n - 2)(n + 5)
converges or diverges.
q q q
25. a a b
n
n 1 1
2n3 + 2
q q q
1 n - 1 1 26. a 27. a
n = 2 2n - 1
1. a 2 2. a 4 3. a ln (ln n)
n + 30 n + 2 n = 1 3n + 1 n=1 n=3
n=1 n=1
q
q q q q
(ln n)2 1 q
(ln n)2
n = 2 2n ln n
n + 2 cos2 n 1 28. a 29. a 30. a 3>2
4. a 2 5. a 3>2 6. a n 3
n=2 n - n n=1 n n = 1 n3 n=1 n n=1 n

2n + 1
q q q
q q ln (n + 1)
n=1 An + 4
1 1
n = 2 n 2n
n + 4
2n2 + 3
7. a 8. a 31. a 32. a 33. a
n = 1 1 + ln n n=2 n + 1
4 2
n=1 - 1
2n
q q q n
Limit Comparison Test 1 - n n + 2
34. a 2 35. a n 36. a 2 n
In Exercises 9–16, use the Limit Comparison Test to determine if each n=1 n + 1 n = 1 n2 n=1 n 2
series converges or diverges. q q q
1 3n - 1 + 1 n + 1 # 1
q
n - 2 37. a n - 1 38. a 39. a 2
9. a 3 n=1 3 + 1 n=1 3n n=1 n + 3n 5n
n=1 n - n2 + 3 q q q
( Hint: Limit Comparison with g n = 1 ( 1>n2 ) ) 2n + 3n 2n - n ln n
2n en
q
40. a n 41. a 42. a
q n=1 3 + 4n n = 1 n2
n
n=1

n=1 An + 2
n + 1
10. a q
2 1
g n = 1 1 1> 2n 22
43. a
1 Hint: Limit Comparison with n!
q
n=2
q q (Hint: First show that (1>n!) … (1>n(n - 1)) for n Ú 2.)
n(n + 1) 2n
11. a 2 12. a q
(n - 1)! q
1
q
1
n = 2 (n + 1)(n - 1) n=1 3 + 4n 44. a 45. a sin n 46. a tan n
n=1 (n + 2)! n=1 n=1
q q
14. a a b
5n 2n + 3 n
n = 1 2n 4
13. a q
tan n -1 q
sec n -1 q
coth n
n
n=1 5n + 4 47. a 1.1 48. a 49. a
1.3
n=1 n n=1 n n=1 n2

2n
q
1
15. a q
tanh n
q
1 q n

n = 1 n 2n
ln n
n=2 50. a 51. a 52. a 2
2 n
n=1 n n=1 n
(Hint: Limit Comparison with g n = 2 (1>n))
q
q q
q 1 1
16. a lna1 + 2 b 53. a 54. a
1
n=1 1 + 2 + 3 + g + n
2 2 2
n n=1 1 + 2 + 3 + g + n
n=1
( Hint: Limit Comparison with g n = 1 ( 1>n2 ) )
q
Theory and Examples
55. Prove (a) Part 2 and (b) Part 3 of the Limit Comparison Test.
Determining Convergence or Divergence
56. If g n = 1an is a convergent series of nonnegative numbers, can
q

anything be said about g n = 1(an >n)? Explain.

Which of the series in Exercises 17–54 converge, and which diverge? q
Use any method, and give reasons for your answers.
q q q 57. Suppose that an 7 0 and bn 7 0 for n Ú N (N an integer). If
limn Sq (an >bn) = q and gan converges, can anything be said
1 3 sin2 n
n = 1 2 2n + 2n n = 1 n + 2n
17. a 18. a 19. a n
n=1 2
3
about gbn? Give reasons for your answer.
q q q
1 + cos n 2n n + 1 58. Prove that if gan is a convergent series of nonnegative terms,
n2 2n
20. a 21. a 22. a
n=1 n2 n = 1 3n - 1 n=1 then gan2 converges.
604 Chapter 10: Infinite Sequences and Series

59. Suppose that an 7 0 and lim an = q. Prove that gan diverges. converges or diverges. Use a CAS to explore the behavior of the
n Sq
60. Suppose that an 7 0 and lim n an = 0. Prove that gan con-
2 series by performing the following steps.
n Sq
verges. a. Define the sequence of partial sums
61. Show that g n = 2 ( (ln n)q >n p ) converges for - q 6 q 6 q and
q
k
1
p 7 1. sk = a 3 2 .
n=1 n sin n
(Hint: Limit Comparison with g n = 2 1>nr for 1 6 r 6 p.)
q
What happens when you try to find the limit of sk as k S q?
62. (Continuation of Exercise 61.) Show that g n = 2 ((ln n)q >n p)
q
Does your CAS find a closed form answer for this limit?
diverges for - q 6 q 6 q and 0 6 p 6 1. b. Plot the first 100 points (k, sk) for the sequence of partial
(Hint: Limit Comparison with an appropriate p-series.) sums. Do they appear to converge? What would you estimate
63. Decimal numbers Any real number in the interval 30, 14 can be the limit to be?
represented by a decimal (not necessarily unique) as c. Next plot the first 200 points (k, sk). Discuss the behavior in
your own words.
d1 d2 d3 d4 d. Plot the first 400 points (k, sk). What happens when k = 355?
0.d1d2d3d4 . . . = + + 3 + 4 + g,
10 102 10 10 Calculate the number 355>113. Explain from you calculation
what happened at k = 355. For what values of k would you
where di is one of the integers 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . , 9. Prove that the series
guess this behavior might occur again?
on the right-hand side always converges.
72. a. Use Theorem 8 to show that
64. If gan is a convergent series of positive terms, prove that
g sin ( an ) converges.
q q
+ aa 2 - b
1 1 1
S = a
n=1 n(n + 1) n=1 n n(n + 1)
In Exercises 65–70, use the results of Exercises 61 and 62 to deter-
q
mine if each series converges or diverges. where S = a n = 1 ( 1>n2 ) , the sum of a convergent p-series.
q
(ln n)3 q

n=2 A
ln n b. From Example 5, Section 10.2, show that
65. a 4
66. a n
n=2 n q
1
q
(ln n)1000 (ln n)1>5
q S = 1 + a 2 .
67. a 68. a 0.99 n=1 n (n + 1)
1.001
n=2 n n=2 n
q q
c. Explain why taking the first M terms in the series in part (b)
1 1
2n ln n
69. a 1.1 70. a gives a better approximation to S than taking the first M
n = 2 n (ln n)
3
n=2 # q
terms in the original series a n = 1 ( 1>n2 ) .
d. We know the exact value of S is p2 >6. Which of the sums
COMPUTER EXPLORATIONS
71. It is not yet known whether the series 1000000 1000
1 1
a 2 or 1 + a 2
q
1 n=1 n n = 1 n (n + 1)
a n3 sin2 n
n=1 gives a better approximation to S?