Usually occurs together Interacts with shear

with bending and shear force and flexural force

Refer notes
(secondary) compatibility
 2 types Torsion in a beam Recommendation:
(primary) equilibrium
→ rebars (for each force)
design separately
Torsion in Torsional design → then, check their interaction
complex shape? Torsional moment effect/s
produces shear stress, 
Design procedure
results in (when combine M,V,T)

Diagonal cracking Principal stress inclined Shear flow only act at a

at about 45 thin zone close to surface
After cracking → reinf’t (Longitudinal +
closed links) carry forces from increasing Equations developed from
torsional moment by a truss action → utilizes 4 surfaces an assumed thin walled
hollow box section (hbs)
Others
Failure occur when reinf’t yielded
and concrete strut crushed
 b b
tef b’
Center line
of hbs

h’
Ak
h h

tef tef

tef

Solid beam section Equivalent hollow box section

A = b*h tef = A/u ≥ 2ceff uk = 2(b’+h’)

u = 2(b+h) b’ = b – tef Ak = b’ * h’
h’ = h – tef
 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
Shear flow, q 𝑞 =𝜏×𝑡 =
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ

From elastic theory:

T
T = 2Akq q = T/2Ak
rearrange

 - shear stress
t - hbs thickness = tef
T - torsional moment
 Principal tensile stress profile
T

CL Crack lines
(diagonal)
 TEd produces q around the
perimeter of the box where
q = τ x thickness

Tension (longitudinal & links)

h’
q
T Compression (concrete strut)
q

CL 1 bar at each
t h’cot corner!
Transverse ties

Longitudinal bars

(to develop equations for Asl) (to develop equations for required torsional link & compressive strut)
(to develop equations for longitudinal torsional bars, Asl)
Representing all faces
Fsl
quk (Total torsional shear force) eq.
 eq.

Fsl Fsl = quk / tan
q*uk (Total tension in
longitudinal bars)

Shear flow travels along the centerline of hbs EC2 9.2.3: at least one bar
→ Longitudinal bars need to be provided along at each corner + distance
circumference of the hbs, with almost equal interval between bars  350 mm
➔ Total shear force considered = q x uk

Fsl =  Asl*fyd =  Asl*fyk/1.15 = quk / tan

σ 𝐴𝑠𝑙 𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑇𝑢𝑘 𝑇𝑢𝑘 cot 𝜃
q = T/2Ak → = =
1.15 2𝐴𝑘 tan 𝜃 2𝐴𝑘
T – maximum torsional moment
𝑇𝑇𝑢
𝐸𝑑 𝑢 cot𝜃𝜃
𝑘𝑘cot
Rearrange → ෍ 𝐴𝑠𝑙 = that can be resisted by longitudinal
2𝐴𝑘 0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 reinforcements → T = TEd
 Height of concrete strut 𝐴𝑠𝑤 𝑇𝐸𝑑
=
𝑠 2𝐴𝑘 cot 𝜃 0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘

EC2 9.2.3: to provide closed link!

h’ qh’ (For interval maximum allowable link spacing, smax  uk/8
 of h’cot )
(to develop equations for compressive strut)
qh’ h’cot
Compressive strut must be able to resist the compressive stress
Force in strut = qh’/sin cc = 1.0 (why?)
(to develop equations for required torsional link) Area of strut = h’cos x tef fcd = fck/1.5
Shear flow moves in a single direction 𝑞
→ Stress in strut = Force/Area = ≤ 𝑓𝑐𝑑
𝑡𝑒𝑓 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
along the centerline of hbs
→ considered one face of the section 𝑞 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑇/2𝐴𝑘 𝑓𝑐𝑘
≤ ≤
𝑡𝑒𝑓 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 1.5 𝑡𝑒𝑓 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 1.5
Although 1 loop but the effective
𝑓𝑐𝑘
area (Asw) of link reinf’t is only 1 leg! Rearrange → 𝑇 ≤ 𝑡 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 2𝐴𝑘
1.5 𝑒𝑓
qh’ (for h’cot ) to be resisted by Aswfyd EC2: introduce strength 1.33𝑣𝑐𝑘
≤ 1.33𝑓 1 𝑓𝑡𝑐𝑘
𝑒𝑓𝑡𝐴
𝑒𝑓𝑘𝐴sin
𝑘 sin 𝜃 cos
𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝜃
→ Aswfyk/1.15 = qh’ reduction factor,
For link spacing of s: v1 = 0.6(1-fck/250) 𝑇𝐸𝑑 ≤ 1.33𝑣1 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑡𝑒𝑓 𝐴𝑘 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
Aswfyk/1.15 = qh’ x s/h’cot = qs/cot 1.33𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑡𝑒𝑓 𝐴𝑘 𝑣1
= Ts/2Akcot 𝑇𝐸𝑑 ≤ = 𝑇𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥
q = T/2Ak → cot 𝜃 + tan 𝜃
= TEds/2Akcot
If design separately:
For shear only – For torsion only –
Check: VEd  VRd,max → VEd/VRd,max  1.0 Check: TEd  TRd,max → TEd/TRd,max  1.0

Interaction effect between shear & torsion → significant!

𝑉𝐸𝑑 𝑇
Recommended checking: + 𝐸𝑑 ≤ 1.0
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑇𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 Refer text book

Interaction effect between bending & torsion → insignificant

Compressive strut needs to be checked first prior to reinforcement (longitudinal & link) design

When combine shear & torsion links: Only 1 leg considered!

𝐴𝑠𝑤 𝐴𝑠𝑤 𝐴𝑠𝑤

Advisable to provide a single set of link reinf’t → = +
𝑠 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑠 𝑉 𝑠 𝑇

→  used in TRd,max shall follow  used in VRd,max

When combine bending & torsion longitudinal reinf’t: Need to make sure does not exceed
As,max, and fulfill cbs requirement
At zones consist of bending reinf’t and torsion longitudinal bars
→ Can provide 2 separate sets of reinf’t, @
→ Propose combined reinf’t (consists of torsion + bending)
Beam with bending, shear and torsion
cnom, minimum dimensions, effective depths

Loadings (for M & V) (for T)

Analysis (BMD, SFD, TEd)

Bending reinf’t design

Shear reinf’t design (Asw/s)V (No need to propose)

Deflection & crack checks

Torsion: check compressive strut TRd,max  TEd

Torsion: check interaction effect (V+T) on compressive strut

Torsion: determine required torsional link, (Asw/s)T

Further checking on
Torsion: propose combine shear & torsional links, (Asw/s)Total
proposed reinf’t
Torsion: propose additional required torsional longitudinal reinf’t, Asl
Detailing
Torsion in complex shape

T1 + T2 + T3 = TEd

T2 T3
3
2 3
TEd T1 𝑇𝐸𝑑 𝐾𝑖 ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑛 ℎ𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑖
𝑇𝑖 = 3
σ 𝐾ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑛 ℎ𝑚𝑎𝑥
1 i = 1, 2, 3, 4, ………., n

Then, design each component separately