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57 views16 pagesChapter 2 Part 1 21 February 2023 PDF
Uploaded by
Nkululeko MagagulaCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 16
CHAPTER 2. ug vie TIERS Ore @
REAL NeurmRERS
2.1. We REAL Numaek 8sTem
Ln oe to Sbuclky reo/ aualyers te shoal
Know ehaet/y who fhe re2/nunbet ae, Yee
6 a CMe ecposrtor.
Fie NaATRAL NurraeRs Ci)
hile Stat Ath Ate Naturd€ numbes:
={42484.---5,
Thee ae C20 operations or I: aoldition
Aad muttipt cere:
i comer
baie 19 abso an Orde rve/ator:
. 2, .
Ww Coed Lwofe- AolAvCror Auo/
multiple @tion, re, Ff PL ES Che
ante E00! anol ryn E77.
Ayucteox Aro! Slbtraction Car affe Ge
ga but 2c Not Clete ewote-
etrors, tor ecan pa 5FEa/
Gut F- PENNE Of wuol 2 ET! bk
% = 4 é 47 “Thue neues hot pwc
Cun Sind xe (77 Sakifgucg be
food eguatzons
AHFFHS.
ax = 7. THe LDrTeGers CZ) @
Za 4-3-1 OL 23%...)
B20 Closed! ttunle addeCron ano
nut puaeiow:
put EC EZ Sp mtr € LZ adnn EZ,
ZL tar an oe relator:
; Mar, .
Z 2 20 Chere ticle Subtaccgorw
but net ticle Airseom :
WA eS mnréeEesz
Avuken: B- Pe Z. “Za Fe Zz a7
= 4
3-242
Hae we @uset A EW Sa Gefyn
2 = LOTR, oe 7 7
Bety = ©. :
Tre RATiovse Nurpees (@)
@Q-= [tei meznem}
&s +p bras QA new meng:
Bees a 7
ae é
For ma EZadl rt6EW mens hot
QD 20 COOSA ctnole AAH Ecote, ©
ie ep ication, Sustracevonr auc/
Ae nwxon. for rh 2 ED allen Ey
we Aye:
Te, nweyna E€ @
2 nme
= ~weeQg?.
uae
2.82 wee ED IY AZO.
wm & ame
= me&-ue & GD
ut
at PR als al
vio “la ola
QD ha an oreley vetation vA7:
Road cee =
Pe
ZE ae pe ctafioad Gy pagseneg, gor
126 ZAae/es
Mba na,
ieShele & Leems fo haye Sosa’ to
Lrtentees tn. I~ ZL, 2€ leo
wet take Ge SF nunles Ale V2 TT ac 2.
We REAL Mumkees CR)
Re swnthude, £00 GF Tl ZZ, @ acol ako
ned numbed bbe VEL aod
a. Hite Abe retona/ numbers Fave
te decimal ex paussent Oot
& hote ov 6 rte CHeceene
G eS nenwbes release. ate en fencte
clecenial. pans) OOS Ahelha repealing, Cormeen CG, or nee,
R-2. We ALGEBLAIC STRYCTURE
lle destenke Me veal nuwber bg. Bsr nrg
that tee have eo Collection Gf [Pupee tes.
fte/d Axcows,
/esseune Ahetk (R Lao tivo epactons; |
Catlsol afl fe't dw "ft" Anof wun Leiptte Gow
Gud Hat Mose Upevations Sattzfy the
Sele axcowd,
Ai. orang 4 66ER Chae oa newnbe
At6ER Qi @t6= 642,
A2. bor aug ACER te r0/entity
(2a¢Q+C= ar Core)
Az. Tree 9 Aa ANnLGue niniGe CER
50 Atos att EMR,
ar = Ofrefiae,
At Per any nike 2ER Meee a
OVE t [VOSA MG green b& Aevote-/ by —Q2
AtrlCAQ=2.
abEeEMR 2d Ab=kea,
M2. ber BelCER LL, vente
“Bbc £ alee) 7
Lo “Aree. 5
MZ Thee “2 BR t1ncgue qnte LER @
so tat a@1= 122a& YaeR,
M4 For aug nunebe QAEIR A#O, Hew
ho & Cor/erpovdun 5 nese alan tol am"
He propetg Hot ag = 7
AML. Fox aug 4% 6 Eh Ae riolentiey
caraycE perte
to Cree.
(Ste Ae Pe[A Anewr akeove LR 20
latte! a Fred.
EXAMPLE ZA] (EXERCISE 1.3.Q(A)
hoes the feicteny opecnttione op SubGaceon
B226Untwe w Aeotrbutrve 2&7
Sole Tory, fe he opera tow on KR 20
a fi ctlin Bi (Kx R > Re. There Hh
opectjow ‘takes, fe par (2, 6) aucs/
out pete Le elemet RE 6). Fe
Ltt pe, ShbtalGr 7.a acnary
opeactien. tle cou/funrt 4O-F SG)
C3 fu Subtract) ratte Aaw tte 2uolt
4o>a-e.
@) Subboaction © NoT Conmune.tatie
12 eZ —-4=-4-aA, Yatep.
49: @= ke 2 - t= =a,
QD SubGatiow & nee A. $0 tng, ©
(2-6)—¢ #a— Ce) Ya cceR.
Eg, —#e = (12-DN-F# /2- 4-D = yo.
© uchiractieyw <2 Aitrr Gevee ve:
Va bc eR we bave
a2 (6-2) =a [e+e]
=aerace)
an eee ee.
2-3 Tre ORSER sTeyceWRee
[R22 erelereof gg te refation <,
MWh uaa he Folloung Axc'ous:
OL. For ZbeR exactly one of-
He Fottouing 5 TRIG: 224 22 bo~ Gee,
©2. For BECER 1(£ azb aud
AC BD Gann ee Ee
OB tray abeR pach Ene
Maw Ato StS to abo Gre fe ary
Cee.
OF. far ang AbER (fasts Lp “Erie.
rFhow 2CLlG.E 2 ateo trie For Any
CER fe wtech cro.
fe Fre/o wth ovole relabjuw
C1Ll— 94 & Ar Oelen.d fbf TF 240 Ax Oreleerl revel, Please
note Hat 2% 12 tur por tle Lo hep
au oe, Ow the felf 1th Sure
Cane.
EXAMPLE B51 (CxXEeRose /A/)
Ms prt Ce AH ou2. pove hat
af +CE 4 26+ bd Lf 22k ad ca,
Soka Wer (ConsZax,
Rifs— 44S = BC+ ba — @d/rkc)
AtCt+bA- ad—-@c
-2l(d@-O+rtA-2)
Cd —e) C6-a)
= —_
Sinte SP-C > 0 a €-2. Hee
PRLS > LPS 22 reQuereH poy
\ ai R-# Bourras CT8E: 1-5)
bekrry Tort 2Ay (Cr Pe Bourds)
Let & be a Se€ OT ea/nwebers. A
niwele M 7 farce CG an upper
Rkound fr Fife mM Y¥nek fr
ths Caze Kk to Sue te bo Rourndes/aboe,
BEEMH TW OA 2 if CLOLJER Bovr7As)
fet 6 bea St of Veafruneer A
tube 7 2 Sar Lo Go a lowe bounce!
SEY EZ Lf were Vane. Le les cazo
Zoo savt/ te be 4ouoled below.
har
REausRE. A Set Ahect aw bound
auol a Cowes Cae cache eecuctad
beter auof Bbove.)
KEEWIO Gort O-E CMaxinmum)
~ e€ £ be a kel Of Vea/ nuiwers. wa
Chee wa nwle MEL aol 205 KM
Week hee MW 2 BtOol the mareimun
Othe Set E Av re tute = rax &.
hebirn Torr 2.4, (Atnemunre)
jet £ be 2Set Of eat ruméeers.
Ff BPmeLadmeac. Y2EF far
ne 4 Atle Che “ernenun GF Ke
Set £ and we write ma Pn & EXAMPLE VAS @
fonsde Abe wtervat
Te 17 = 4223 ©42c21}
@ 1s te set howslay above?
(6) Ds the set beurcko/ below?
() lend Be mrexemun ip-the ot of ot
Qcrse4s .
@ Pind the wiinunr. af he rot
at ex/ses.
© Ds he set bounoles/?
Pole ory. :
(@ The BE S RKourcler/ above: I
x LO or fie reterved Le Zale
(eZ) i eae & boturvrlesl below: OC co
Aw Cowe- LoUnad fr LOR wri Cewe/ To, 17
OD 6 Ae natnutn~ he Let
botatze LELE/T7 ato ae
botinof fer Hie Lee.
a O & Ahe nun pute f She fot
hetauze O€L4/7 Ancol 265 &
owe oun, .
@ The Set co Gawurdec/ belauw t€ 2
bounces’ above Qo below
EXAIAPLE 2:6 QS: LuPREMA AID LFA
DE Fin Fort 2.51, (LEAST UPPER Bound
ok SUPREMuUM)
Let £ be a Set OF Yea/ nun bes Hat
oo botuocleofl above Av nonerywey.
TEM 2 the Caet of A 27% bods,
Gren IN co Sarde be He LEAST cpp
Bous7d ef E ow Clie Ser PREUSA OF E&
ad werzmte ~J= sup z.
DEF? 2.85.2, (GeeaTesT Loryer Bourd/
AFL ORUPE) |
Leé E be a et af reat numbers thot
6 botwwelecl below anol nouen peg. LA ae
the Greoteet of att the lowe Bounds
Zé ane co Sad 4 She GREATEST
LoK/ER Bound ££ oe he wy¥rimurnr Of-
BAA We wie ma Infé.
Ramage. For Ahe eu pty set D or
ateboiiucledr sels we ttze fhe Convertor:
e Uf O= 1 acd sup D=—
Ee tibourcled above, then Sup l= 42,
TEE © aubourceo! beloes lew up =- 2,
Remarc. [Tt 2 Claw that ever set Hat
sucppec BO tif Me the Greatest
1 Op EF, Mew ei Yoe E
Ee THE Cov~VEREE ¢S FALSE @
Ce ee ee ee
hott, Lave er bourcels (2 For
wktarlte) but nerthe has a
vee ent 2fenrert.
EXAMPLE 2.535
@ Lt & be He set ff negative
Numbers. Ther emah Hon neg ateve
nti be oo an a at Louvre. Sa
sup Z=0.
© Let 44 be he Set of Megat Le
eatege. Ler auy nunber m2 I
0 BL appe bourne! of Ey anol
Sep -y = —-Z.
EX ATAPLE DSB Shows Aat adie premegen
Qa set may ov may not a
Ze Mote ttat OF EF BuT -1E4-
THE AX(0la OF ComPZLETENESS.
At Nonenpty set Yea! nuwmees
hat , hairalee! Ebo ‘% haga /eact
eunol, 7 fe, ie BE on
See au founctent, above
thew § E exys€s ez eee
veof rebate), Remae.. LI the Conpletenzn axyouw
KR betoues a Cou plete Orctere| Frese,
EXADAPLE DS oe
Lind sup lh avd nf E aud, cthae poste
saree de. Pill Bia ZB fo Abe Following Fers:
O Bebe: xe Fh
OE = f+ faxt/=53
(fd) & = §2c: 27-7 >}
Solu Tony
(@) 2 = ={4245---3.
Sup = Sep a) = 00 ketree BY 1s
net boumncleo/ above,
wf f= 1 betaue £0 a Cone hound
VAnV rel], ;
MAX CL dnt neit Gfit- Letacwe hoe co
mo 2 Rottrof a7.
wen Ge = Zz ML LED aol (arn Mner
@® E-Ce 206 HF, Oberve tot
ee ve 277— FSO &
(-- VE) Cx +IVFZ)Z0
SiGe TxBLE.
7 VF
————_»—____#—_
atVG + +
VE = _— +
VAS tt — ate
aV- 4274 fF ®
2 L= {xixri veoh
= {xi -VF exe VF
= ave TET
& Ee Vz Auo/ pa — vr
ee ey ce VZEE.
mua FE = -VP fwice VF EE.
© Here we Lave
[acct [2S
16. — SL Are t/ eS
-~-£Z2424 ax =F
eee
Bee 2».
Sup B= 2 aud p= 3.
rAx £ cee. net exice, why? sue AGE,
nur 4 ean net exrsé, Ah? Sni'ce BEL.
_ 22-7 BO.
ve 2C-3)(X4DZ0
a4AVE — -3
ae VS —
AH V5)aVE +
[4+
w
xa -V5 oO xe eVS
. Eaten: xe VE ox xz V5)
= 68 —VE}/ U 5 © @®
Sup & = 00 betauge Bw not bounded’
ahove .
dnp B= —-© btlaure & 2 nve Rounced
below’.
Both ax E ard nu E ole not exist. Why?
@
Je Chee tug sectron wrth Cur
Mer Giteness a The § Bog
ace prtti a let z£
Bn IO
Tite eke 2.585
Vaat numbers Chat s barroted
Aboye. laenr the Seep S$ to the
@ es VxeS:
& If E>o there co an 2 ES Such
lat Mo> -€.,
THeceer: 2-5-6
be @& see
eal ruenbers That Locteh
below. Taen Che tug § i he
() ~~ >a Yues:
6) tf B>O, FADES FE Mea UTE, &)
Adeltéveua/ Lee-Ceve Ex ip les .
EXAMPLE 2.5 F ;
Shed tlot VR o trvatsorvs/,
SotuFoy, Le
