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Cell Structure and Functions PDF

This document provides information about cell structure and functions. It defines cells as the basic structural and functional units of living organisms and discusses their components. Key points include: 1) Cells are the building blocks that make up all living things. 2) Plant and animal cells differ in structures like cell walls, vacuoles, and organelles. 3) Organelles like mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes and others have important functions for the cell. The document also compares prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and provides labeled diagrams of cells and organelles.

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340 views

Cell Structure and Functions PDF

This document provides information about cell structure and functions. It defines cells as the basic structural and functional units of living organisms and discusses their components. Key points include: 1) Cells are the building blocks that make up all living things. 2) Plant and animal cells differ in structures like cell walls, vacuoles, and organelles. 3) Organelles like mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes and others have important functions for the cell. The document also compares prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and provides labeled diagrams of cells and organelles.

Uploaded by

Viswasri
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Class: VIII

Subject: Biology
CELL - STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS

1. “Cells are the basic structural units of living organisms”. Explain

ANSWER

 Cells are the basic structural units of living organisms because all organisms
are composed of cell. The cells are the building block of life.
 The smallest functional unit of any part is a cell. Cells combine to form
tissues, which further combine to form organs, organs combine to form
organ systems, which further combine to form organism.
 So, cell is the basic structural unit for all unicellular and multicellular
organisms.

2. Write a short note on the following a. Cell membrane b. Cytoplasm

CELL MEMBRANE
 The outermost body of the cell is called cell membrane. It is present in both
plant and animal.
 Cell membrane is made up of lipids and proteins.
 The cell membrane is a semi-permeable membrane, that allows the
transmission of a very few molecules across it. It is also called plasma
membrane.

CYTOPLASM
It is the jelly-like substance present between the cell membrane and the
nucleus. Various other components, or organelles, of cells are present in the
cytoplasm.

3. Differentiate between plant and animal cells.

PLANT CELL ANIMAL CELL


1.Plants cells are generally The cells are smaller
larger than animal cell.
2. Cell wall is present Cell wall is absent
3. Plastids are present. Plastids are absent
4. One single large vacuole is Many smaller vacuoles are
Present present.
5. Centrioles and centrosomes Centrioles and centrosomes are
are absent. present.
4. State the difference between Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.

5. Give a brief description of the nucleus with a neat labelled diagram.


 Nucleus is separated from the cytoplasm by a membrane called the nuclear
membrane.
 This membrane is also porous and allows the movement of materials
between the cytoplasm and the inside of the nucleus.
 With a microscope of higher magnification, we can see a smaller spherical
body in the nucleus. It is called the NUCLEOLUS.
 In addition, nucleus contains thread-like structures called
CHROMOSOMES, which are made up of a material called CHROMATIN
which contains the DNA
 The DNA carries the GENES and help in inheritance or transfer of
characters from the parents to the offspring.
 Nucleus plays a very important role in cell division.
 It also controls all the activities of the cell because of which it is called as
the CONTROL UNIT OF THE CELL.
6. Why lysosomes are called “suicidal bags”?

 Lysosomes are organelles that contain digestive enzymes. They digest


excess or worn out organelles, food particles, and engulfed viruses or
bacteria.
 When a cell gets damaged, lysosome may burst and the enzymes digest
their own cell. Therefore lysosomes are known as the Suicidal bags of a
cell.

7. Why mitochondria are called “the powerhouse of cell”?

 Mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of the cell because it is


responsible for the extracting energy from food through cellular respiration.
 The energy is released in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) which
is an energy currency of the cell.

8. Why do plant cells need cell walls?

 Cell wall provides rigidity to plant cell.


 This provides plant cell protection against the variation of environmental
condition like variation in temperature, humidity etc.

9. Why are chloroplasts found only in plant cells?

 These specialized cell organelles are present only in plants, algae and
photosynthetic bacteria.
 Chloroplasts contain a green colour pigment called chlorophyll, which play
a significant role in the process of photosynthesis by trapping solar energy
to produce the energy molecules.
 Therefore, plants are called the autotrophs, as they can produce their own
food through the process of Photosynthesis.

10. Write a short note on the following and mention their function
a. Plastids b. Vacuoles c. Endoplasmic reticulum d. Ribosomes
e. Golgi bodies f. Centrosomes

a) PLASTIDS
Plastids are present in plant cells only. They are of different colours.
 Chloroplasts are plastids that contain chlorophyll – a green colour pigment
that is essential for photosynthesis. They provide green colour to the leaf.
 Chromoplasts are plastids which contain coloured pigment. They are
present in the coloured parts of the plant.
 Leucoplasts are colourless plastids. They are present in underground parts
of a plant like roots and modified underground stem. They help in the
storage of food.
VACUOLES
 They are membrane bound organelle for storage, digestion and waste
removal.
 In a plant cell vacuoles are large where as in animals cell they are smaller.
 They contain water in which food, waste products, pigments and other
substances are dissolved in it.
 Contractile vacuole –are present in fresh water unicellular organisms. They
help in the removal of excess water.

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
 It is the system of folded networks of membranous tubes which connects
the nuclear membrane to the plasma membrane.
 They allow movement of substances within the cell. They are of two types
rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

RIBOSOMES
 They are minute granule like structure that are attached to the endoplasmic
reticulum or found freely in the cytoplasm.
 They help in protein synthesis.

GOLGI BODIES
 They are sac like membranous structure found near the nucleus.
 They are responsible of transport of materials in and outside the cell.
 The material synthesized near endoplasmic reticulum is packaged and
dispatched to various targets and outside the cell through the Golgi
apparatus.
CENTROSOMES
 They are minute bodies present in animal cell.
 They play a very important role in cell division.

Diagrams to be drawn
Different shapes of cell ( refer pic 8.4)
Plant cell and animal cell
Nucleus

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