Dr. Balu L.

Parne
Assistant Professor,
CoED, SVNIT Surat.
Fundamentals of
Computer & Programming Mobile: +91-9422448729

Mail Id: [email protected]

Dr. Balu L. Parne

Cabin No. CoED-008, Computer

Engineering Department (New
Building), SVNIT, Surat.
Introduction to Computers
 A computer is an electronic data processing device, which
accepts and stores data input, processes the data input, and
generates the output in a required format.

 Computer is an advanced electronic device that takes raw data

as an input from the user and processes it under the control of
a set of instructions (called program) and produces a result
(output).
Which one is the computer ?
Is a rock a computer?
 Does not act or process
 Takes no input and produces no output

Computers must be able to handle input and output.

Is a washing machine a computer?
 Input: dirty clothes
 Output: clean clothes
 Does not handle information.

Computers input and output as information.

Is a television set a computer?
•Input: information from cables or radio waves
•Output: information as sound and picture
•Does not process information

Computers process information by computing new

results and answering queries
Is a modern airplane a computer?

• Input: information from radio waves

• Output: manipulations to the airplane
• Can only handle specific information
necessary for flight control

Computers are general purpose because they can

perform many different tasks
Is an ordinary calculator a computer?

•Input: numbers and mathematical operations

•Output: answer
•Handles any numeric task
•Cannot remember which buttons are pressed

Computers are programmable so they can remember

sequences of operations
Definition of Computer:
 a general purpose,
 programmable,
 information processor
 with input and output

A computer is an electronic device that performs mathematical

and non-mathematical operations with the help of instructions
to process the information in order to achieve desired results.
Arithmetic Operations
Logical
Comparison

Transmitting Info.
Storing Info.

Receiving Info.

and etc ……
Characteristics of Computer:
 Speed
 Accuracy
 Reliability
 Diligence
 Versatility
 Storage Capability
 Resource Sharing
 No I.Q
 No Feelings
But….
 Computers DO NOT THINK!!.
 Computers work as instructed.

Right on,
sir!
Applications of Computers:
 Business
 Banking
 Insurance
 Education
 Engineering
 Health Care
 Communications
 Marketing
 Military
Uses of computer in e –commerce:
 Electronic Mail
 Video Conferencing
 Electronic Shopping
 Electronic Banking
Education:
 Better study moods
 Most understandable and easier
 Internet facility provides a lot of
information from any corner of the
world
Medicine & Health care:
 Patient Monitoring
 Patient Records
 Diagnosis
 Hospital Administration
 Medical History Records
 Life Support System
Entertainment:
Engineering/Architecture/Manufacture:
and many others …
Generations of Computers:
 A computer is an electronic device that manipulates information or
data. It has the ability to store, retrieve, and process data.
 Nowadays, a computer can be used to type documents, send email,
play games, and browse the Web.
 It can also be used to edit or create spreadsheets, presentations, and
even videos.
 But the evolution of this complex system started around 1940 with
the first Generation of Computer and evolving ever since.
Generations of Computers:
 Generations: Stage of technological development or innovation.
 According to the kind of ‘processor’ installed in a machine, there are five
generations of computer
 The First generation (1946-1959)
 The Second Generation (1959-1965)
 The Third Generation (1965 – 1971)
 The Fourth Generation (1971 – 1980)
 The Fifth Generation (1980 – Till Date)
Generations of Computers:
Generations of Computers:
Classification of Computers:
ACCORDING TO FUNCTION OR PURPOSE :

 SPECIAL PURPOSE COMPUTER is a computer that is designed to

operate on a restricted class of problems. It is dedicated to one function
only.
Examples: ATM Machine, Washing Machine, CashRegisters etc.
ACCORDING TO FUNCTION OR PURPOSE :
 GENERAL PURPOSE COMPUTER is a computer that can be
programmed to do many different kinds of tasks, rather than one that is
limited by design to a specific task. Most computers are general
purpose, and can have software installed for many different uses. Lack
in speed and efficiency.
 Examples: Desktop Computer, Laptop Computer
ACCORDING TO THE TYPE OF DATA HANDLED:
 ANALOG COMPUTERS: Were the first type to be produced. They measure
continuous variable, physical quantities such as electrical potential, fluid
pressure, mechanical motion etc. Do not deal with numbers. Measure
continuous physical magnitudes. (temperature, pressure)
 Give approximate results, very fast and less accurate
 Examples: Speedometer of a Car, Gasoline Pump.
ACCORDING TO THE TYPE OF DATA HANDLED:
 DIGITALCOMPUTERS : Handle information that can be counted. Uses digital
circuits and are designed to operate on two states, namely bits 0 and 1.
 These bits can be combined to denote information such as numbers, letters,
graphics, images and program instructions.
 Digital computers are suitable for complex computation and have higher
processing speeds. They are programmable.
 Very accurate
 Examples:
 Desktop Computers, Laptop, smart phones, etc..
ACCORDING TO THE TYPE OF DATA HANDLED:
HYBRID COMPUTERS : is a combination of both analog and digital
computer. Can handle both analog and digital data.
 A hybrid computer combines the best characteristics of both the
analog and digital computer. It can accept data in both analog and
digital form
ACCORDING TO SIZE & PROCESSING POWERS:
 MICROCOMPUTERS: A microcomputer is a small, low cost computer with
a microprocessor as its central processing unit. They are physically small
compared to mainframe and minicomputers. Many microcomputers (when
equipped with a keyboard and screen for input and output) are also
personal computers (in the generic sense).
 Classification within this category includes:
 Desktop
 Workstations
 Laptop
 Handheld
 Embedded computers
What Computers Do
Processor

data
data

Input data Memory data Output

Computer – Components:
Sr. No. Operation Description
The process of entering data and instructions into the
1 Take Input
computer system.
Saving data and instructions so that they are available for
2 Store Data processing as and when required.

Performing arithmetic, and logical operations on data in

3 Processing Data order to convert them into useful information.

The process of producing useful information or results

4 Output Information for the user, such as a printed report or visual display.

Directs the manner and sequence in which all of the

5 Control the workflow above operations are performed.
Hardware
3 groups according to functionalities:

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Memory

Input/Output (I/O)
Computer – Components:
 Computer Hardware:
 Hardware represents the physical and
tangible components of a computer, i.e. the
components that can be seen and touched.
 Examples of Hardware are the following −
 Input devices − keyboard, mouse, etc.
 Output devices − printer, monitor, etc.
 Secondary storage devices − Hard disk, CD,
DVD, etc.
 Internal components − CPU, motherboard,
RAM, etc.
I/O
 Input devices take data into computer systems.
 Keyboard, mouse etc.
 Output devices provide data to outside of the systems.
 Monitor, printer etc.
 Some devices act as both.
 Touch-screen monitor, etc.
 Devices that transmit data are also considered I/O.
CPU  The “brain” of a computer.
 responsible for execute given
instructions.
 arithmetic & logical processing
 control other hardware

Intel Pentium M, Intel CoreTM Solo, Intel CoreTM

Duo, Intel CoreTM 2 Duo, AMD AthlonTM 64, AMD
OpteronTM, Sun UltraSPARC, PowerPC etc.
Central Processing Unit:
 The CPU or microprocessor is referred as the ‘brain’ of a
computer system.

 It is a silicon chip that contains millions of tiny electrical

components.

 CPU controls all external and internal devices and performs

arithmetic and logic operations.

 It interprets, coordinates the operations and supervises the

instructions.
What is Register?
 Temporary high-speed storage area that holds data and
instructions.
 They hold the information that the CPU is currently working on
so they also known as CPU’s working memory.
What is registers?
Component Interactions:
 The CPU controls all of the other resources within the system in order
to accomplish a tasks.
Interaction Between Functional Blocks:
 The set of wires used for interconnection is known as system
bus.
 System bus is used to transmit data from one unit to
another.
 System bus is collection of wires through which data is
transmitted from one unit to another (CPU, Memory and
I/O devices)
 System bus has certain size or width called data path which
is measured in bits.
Interaction Between Functional Blocks:
Interaction Between Functional Blocks:
 System bus is further divided into three logical units: address
bus, data bus and control bus
 Data Bus: It transfers actual data or instructions between the processor,
memory and I/O devices.
 Address Bus: It informs the CPU about the location of the data residing
in the memory. Before data or instructions can be written into or read
from memory by CPU or I/O sections, address must be transmitted to
memory over the address bus.
 Control Bus: It is responsible for making CPU, memory and I/O devices
work together as a functional system, carrying signals to instruct other
units. Status ready/ not ready for read/write of other device.
Multiprocessor systems:
 A computer system which includes only one processor is called a
single-processor system.
 Computer system that include more than one processor are called
multiprocessor systems.
Multiprocessor systems:
 Two popular architectural approaches for building multiprocessor
computer systems are:
 Symmetric Shared Memory Multiprocessor
 Asymmetric Shared Memory Multiprocessor

Common pool of memory connected with

high speed bus

All processor can access all these memory

Asymmetric Multiprocessor:
 One processor act as a controller termed as master
processor, which controls memory unit and other
processors.
 Rest of the processor are termed as slave processor
 The master has access to whole memory but Slave has
access to limited memory
Comparative Analysis of Processors:
PERSONAL COMPUTER INTEL CORE I3 INTEL CORE I5 INTEL CORE I7

Number of Cores 2 4 4

Clock Speed 3.4GHz – 2.4GHz – 2.4GHz –

Range(Several Models) 4.2GHz 3.8GHz 4.2GHz

Cache Memory 3 – 4MB 4 – 6MB 8MB

Turbo Boost No Yes Yes

Memory
 Store data and program.
 2 types:
 Main memory
 Temporary storage (e.g. current program)
 Faster
 More expensive
 Secondary storage
 Store data
 Slower
 Cheaper
Memory
 Main Memory: RAM
 Secondary Storage:
 Floppy disks
 Hard Disk Drives
 Compact Disc (CD) such as CD-ROM, CD-R, CD-RW, etc.
 Digital Video Disc (DVD) such as DVD-ROM, DVD-R,
DVD+R, DVD-RW, etc.
 flash memory devices
ROM & RAM:
Memory Hierarchy:
 The memory is characterized on the basis of two key factors—
capacity and access time.
 Three fundamental types of memory:
 Internal processor Memory
 This memory is placed in CPU and it includes cache memory and special
registers, both of which can be directly accessed by processor.
 Primary Memory
 RAM and ROM fall in the category of primary memory, also known as main
memory.
 Secondary Memory
 Also known as auxiliary memory, secondary memory provides backup storage
for instructions and data.
 Most commonly used secondary memory devices are hard disk, magnetic disk,
and magnetic tapes.
Memory Hierarchy
Mother Board:
Thank You…!!!