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The Treaty of Versailles Creates

New Nations
– Poland is created
– Czechoslovakia
is created
– Yugoslavia is
created
– Hungary is given
complete
independence
– Finland is created
– The Baltic nations
(Latvia, Estonia,
Lithuania) are
created
Gone

Gone

Gone

Gone

Gone
Failure of Democracy
• Economic = people were jobless
• Political = weak governments could not solve
problems in their countries. Fear of Jews and
Communists
• Social = times of unrest people look for a
leader.
• For democracy to thrive it needs stability,
good economic conditions, and the people
have to want it.
dictators
Totalitarianism
I want your
mind, body,
• In a totalitarian regime, the state (government)
andnearly every aspect of the individual's
controls
life. children!
• Totalitarian governments do not tolerate
activities by individuals or groups such as labor
unions that are not directed by the state's goals.
• Totalitarian regimes maintain themselves in
power through secret police, propaganda, the
elimination of open criticism of the government,
and use of terror tactics.
• Internal and external threats are created to
foster unity through fear.
• The needs of the State have priority over
everything else
•Power of government rests in one man.
•TOTAL POWER
•No freedoms in this society- Supression of
free press and individual rights
•Usually racist and discriminatory towards
certain groups (like Jews)
•Often have large militaries and must
expand and conquer to gain approval from
their people.
dictators
Nazism
• Nazism is a different
kind of fascism. It
emphasized:
– the inequality of the
races
– and the right of the
strong to rule the weak,
– called for the elimination
of those deemed to be
inferior (Jews, Gypsies,
the disabled).
Italy: Benito Mussolini
Il Duce
• He wanted to
reestablish the Roman
Empire
• Conquers Ethiopia in
1936
• Allies himself with
the Germans as soon
as the Nazis take
power.
Italy---Fascism
Believe, Obey and
Fight
Goal was to Revive
the Roman Empire
He rules from 1922-
1943

Fascism
•Exalts nation and sometimes race above the
individual
•uses violence, propaganda and censorship to
suppress political opposition
•engages in severe economic and social standards
•implements totalitarianism
The Soviet Union
• Once the
Communist seize
power in 1918, they
focus on getting
their house in order,
they consolidate
and focus on
modernizing their
country.
• Agents are sent
around the world in
an attempt to export
the revolution.
Vladimir Lenin(1870-1924)
• Leader, part of the
cause, and winner of
the Russian
revolution/civil war
• Responsible for at least
1,000,000 deaths
during the Civil War
• Believed that violence
was necessary to purge
the party
Lenin’s DEAD!!!

•January 1924 Lenin Died------------Power Struggle Ensued


Stalin vs. Trotsky

•Unknown to Masses •Public figure (Hero of Rev.)


•Networked (Details)
•Creator of the Red Army
•NOT Charismatic
•More Visible
•Lack of Cosmopolitanism (No
Foreign Language, etc) •Seen as Lenin’s Heir Apparent
Trotsky
• After Lenin’s death
there is a power
struggle between
Trotsky and Stalin
• Trotsky probably
suffered from Bi-polar
disorder, he went
through periods of
deep depression
Trotsky

• Trotsky loses the power


struggle to Stalin and is
exiled.
• He goes on a world tour, he
denounces Stalin and
Stalin’s flavor of
Communism.
• Stalin was always concerned
about his image, he vows to
have Trotsky silenced.
Mexican-born Nora
Volkow (Trosky’s great
granddaughter) is
currently head of the
U.S. National Institute on
Drug Abuse.
• Stalin (Iosif Dzhugaswvilli) comes out
on top
– His rise to power is very slow and
Stalin
methodical, he lets his enemies
fight and then sides with the winner
– He never held a job, never finished
school, spent many years in exile,
robbed banks to get funds for the
communists, thug, murderer
– Drafted but rejected by Russian
military during WW I because of
arm injury
– Rose up in ranks of Bolshevik Party
– One of the original 7 Politburo
members
– Intellectual and political genius
– Brutal, worse mass murderer in
history, probably responsible for
over 20 million deaths. “Death solves all political
problems.”
•1921/Soviet Union
Communism
•Will rule the Soviet
Union from 1927-
1953

Goal was to Spread


Communism
throughout the world
•Stalin maneuvered himself into becoming the leader
of the Soviet Union around 1927.
•Stalinism (an extreme form of communism) believes
in NO private ownership of property and constant
purification of the party.

dictators
Stalin
Stalin
• Set the Soviet Union on a massive
program to industrialize and
nationalize the economy (the 5 year
plan)
– Collectivized all farms
– The government sets all quotas,
supervises all production, and
provides all needed resources.
– Quotas will be met or else
– Resistors will be executed or sent
to the gulags.
– Command Economy
– Starves his own population in
order to meet production goals.
 5 Yr. Plans
 Collectivization of
Farms
Resistance to Collectives
 Seen as “second civil war”
1929-1933
 Kulaks
 Cattle –50% reduction
 Sent to the Gulag or killed

Famine of 1932-1933 –6 million


starve to death
Stalin admitted to Churchill at
Yalta that he killed 10 million.
III. Nature of the Soviet State
 Great Purges
 1933-34----1/3 of party members Purged (Gulag)
 1936------2nd wave of purges
 1938-----”Show Trials” watched by Western
powers
***** Old Bolsheviks (Close to Lenin/Trotsky)
Wiped out
EX: Bukharin “confessing”
 1937-38----Military Purge (35,000 officers purged)
Good Stalin
Stalin Era Posters

Dearly Loved Stalin-The Fortune of the People


Glory to the Great
Stalin

Work so that
Comrade Stalin
will say thank you
Let live and
strengthen the
indestructible
friendship and
cooperation of
the Soviet and
Chinese
people
Man of the Year 1942
Good old uncle Joe,
Bad Stalin
Stalin
• To eliminate
opposition, Stalin
began a series of
purges
– Purges: are the
removal of enemies
and undesirable
individuals from
positions of power.
Stalin
Stalin
• Victims of the purges
would be:
– Executed
– Forced to commit
suicide
– Sent to a Gulag
– Forced to name other
wreckers or saboteurs
(enemies of the
revolution)
So what’s a Gulag?

A gulag is a place where


you can be reeducated and
rehabilitated
These enemies of the
state needed to be
rehabilitated
People sent to the gulag would
be exiled to a remote location
At the gulag you would learn
how to work with your hands
Some gulags had factories
Some gulags were mining camps
You would be provided with a
place to live
You would be given free food
• Prisoners’ daily bread
ration.
Yes the gulag was a happy place
And if you died you would be
provided with a free tombstone
Germany: After World War I
• No army
• No Air Force
• Attempt at
democracy
– Weimar Republic
– Very weak
– Unstable
– Not really supported
by the German
people
Germany: Hitler
I’m looking
good with
• Born in Austria 1889 this
• Frustrated artist mustache

• Served in the German


army during WW1
(decorated)
– Wounded in a gas attack,
rumored he may have
lost a testicle
• Joined National
Socialist German
Workers Party (Nazis)
1921
Hitler was an
angry baby!
Germany: Hitler
• A charismatic speaker
with a magnetic
personality, he quickly
assumes a leadership
position within the
Nazi party.
• Led a failed revolt in
1923, sentenced to 5
years in prison but
serves only one
What’s up
Homies!
Germany: Hitler

• His time in prison has


given him credibility, it
shows that he’s willing
to sacrifice himself for
his beliefs.
• He comes out of prison
a celebrity
• Hitler vows to keep the
party within the law, to
take power by legal
means.
Germany: Hitler
• Throughout the
1920’s the Nazis
gain power at all
levels of
government
– They promise to bring
Germany back to
greatness, they blame
Jews, Communists,
and the Treaty of
Versailles for all of
Germany’s problems.
Germany: Hitler
• The Great Depression created the
conditions for the Nazis’ rise to
power, in the 1932 election they
gain a majority in the Reichstag,
but Hitler loses the presidential
election.
• President Hindenburg appoints
Hitler Chancellor in 1933
The Reichstag Fire

• Within a month of
Hitler being made
Chancellor the German
Reichstag is set on fire,
the Jews, Communists,
and Jewish Communists
are blamed.
The Reichstag Fire
• Hitler persuaded President Hindenburg
to sign an emergency decree. This
authorized Hitler to suspend all civil
rights and arrest and execute any
suspicious person.
• When president
Hindenburg died in
1934, Hitler
combines the offices
of President and
Chancellor, and has
the Parliament vote to
turn all power over to
the new “Fuhrer”
• As soon as Hitler takes
power he eliminates
ALL political
Germany: Hitler
opposition
– The “night of the long
knives,” Hitler has over
200 political opponents
murdered.
Germany: Hitler
• “He alone, who
owns the youth,
gains the Future!”
– -- Adolf Hitler, 1935
The Jews

• The persecution of the Jews was going on during their


rise to power, but it gains momentum once they are in
control.
• Boycotts of Jewish businesses are organized
• Jewish civil rights are suspended
• The idea is to force the Jews out of Germany (the
Holocaust starts later)
Germany Rearms and Expands
• To boost the German
economy and to
prepare for territorial
expansion, the Nazi
Party began spending
money on rearming
Germany.
•If he had to fight the British and French he did not want to fight the Soviets, too.
•Hitler and Stalin sign a non-aggression pact and divide Poland.
Munich
Conference
•September 17, 1939- Russia invades Eastern Poland.
•Polish officers are slaughtered by Stalin's NKVD
(KGB) in 1940, Katyn Forest Massacre.
•September & October, 1939- Soviet troops occupy
Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. Finland resists Stalin's
demands.

•November 1939- The Soviet Union attacks Finland. Finland holds out at first, but
•Outnumbered 5 to 1 they surrender in March. Finland keeps its independence, but gives up territory
to Stalin.
BLITZKREIG

•GERMAN MILITARY TACTICS OR


“LIGHTING WAR”
•The key to blitzkrieg is … SURPRISE!
•It is designed to attack many different
targets with overwhelming numbers so
as to simply devastate the enemy.
BLITZKREIG

Step One
•Attack with the Luftwaffe (Airforce)
–Fighters (air superiority)
–Stuka (Dive bombers)
–Bombers
•Destroy Communications (radio…)
•Destroy Transportation (bridges, RR)
•Destroy Military Targets (bases, supply)
BLITZKREIG

Step Two
•Next come the PANZERS (tanks)
•Hitler’s military designers had developed
extremely advanced tanks.
•Their tanks were light years ahead.
•Advance very quickly, and destroy any
remaining targets that the Luftwaffe had left
behind. (Comm, Trans, Military)
BLITZKREIG

Step Three
•Finally come the infantry
•They had been training for several years and
these troops were VERY ready.
•Hitler’s troops were already battle experienced
b/c of the Spanish Civil War.
•Their job was to MOP UP anything left.
BLITZKREIG

Conclusion
•The Blitzkrieg was a style of battle, that had
never been seen before.
•It was extremely successful, it was so
overwhelming that no one had a defense to it.
•When other nations saw this attack they were
not sure if Hitler was THAT good, or was Poland
THAT bad……
•Cartoonist shows
how Hitler walked
through Europe
unopposed.
•Hitler’s “blitzkrieg”
military tactics made
his armies near
impossible to stop.
Britain

•Hitler crushes France in June 1940


•Hitler’s last enemy was Great Britain, who
along with France had been defeated at the
battle of Dunkirk
•Battle of Britain, largest air battle ever fought
in the history of warfare.
•July to November 1940 and was won by the
Royal Air Force (RAF or British Air Force).
•First major German loss in WWII and forced
Hitler to change his strategy
•British people fought for their country and a
possible Nazi invasion (Operation Sea Lion).
•Hitler wanted to gain air supremacy.
Now Britain Is All Alone!
•Winston Churchill,
the Prime Minister
of Great Britain.
•The “Lion of
England”
Britain

"What General Weygand


called the Battle of
France is over. The
Battle of Britain is
about to begin, upon
this battle depends the
survival of Christian
WINSTON CHURCHILL
JUNE 18 1940
civilization, upon it
FROM HIS "FINEST depends our own British
HOUR" SPEECH
life and the long
continuity of our
institution and our
Empire."
Britain

The whole fury and


might of the enemy
must very soon be
turned on us. Hitler
knows that he will have
to break us in this
Island or lose the war.
WINSTON CHURCHILL If we can stand up to
JUNE 18 1940
FROM HIS "FINEST him, all Europe may be
HOUR" SPEECH free and the life of the
world may move
forward into broad,
sunlit uplands.
Britain

But if we fail, then the


whole world, including
the United States,
including all that we
have known and cared
for, will sink into the
abyss of a new Dark
WINSTON CHURCHILL Age made more
JUNE 18 1940
FROM HIS "FINEST sinister, and perhaps
HOUR" SPEECH more protracted, by the
lights of perverted
science.
Britain

Let us therefore brace


ourselves to our duties,
and so bear ourselves
that, if the British
Empire and its
Commonwealth last for
a thousand years, men
WINSTON CHURCHILL
JUNE 18 1940
will still say,

"This was their


FROM HIS "FINEST
HOUR" SPEECH

finest hour."
Britain
Britain
The London “Tube”:
Air Raid Shelters during the Blitz
The Royal Air Force
Britain

London’s Casualties
43,000 Killed
51,000 Seriously injured
88,000 Slightly injured

•Nearly 500 (RAF) pilots and aircrew had been killed, 500 wounded and
915 aircraft were destroyed.
•The once undefeated Luftwaffe (Nazis) had been beaten and lost 1733
aircraft and crews in the process.

•Their immortality (RAF) was guaranteed when Churchill in a speech


made on the 20th August said

"Never in the field of human conflict was so


much owed by so many to so few".
MILITANTS GAIN CONTROL OF
JAPAN
• Halfway around the
world, nationalistic
leaders were seizing
control of the Imperial
government of Japan
• Like Hitler, they
desired living space for
their growing
population
JAPAN IN THE
1930s
• The 1930s were years of fear
in Japan, characterized by:
– the resurgence of nationalism
– the weakening of democratic
forces
– military aggression abroad
HIROHITO: EMPEROR
OF JAPAN
• Emperor Hirohito’s reign
lasted from 1926-1989
• He began a military buildup
with several attacks on China
and a dream of Pacific
domination
JAPAN ATTACKS CHINA
• In 1931, Japan attacked the Chinese province of
Manchuria
• Swiftly Japan captured the province which is
roughly twice the size of Texas

Japanese soldiers in Manchuria


Japanese Expansion
• Manchuria
wasn’t enough,
Japan decides
they want all of
China.
The goal of the Axis Powers
was to rule the world…..
The world would “rotate”
around them.
The Axis believed
democratic nations were
weak.
And they would conquer
them as a “knife slices
through butter”.
•1935: prohibited arms
shipments to all belligerent
countries.
•1936: forbid loans to all
belligerents
•1937: “Cash and Carry”
principle: all nations must pay
for nonmilitary purchases and
ship the goods in their own
vessels

Neutral
•Americans wanted to remain
neutral.
•America First Committee
•Committee to Defend
America by Aiding the Allies
•Feb. 21, 1940: If Germany is
defeating England & France,
should the U.S. declare war on
Germany and send our Army and
Navy to Europe to fight against
Hitler?

Yes: 23% No 77%

Neutral
December 16, 1940:
Do you think it was a
mistake for the U.S.
to enter the first
World War?
Yes: 39%
No 42%
No opinion 19%

Neutral
LEND LEASE
LEND LEASE

•RENTING, LEASING, GIVING


BRITAIN AND LATER SOVIET
UNION AND CHINA, MILITARY
WEAPONS TO ARM THEM AGAINST
THE GERMANS AND JAPANESE…
•FDR’s FINAL ATTEMPT TO REMAIN
NEUTRAL!
•USA BECOMES THE “ARSENAL OF
DEMOCRACY”
U. S. Lend-Lease Act,
1941, “ US becomes the arsenal
of democracy”
Great Britain.........................$31 billion
Soviet Union...........................$11 billion
France......................................$ 3 billion
China.......................................$1.5 billion
Other European.................$500 million
South America...................$400 million

The amount totaled: $48,601,365,000


lend lease

The US offered Lend Lease as a last defense to stay out of war.


It was given to Britain during the Battle of Britain in 1940, the
Soviet Union after Hitler’s invasion in 1941 and China. The US
became the “arsenal of democracy”.
1941, The Key Year
Hitler invaded Soviet Union (June
1941), the Japanese are planning their
attack on the United States. (Dec.
1941).
The US had frozen military trade w/
Japan, and no one was paying much
attention to the Japanese. Wanted oil,
rubber & metal.
They wanted control of East Asia (all
the way down to Australia).
Why did the Japanese attack
us?
US and Japan had negotiated several treaties to respect each other
territorial possessions.
Japan had ignored the treaties and were threatening US island
possessions and the Open Door Policy in China.
Invaded China in 1937 and started WWII in Asia.
US had placed an embargo on war goods so that Japan could not
purchase them.
Japan signed an alliance with Germany and Italy
The Japanese felt if they attacked the US hard enough, we would
back off and let Japan control the Pacific.
Thiswould allow Japan to create their Greater East Asia Co-
Prosperity Sphere.
map/japan
The Attack Plan (Japanese)
By attacking our three main bases
(???) the Japanese hoped to have free
reign to take out southern Asia.
They concentrated on attacking the
Dutch East Indies (Indonesia). This
would allow the Japanese to attack
Australia.
All that would be left would be small
islands here and there in the Pacific
and the Japanese would feel no threat
from them.
In late 1941, the US Navy consisted of:

17 battleships (+15 under construction):


7 aircraft carriers (+11 under construction
18 heavy 19 light cruisers
6 anti-aircraft cruisers (4 in service, 2 nearly
ready)
171 destroyers
114 submarines
After the attack on 7
December the Japanese sunk
four battleships, severely
damaged three others, and
one was beached.
Fleet strengths in the Pacific (December 1941)

Great Britain with


Dominions U.S.A. Netherlands Free-French Japan
Battleships 2 9 - - 10

Aircraft carriers (1 under repairing) 3 - - 10

Heavy cruisers 1 13 - - 18

Light cruisers 7 11 3 1 18

Destroyers 13 80 7 - 113

Submarines - 56 13 - 63
•Pearl Harbor, on the Island of
O'ahu, Hawaii, (then a territory
of the United States) was
attacked by the Japanese
Imperial Navy, at approximately
8:00 A.M., Sunday morning,
December 7, 1941.
•The surprise attack had been
Admiral Isoroku
Yamamoto
conceived by Admiral Isoroku
Yamamoto.
•The striking force of 353
Japanese aircraft was led by
Commander Mitsuo Fuchida.
•There had been no formal
declaration of war.
Captain Mitsuo
Fuchida
•In less than 2 hours, the Pacific
Fleet lost two battleships, six
others were heavily battered and
nearly a dozen lesser vessels put
out of action.
•More than 150 planes were
wrecked; over 2,300 servicemen
were killed and 1,100 wounded.
•Blame was widespread, both on
the Officials in Washington and on
the Admiral and the General in
Hawaii.
History in every century,
records an act that lives forevermore.
We'll recall as in to line we fall,
the thing that happened on Hawaii's
shore.
Let's REMEMBER PEARL HARBOR
As we go to meet the foe
Let's REMEMBER PEARL HARBOR
As we did the Alamo.
We will always remember how they
died for liberty,
Let's REMEMBER PEARL HARBOR and
go on to victory.
posters
•After Pearl Harbor and
four months of defeat in
the Pacific,
•FDR asked military
leaders to strike back at
the heart of Japan.
•FDR wanted to boost
American morale.
•Show the USA was
capable of retaliation
against an unprovoked
attack.
Lt. Col. Jimmy DooLittle
•Strike Japan as they did
Pearl Harbor.
•Led by Lt. Col. James H.
“Jimmy” Doolittle.
•Strike 5 major cities,
including Tokyo
•With 16 B-25 bombers
from the flight deck of the
USS Hornet
•A task which had never
A B-25 taking off the USS Hornet been done.
•After the raid, the planes
were to turn and head for
China.
•Although there
were many enemy
fighters in the air,
not a single plane
was damaged or
shot down during
the raid.
•Fifteen planes
headed for China,
and one headed for
Russia, landing
safely near
Vladivostok.
•Had to launch early
because they were
detected by a
Japanese fisherman.
•200 miles from their
earlier launch point
led to fuel problems.
•The 16 bombers
each headed for their
specific assigned
attack area.
The crews were forced to bail out over
the mountains or ditch the aircraft
offshore.
Two crewmen died on the swim to
shore, another was killed during
bailout.
Four men on one crew were seriously
injured while ditching their bomber.
Eight were captured by the Japanese;
three of which were executed 6 months
later by a firing squad after a mock
trial.
Another died of malnutrition.
The remaining 4 were starved,
tortured, and placed in solitary
confinement until their rescue by the
OSS (office of Strategic Services) in
1945.
The crew that landed in Russia were
interned, but they were able to escape
to Iran 14 months later. The plane was
never returned.
Each Raider received the
Distinguished Flying Cross for their
mission.
Two received silver stars for their

valor and bravery in aiding their fellow
Raiders.
Doolittlewas promoted to Brigadier
General, skipping the rank of Colonel.
 He also received the Medal of Honor
from FDR for his gallantry in leading the
mission.
Doolittle thought the mission was a failure.
 Attack boosted the morale of the Americans.
The Japanese completely revised their plan
of conquest of the USA.
Two months after the Raider’s attacked,

Japan attacked Midway Island with a huge
task force.
They lost the resulting battle.
USA sank four aircraft carriers and caused
the Japanese to retreat.
This battle marked the turning point of
Japanese aggression in the South Pacific.
Approximately 100 ships of the U.S. Navy were present that morning, consisting
of battleships, destroyers, cruisers and various support ships.

USS Arizona (BB39) Battleship


USS West Virginia (BB48) Battleship
USS California (BB44) Battleship
USS Oklahoma (BB37) Battleship
USS Nevada (BB36) Battleship
USS Pennsylvania (BB38) Battleship
USS Tennessee (BB43) Battleship
USS Maryland (BB46) Battleship
USS Vestal (AR4) Repair ship
USS Neosho (AO23) Oiler
USS Detroit (CL8) Light cruiser
USS Raleigh (CL7) Light cruiser
USS Utah (AG16) Target Ship
USS Tangier (AV8) Seaplane Tender
map/japan
•After FDR’s Day
of Infamy speech
asking for a
declaration of
war against
Japan, Congress
approved the
declaration….
•FDR signed the
declaration of
war against
Japan on Dec. 8,
1941

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