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DAA 3rd Unit PDF

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46 views31 pages

DAA 3rd Unit PDF

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Roshan Mungane
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eylan oO KSira Algor to bee og patb ‘inputs [Select for Optimal Solution > Feastble fetetatt Yon 4 40 other node of graph with PRP example hay? = Depends upon al maximim > Creedy Methods 7 Beplain greedy agorihm? What ore Ts odvantages & j aca! ob is Greedy algorithm? What are the advantages and op “The strategy used for achieving the optimal solution is calied Greedy method. Ye word Tamited reso ePy'0 the first _(S-15/6M) J sredy refers to allocating the (maximum possible value cement which enters the éptimal solution. The feasibility ofthe solution is expressed im terms of sare simple and suaightforwarg. They take decisions on the basis off beng the constants ofthe resource “Thus Greedy method depends upon local (short range) .f ») General Characteristics of Greedy Algorithms "ENT Greedy sigorthm and the problems they can solve ae characterized by the following feanres: in an optimal way. To construct the solution of our of values: the coins that are available, the edges of 2 problem, we have a set (or ‘graph that may be used to build a path, the set of jobs to be scheduled etc 2. As the algorithm proceeds, we accumulate two other sets. One contains values that have already been considered and chosen, while the other contains values that have be=n * considered and rejected. ‘3. There is faneton that checks whether a particular set of values prowides solution to cour problem, ignoring questions of optimality for the time being. For instance, do the coins we have chosen add up to the amount to be paid? Do the selected edges provide a path to the node we wish to each? Have all the jobs been scheduled? 4. A second function checks whether a set of values is feasible. that is, whether or not itis possible em compl he st hy ang fate wae 0 151 chin at st ne on to our problem. ‘5. Anoiher function, the selection function, indicates at any time which of the remaining ‘values, that have neither been chosen nor rejected, is the most promising. 6 Finally an objective faction gives the value ofa solution we have found: the number of sivation may aise later. There is no need to evaluate altematives. 2) General Structure of Greedy Algorithm This group ‘of algorithms tries to solve problems which have the following hs soa ‘enced inthe set of values which give an optimal solution and then chee ‘sun, [Alo n inputs may not be included, only those needed to form the optimal solution wil 'eincued. "Each input may consume some resource, which is generally availble in limite ‘aay ‘Wermay say tat the feasible solution represents the basic or the essential requirements ‘Se pobem and the optimal solution denotes the more specific and desirable requirements of roblem. The flow of data is shown in Figure 1. Unrr— mt POT \_ 2. Greedy method is used for obtaining optimum solution, choicd| 3, In Greedy method the optimum selection is without revising previously generics =] _4-Atways taking the best availachaice sual sy ime for greedy algorithms wilt generally be much easier than for ote ‘values, where i will stay from now on. Each ime we enlarge the set of chosen values, we chee | bared coed Wiiplmnated cocci tm er lg ‘whether it now constitutes a solution fo our problem. When a greedy algorithm works correct, = the first solution found in this way is always optimal. hi cred Aiportnes Dinsdveiciges eae 1. Theirprinepal disadvantage i that for many problems thee is no greedy algoritm. 2. Despite their simplicity, comect greedy algorithms can be subtle. 2 3. Once you have found the right greedy approach, designing greedy algorithms canbe easy, However, finding the right approach can be hard 4. Itis posible tat the mast optimal shor-term sluions may lead to the wort posbie long-term outcome. Soest latns donot always produce optimal soins Cpr€ontro\ Abstraction of Greedy Algorithm The abstract algorithm canbe expressed ashe contelalgridum: soon «= empey fa fori tondo x SELECT(@) {as per some optimization criteria) If FEASIBLE(solution, x) then ~ solution «~ UNION(solution, x); uestign 3-£5pcin Knapsack problem in brief with suitable example. % : 2. Knapsack (Bag) Problem eaacey comes Sree ——} The knapsack problem can be defined as: A thief considers taking M pounds of lot. The \C Te tee finctions 0, FEASIBLE and UNIONO doe complete work of iE aBAIE cm ies, each wih weight mand vale», Any amt of nem cn ‘gorithm. Their details will vary from one problem to another: : nthe knapsack as long asthe weight limit M isnot exceeded. = SS 1. SELECTO: Seleci an element from array a{ } such that it has a potential for satisfying the optimality eriteron or seletion policy 2, FEASIBLE(: Checks ifthe selected element x satisfies the feasbiliy criterion. 3. UNIONO: Integrates the element x i the solution, ‘Our aim is to fill the knapsack i.e. bag in a way that maximizes the value of the included ict, while respecting the capacity constaintIn this problem we assume that the objects 2 be broker eee | this case, object i contribuies x, w, to the total weight inthe knapsack, and px 10 the . In symbols, the problem can be stated as follows: Fe 2 Design and Analysis of AgorithAlen ond analpas of gore B Unrr— mt unrr= tl wdootse Weave Total Weight= > w,x, cu then [No space, taken car of outside loop} break; ond mae cuecu— 0; There ara east ow posible selection functions a each tage for this problem: {XT fit solution i a random solution. (Optional 2. Second we might choose the most valuable remaining object, anving that this inereascs the value ofthe load as quickly as possible: 13. Third we might choose the lightest remaini capacity as slowly as possible; or ject. on the grounds that this uses »p A ew the [ if objects with higher proft could not be sccommodeit®'nnd still space] 4, Fourth we might avoid these extremes ies gees aes areal ‘remains, then fill by lesser profit objects } weight is as high as le. i Table 1 and Table 2 show how these different methods wrk in one particular instance. ‘Here we have five objects, and M = 100. rit 1. Random: If we select the random objecs to Sl the knapsack in any order than we Choose frst object 5, then object 4 and finaly we fill apeack with object 1. The value ofthe soon band nth way is 60+ 40+ = 0 igh 50+ 40 10= 100) 2. Max Profit If we select the objects in order ng ‘nalue, then we choose Tst object 3, then object 5, now the next object is 4 and its weight is 40, but we want only 20. oo Soe chose factional pt objet ie, west oly Spar of obec 4x8 gO yo\C _ Height Required _20_ 9 ate ‘Actual Weight 40 ne eagemme — 3 ant contains the weight ios se pcre ch at arc in pow-increasing order. : Mis the capacity ofthe knapsack, “M0:n — 1} isthe solution vector. These are ll rea! numbers. 1) Algorithm Proof Sketch ‘Consider the most valv ible object weighing - If we remove weight w of item i from sick the te remaining oad ast ona te opti selection the ter (n— 1) ems a a bjct 4 as Weight Required _ 40 _ 4 y ““Aetual Weight ~ 50 ‘Thus the maximum value is 2204304664 . wT ] 80) Se [ao] a) © yO of i Tapas proven ‘Solution x | ‘Value Random eyo 726 Max Profit] Tost cmv in Weight a 156 warm, | [AT] a] 8] a8 [1a Opin Sotatony optimal solution Explain the knapsack algorithm to find an con® 7 whore capacity M = 15, (¥/1 W2 .--.w7) = (2-3, 5,7, (S-14/S-15/6M/8M) __ Welght Required 4 | 9 67 ‘Acwal Weight and now the knapsack is fl: The __ fetal Profit of Object at ight Required = de 44 +4247. (weight: 44+5+2+4=15) xWeight Required Bas 22 is 643410454184 12= 54. (weight: 1+1+2+3_ the objects in order of decreasing P,/W, ratio, we choose fist object is 2 and its weight is 3, but we want only 2. So we select only 0.67 part of object 2 as Table 2: Four greedy approaches tothe instances for Table 1 ‘Design and Analysis of Algoril Ure = ttt ‘We can Keep the jobs inthe set in an aay fl} sorted by non-decoating order ean, which will be easier to perform the fs umbers are given in non-increaing order of profit, this their deadlines are stored ina] in order Fino Let m= 4, profit vector P = “Assume exceaton time of each jobs onetime w Solution: ‘Now, sor the jobs according their profit in desending order as 7 Job Pris Sy Allocated lity check. Instead, we assume that j J0b Py is allocated 20, 25), deadline vector D = (2,1, 2, A We have occupied all the given slots. We have executed Py and P, with profs 3 {jobs must be done in the order shown, first 2 and then 1s inode to obey the deine 2 ‘maximum profit is 23543065 Txample 7:Find a solution 1o the scheduling problem with n=4, = “hy Slots for job allocation ‘The dain specifies the maximum tne to complete the specific job, Now losis , starting with Py, the deadline specified is 1, ‘we will allocate the.0-1 slot {ob based on deal Prasshown below: der the maximim deadliné as cloc locate the jobs inthe specific slot. Tpit tara est Pi} 100 | 10 | 15 | 27 Deadline values Solution: — ihejobe according tir rtp desing rdpes . eats 715 nec | 100} 27 | 15 [10 « geod OG se a;z{s.l2|;1+? eer ee") Now, 2 ‘The maximum deadline is 2. So we consider the maximum deadline as clockwise smu: have plotted 0-2 structure in order to allocate the jobs in the specific slot. "i 4 Hel gy Job P: is 7 allocated é 8 ya® 0. Am ‘ “iN yt ed Deadline vit ¥e eo 4 stots for job 1 values eo allocation rey ya! mrad p ‘The deadline specifies the maximum time to complete the specific job. Now aici job based on deadline, starting with Py, the deadline specified is 2, we will allocate ne FP1 as shown below: oe perenne aa 4 Design and Anal of Agortis yore Sep by Step | Step by Step Unerr — 7 4 Now allocates the job based on deadline, starting with P,, the deadtine specified is 2. we will allocate the 1-2 slot to P, as shown below: 1 Job Pris allocated : Job Pris : _ Next job we have is Pa, the deadline specified is 1, we will allocate the 0-1 slot to Ps as sountelow 2 [Next job we have is Ps, the deadline specified is 1, we will allocate the 0-1 slot to Ps Job Pais allocated shown below: 1 u Job Pi is allocated 2 Wehave occupied all the given slots. We have executed P; and Py with profits 100 and 27. Our {in this case-is therefore to execute the set of jobs {1, 4}, which can only be done 0 We hve ceipe lhe ven sls, We have eect Pan Ps with profi 50 and 30. Our ‘optimal solution in this case-is therefore to execute the set of jobs (1, 4}, whnch cam only be dome 2 : inthe onder 4,1. Thus the maximum profit is ample 8: With n = 4 and the valves (pr, Pas Py Pa) = (50, 10, 15, 30) and (dh, da, dy, ds) = 2, 1, =50+30=80 S- 2,1) Find the optimal solution =~ maximum profitis a: 0 othe obs according their profit in descending order as ae e-< OBS ee SEL EEE] . oti? wea oo &: 1] 30 | 30 [15 [10 ae serge * caer oo 4 Solution: maxi is2. Sowe : irmum deadline is 2. So we consider the maximum deadline as clockwise structure. si snalicteelnalia elie aie TTI? +7578 a » Papa pis po prys]s Sloe fob n fete auuH “Toe maxi vum deaine is 3. So we Consider the maxiwutn denne a clockwise strats, We ‘eve plot d 0 sructure in order to alot te bs in theses St 3 ee iain Tinasis of Algorittins SeplySup_________________r- ‘We have occupied all the given slots. We have executed P,P, and P, with profit. 20, 15 ‘and 7. Our optimal solution inthis case-is therefore to execute the set of jobs {1, 2,4}, which cay nly be done inthe order 2, 4 1. Thus the maximum profi i =15+7420=42 ‘The deadline specifies the maximum time to complete the specific job. Now allocates the ob based on deadline, starting with P,, the deadline specified is 3, we will allocate the 2-3 slot to Pas shown below: {/4AMlinimum Spanning Trees K ~ “The minimum spanning tree problem is to find a subset T of the edges of G such that ait nodes remain connected when only the edges in T are wed, and the sum al the lng of be gs in Tis x small ax possible. Each edge has assigned a non-negative length. As G is connected, atleast one souion exists. 1°G has edges of length 0 then thee may exist several solutions whose total leagih se 3 ; same bt ifit involves different numbers of edges. Fox example, given two solitons wih equal til length we prefer the one with ent mare BEE : ae ge bss sv ray eget es deft aut kag we can cine 3 cox cach eg. The poem hen fad at of Ss cacy nor eae ‘Let G’ = (W, A) be the partial graph formed by the nodes of G and the edges im T, and cmpgers hem aoe. Acoma pap with aes cts tt ool, ‘so this is the minimum number of edges there can be in T. 1a gaph Ga comctd sad has more tan (21) ees wd conn not gee Hea we om romeo aan tes wont acing i pv we : chee map fig of «ca Fs be ealy (21) nig ee Sen [Next job we have is, he dealin specified i'l, but the slots akeady occupied so we | Someta it must be a tree. The graph "is called minimum spanning tee forthe graph G oe ~~ scot Fontan ater eoaee Nex wens Pt nie pide, which indy ocd bt te st 12s ens we allt Poth empty st 12 sho below i i : : (2) Undirected graph (©) Some ofits spanning tees Figure 2: An undirected graph and some ofits spanning tees Ina practical situation, the edges will hve a weight or cost associated with it, For u Pesign and Analysis of Algorithms 4 Desiey and Analysis of Algorithms Next job we have is P, the deadline specified is 1, we will allocate the 0-1 slot to Pas, shown below: gorithm: The edges are considered in non-decreasing order of weights; the edges is such that i i possible to complete Tinto a tee; thus T may gorithm; this also results in a minimum cost tre; this 2. Prim's Algorithm: The set of edges selected so far always forms a tree; the next edge to be added is such that not only it adds @ minimum weight, but also forms a tree with the ‘evious edges; it can be shown that this algorithm results in a minimum cost mee; this alled Prim's algorithm. i 's Algorithm =~ In this methods, the minimum spanning tee is build edge by edge i. selecting the er cde with respect to its cost and continue upto all the nodes is covered and there are Step by Step ner — i "The set T of edges is initially empty, As the algorithm progresses, edges are added to 7. So log ait has not founda solution, the patil graph formed by the nodes of G andthe edges in consist of several connected components Intlly when 7s empty, each node of G form a distinct trivial connected component. ‘The elements of 7 included in a given connected component frm a minimum spanning Wee for the noes ia this component. At the end ofthe algorithm only one connected component remains, $0 Tis then a minimum spoming ire forall he nodes of 6. We examine the edges of Gin order of increasing length. Ian edge joins two nodes in Aiferentcomecied component, we adit tT. Ths, the two connected components now fom nly one component. Otherwise the edge is rejected: it joins two nodes inthe seme connected component, and therefore cannot be added to T without forming a cycle. The algorithm stops only when one ‘connected component remains. The algorithm is given below: ‘global £[0: m1}, 10: m— 1]; Ter ‘while contains fewer than (n— 1 edges and E + 4 do take next lowest cost edge (v, w) from E; {optimization criterion ] amar, win Es used if (q w).does not create a cycle in T then feasibiliy check] ada (v,w) to 7; else ignore (vw); ad end A) Time Complexity ‘The algorithm bas a worst case time complexity, exchading the time to sort the edges, of the order O(¢ log eh where eis the number of edges in the graph. Design and Analysis of Algorithms Design and Anas of Algorithms Consider the given graph. Sort the edges in increasing order and select the edge with ‘inionum weight Edge st @| 3) a] | w) al 9 Fist we wil select all te vers. Care shoul be ake or not oming mca and all the vertices should be visited, oO. © © @ © © © Step 1: Select the shortest edgp, whichis {1, 2} witha cost of 1 0 adit to Tand draw the edge {1,2) as shown below. 5 es Design and Analysis of Algorithms Step 2: The next shortest edge is {2, 3) witha cost of 2, so ada it to T and draw the edge {2,3} O—-@—-@ 1s shown below. o Step 3: The next shortest edge is (4, 5} with a cost of 3, so add it to Tand draw the edge {4,5} 1s shown below. Step 4: The next shortest edge is {6, 7} with a cost of 3, so add it to T'and draw the edge (6,7) ‘shown below. Design as TAnalysl of Algorithms © © @ Ce re tre OOH Sense Talalization OF ae 2 © ; On’ 3 z Step The ent shores eis, 4) (47) (2, 5} with a cost of 450 we select (1,4) is on 7 7) W2345,67) ‘rst Come First Serve Basic, 30 adit to and draw the edge {1,4} as shown below, ‘When the algorithm stops, T contain the chosen edges (1,2), (2,3). {4,5}, (6.7), (1,4) and (4,7). The minimum spanning tre is consttvcted and its total length i 17 1) PA's Algorithm {In Kruska's algorithm the selection function chooses edges in increasing onder of length ‘without worrying too mich about their connection to previously chosen edges, except that we are careful never to form a cycle. The result is a forest of tees that grows somewhat haphazardly, il al he components ofthe forest merge int a single ee. In Prin’ algorithm, the minimum spanning tre grows ina natural way, starting fom an arhirary root. Al each stage we add new branch 1 the tee already contacted he algoithm stops when all he nades have been reached Let B be set of nodes, and, T'a set of edges. Initially, B contains a single arbitrary node, and Tis emply. At ech step Prin’ algorthn looks for the shortest possible edge {1 »} such that w € Band v € MB, Itthen adds v to B and (u,v) to T- In this way the edges in T form at any instant a minimum spanning tee forthe nodes in B. We continue thas as lng as B # N. The Algorithm is given below: IntNEAR [0:n= 1h j&T real mint & D& edge with minimum wr; io — HT Ds THe Os sep 6: The next shortest edge is (4, 7}, (2; 5} witha cost of 4, so we select {4, 7} is on First First Serve Basic, so 244 itt Tand draw the edge (4,7) as shown below. ‘The sbove tre is the required minimom spanning tree whic is generaied by Krstal’s 1m. In this there are m nodes and (n— 1) edges and total length is 17. The solution 25 follows, {initialize NEAR } fori¢- Oton- bdo iW, N< WT Bh then Design and Analyte of Algorithms ‘Design and Analysis of Algorithms pay ee ee A) Tine Complexity shou “The ne compo Prt prt a of 7 : sec oman tx a rn pO Ps Net 0 ee oe ow, we wil considera he vertices ft. Then we wil slot m5 o> wih era o Oo 9o NEAL) +0 and WIE, MEARE] > WUE, f] them £ NEAR[E] <, ° : = @ We: in Tan array of stractares (if storing misiomum spanning tree; algorithm returns the minisouma wt found. a Unrr— it Step 5 Te next ont edge a (7) witha cont of 4 wad ito Tand aw eee (4,7) sssievn blow. Step 6: The next shortest edge is (7, 6} with a cost of3, sod it to T and draw the edge {7.6} 2s shown below. . ‘The above tree is the required minimum spanning tree which is generated by Prim’s slgrtim, In this there are m nodes and (n — 1) edges sn total length is 17 The saution roceds a fllows - Step | Eage considered Le fu »] | Connected Components Initialization —_ a 1 (2) 23) wa 45} aT a) When te algoritim sop, T contains the choven ees ( {4.7} an (7,6). The minimum spanning rei consrcted and its Design ar tAnalysis of Algorithms 8 4: The next shortest edge is (4, 5} with a cost of 3, so add it to Tand draw the edge (4,5) teow. = = a ep by St Example 12: Write the Kruskals and Prim's algorithm to generate |} minimum cost spanning tree. Simulate the algorithm for given graph. + 2 (W-13/14M) |} Sotution: 2) By Kruskals Algorithm Consider the given graph. Sort tbe edges in increasing order and select the edge with minimum weight. Cost Edge Cost T 1D 2 T GE 3 7 1D. EF 3 (AB) 2 DF 4 1B. Cc} 2 First we will select all the vertices. Care should be taken for not forming a circuit and all the vertices should be visited. @ © @ ® © Step 1: Select the shortest edge, which is {A, C) with a cost of 1, so add it to Tand draw the edge (A, C} a8 shown below. py a6 Ur Step 2: The next shorst edge is (B, D) with cost of, 0 add it to Tand draw te Ege (, py 25 shown below. © rants A Step 3: The next shortest edge is {E, F} with a cost of 1, so add it to 7 and draw the edgt (E, F) as shown below. ©——® Step 4: The next shortest edge is {A, B} with a cost of 2, so add it to T and draw the edge {A, 3} as shown below. ‘Step 5: The next shortest edge is {C, E} with a cost of 3, so add it to T and draw the edge (C.E} as shown below. The above tree isthe required minimum spanning tree which is generated by Algorithm. In this there aren nodes and (n — 1) edges and total length is 8. The solution roe asfollows. Design and Analysis of Algorithms Rejected (As it forms cycle) BCD.EF) When the algori contains thm stops, 7 the chosen edges (A, C), (B,D), (E,F}, (A, B) E). The minimum spanning tre is constructed and its total length is & Prims Algorithm Now, we will consider all the vertices fist. Then we wil select an edge with minimum . The algorithm proceeds by selecting adjacent edges with minimum weight. Care should for not forming a circuit. And all the vertices should be visited. a” "6 Oi gO © Ject the shortest edge from root is (A, C} with a cost of 1, so add it to T and draw the @—_—_© © ; edge is (A.B) with cont of, 50 itt T and daw the ge (A.B) next shortest C) as shown below. = - 1—_() witha cost of 1, s0 248 to T and draw the edge (B,D) © © draw the edge {C, E} Step 3: The next shortest edge is (B,D) ss shown below. @ 1 ©) sep 4: The next hotest edge is (C,E} with cost of 3, 0 ad tto T and sown ee O—-_©——-® 2 ©—_—©) © ‘Step 5: The next shortest edge is {E,F) with a cost of 1, so add it io T and draw the edge {E, F) as shown below. ‘The above tree is the required minimum spanning tree which is generated by Prim's 1) edges and total length. is 8. Now the solution algorithm. In this there are m nodes and (7 Progress as follows: Step | Edge considered Le (sv) | Connected Components Thitialization = TAY 1 {A.C} {A.C} low. 7_Design and Analysis of Algorithms Design ai d Analysis of Algoriihons Sep by Step Unrr—m | Step 1: Select the shortest edge, which is (Vy, Vs) with a cost of 1, so add it to T and draw the «J edge (Vs, Vs) a8 shown below, © © | o- © Step 2: Select the shortest edge, which is (Vs, Vs} with a cost of 3, so add it to T and draw the W | edee tvs, oa 2 e 7 2) By Kruskals Algorithm | Sort the sin increasing order ad select the edge with misimum weight | Edge | Cost Edge | Cost Edge t | W.Va | Te W.Va | IF 1. Ved i Wiva | 3 Wava | a6 i. Vad @) | | wva | 4 {ave | 17 1s Ver W.Va | 9 W.Va | 20 Wavy First we will slect all the vertices. Care should be taken for not forming a eieut and all the vertices should be visited. © © ‘Step 3: Select the shortest edge, which is (Vs, Vz} with a cost of 4, so add it to T'and draw the | ‘edge (Vs, Vs) as shown below. 3) a) e) oe] S lor - Une m wir ead With a cost * js generated by Kroskal’s sa & See Oe which is (Vs, Va) wit a ‘f9, 90 add it to T and daw th we tee Is the required minimumn spanning tree which by edge (Vi. Vo 8 shown below, ; re are n nodes and (n — 1) edges and total length is $7. The solution (i. ViVi, Va Vi ‘Rejected (As it forms eycle) ‘Rejected (As it forms cycle) (Vi, Van Vis Ves Ves Vil (Vel = | Rejected (Ast forms eyele) (Vi, Vin Vis Ves Ves Vani) Step 5: Select the shortest edge, which is (Vs, Vs) wi edge (Va, Vsb as shown below, ifsc oe 7 ee ops, T contains the chosen edges (Vs, Vs}. (Vs. Val. {Va Vo. |. Vs). The minimum spanning tree is constructed and its total lengths Sitp 6: Select the shortest edge, which is (Vi, Ve) with a cost of 23, so add ito T-and draw the tdge (V4, Vs} as shown below. ‘ © © shortest edge from root is Vi, Vs} with cost of 1, so add it to and draw the '} a shown below. “The next shortest edge is {Vs, Vs) with a cost of 17, s0 add it to T and draw the eee ‘Step 2: The next shoitest edge is {V, Vs} with a as shown below. {V2, Vz} as shown below. 1 4 @ @) © © Step 3: The next shortest edge is {Vs, V2} with a cost of 9, so add it to 7 and draw the © Sup 6:-The next shortest edge is (V1, Vel witha cost of 23, so add it to T and draw the es {Vs, Ve} as show below. ‘ {Vs, Vo) as shown below. ‘The above tree is the required minimum spanning tree which is generated by Prin’s Step 4: The next shortest edge is {Vs, Ve) with a cost of 3, s0 adit to T and draw the eff algorihm, In ths there are n nodes and (n — 1) edges and total length is $7. Now the solution {Vs, Ve) as shown below. ‘Design and Analysis of Algorith on Step 4: Select the shortest edge, which is {5, 7} with a cost of 15, so add it to T'and draw.” edge {5,7} as shown below. r i ‘The above tee, isthe required minimum spanning tree which is generated by Kruskal's Step 5: Select the shortest edge, which is (4, 5) with a cost of 20, so adi to T and drawfthm. In this there am nodes and (»~1) edges and total length is 109. The solution edge {4,5} as shown below. pyro * ippyPrims Algorithm 7 bby Si Step by Step ‘Now, we will consider all the vertices first, . ‘Step 3: The next shortest edge is ‘Thee we wil select an edge with in pig The algnthm proceeds by selecting adjacent edges with — 16 shown below. Oo ie i © “_unr—m 725) with a cost ofS, v0 ad it to T and draw the edge (2.5) © ® Ooo ae Qo. NG QO suep 1: We atitrarly choose node 1 asthe tating node. Select the shat ede from rool shown below, (1,3) witha cost of 25, s0 it to Tand draw the edge (1, 3) as shown below. ee. Be eG) © Step 4: The next shortest edge is {5, 7) with a cost of 15, so.add it to T and draw the edge (5. 7) © ‘Step 5: The next shortest edge is (6,7) with a cost of 10, so add it to T and draw the edge (6, 7) step: The next shortest edge i (3, $) with a cost of 4 0 adit Tand daw he edge 43,4 shown below. ween © @ © © © ‘ ‘Step 6: The next shortest edge is (4, 5) witha cost of 23, o add itt» and draw the edge (4, S} © seo an znd Anas of gril len and Analyt of Algorahns vt i a a Stop by tg | 58 Step erm | READ i ys {graph shown in above figure in increasing order of length, the edges sy: 12, 6), {1,4}, (3. 5)s (2, 5). (1, 5, (2, 3}, and (3, 6}. The solton Step 7: The next shortest edge is (4, 8} with a cost of 23, so add it to T'and draw the edge (4, 8) | proceeds (3, 5). The minimum spanning tree is shown below and its total length algorithm. In this there are m nodes and (n — 1) edges and total length is 109. Now the sotution i) By Prim’s Algorithm We arbitrarily choose node 1 as the starting node. Now the solution progress 2 follows: ‘Step Eage considered Le («, ) ‘Connected Compoents: Initialization = oD T 2) 2) en 6 az 2.6) 2 1.2.6) minimum spanirng tee is constricted . Ie and Aap of gore 7 — Design and Analysis of Algorithms User 1 find query takes an element and tells us which set i i im We will not sapport that beeak up a St into two or more sets Data sractoes designed 10 sopport these are called partition or wnion/find data stroctores. Union-find data strucaes start off by having with every clement m 2 separate set 28 Tantus [tense [tant [res [vom [Tm ] Similarly, we unite Tata with VSNL, the sesult being called VSNL and TataElexi with the result being called TataElexi as shown in Figure 5. Tata Motors Tat Steel_ | Tata Blexi TCS | VSNL Tass | ones, whese Vis the tof modes mad A is i he sto gs wc cose te pra schon Mate ht: 1 Wnodes w and v are i the same te, then ang the edge (u,v) to A creates a cycle 2 Wnedes a nd v sce notin the same tee, then ding the ede (u,v) 10 A does not erat ote. Tie guy “lane aw rom “nou Sige we fer i ts tom omen ge te its ares | VTS ‘The problem that arises is how to test whether u and v are in the same tree. Tis question can be | shred oe levee of plementation: 1 Higher evel: We can use » Disoin-set dats srsctue. Vertices ina tee are ‘tbe inthe same set. Then the testis FlndSetu) = FindSet(), ‘The query find (TataSteel)" now returns "TataBlexi". When Tata takes over TataElexi, --crything will bein one set and no further mergers will be possible. The obvious data structure for disjoint sets would have the following stractre: With this data structure, find operations take O(1) time. Hence, we say that lst-based isjoint sets use the quick-find slgorithm. But, the union operations are slow. because when the ‘wo sets are united, we must walk through one set and rlabel all the elements so that they "ference the other se. Space limitations prevent us from analyzing this algorithm in detail. 4 ee oar seeed tio int Sets and the Quick-Union Algorithm. {In tree-based disjoint sets, union operations take O(1) time at m Baonpenet of eer ft called a find query, in which we ask a question similar to, “What corporation docs TCS be ‘Design and Analysis of Al Te PP PPP e Ee Fenes tase | tapns [wan] | oF Fae Soe Te? 8 1 2 ts Tr Ti 53 9 06 aa Motor Ta Stet Tam Bi 1S] VSNL Tea - oy Tea Bes a Stel cs SS Ne | Lert and 02 be elements at os of ei Teast itarray(roo2)]

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