A MICRO PROJECT REPORT

2020-21

TOPIC : INSTRUCTION SET OF 8086 MICROPROCESSOR

SUBJECT- Microprocessors[22415]

❖ SUBMITTED BY-
Shinde Sumit Gorakshnath-258
Parjane Siddhant Vilas -259
Jadhav Mahesh Sitaram -261

❖
GUIDED BY-
Prof. R. R. Bornare
.
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SANJIVANI K. B. P. POLYTECHNIC, KOPARGAON
Sanjivani Rural Education Society’s

A MICRO PROJECT REPORT ON

SUBJECT : MICROPROCESSORS [22415]

SUBMITTED BY:

1.Shinde Sumit Gorakshanath[258]

2.Parjane Siddhant Vilas [259]
3.Jadhav Mahesh Sitaram [261]

Guided by: Prof.R. R. Bornare

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY,

SANJIVANI K.B.P POLYTECHNIC, KOPARGAON.

(2022-23)

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DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY
Sanjivani Rural Education Society’s

SANJIVANI K. B. P. POLYTECHNIC,KOPARGAON

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Micro Project report entitled

“ ”
SUBMITTED BY-
1.Shinde Sumit Gorakshanath
2.Parjane siddhant vilas
3.Jadhav Mahesh Sitaram
Under our supervision and guidance for partial fulfillment of the requirement for
diploma in Computer Technology affiliated to Maharashtra State Board of
Technical Education, Mumbai.

Project Guide H.O.D Principal

Prof.R.R.Bornare Prof.G.N.Jorvekar Prof.A.R.Mirikar

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 Sanjivani K.B.P. Polytechnic, Kopargaon

EXAMINERS CERTIFICATE

Submitted by

1.Shinde Sumit Gorakshnath - 258

2.Parjane Siddhant Vilas -259

3.Jadhav Mahesh Sitaram -261

Prof. R. R. Bornare
(Project Guide )
Prof. G. N. Jorvekar
(H.O.D.)
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 Table of Contents
1. Acknowledgement……………………………………………………………………… vi

2. Instruction Set……………………………………………………………………………….. 1

3. Data Transfer instruction………………………………………………………………….. 2

4. Arithmetic Instruction……………………………………………………………………3 - 4

5. Logical Instructions..………………………………………………………………………4

6. Rotate Instructions ………………………….……………………………………………..5

7. Shift Instructions……………………………………………………………………………..5

8 Branch Instructions………………………………………………………………………... 6

9. Flag Manipulation and Processor Control Instructions……………………………..7

10. String Instructions……………………....………………………………………………….8

11. Assembly Language program using Instruction

Sets to find sum of

14. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………11

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our special thanks of gratitude to my teacher
Prof. R. R. Bornarehis incisive & objective guidance & timely advice encouraged
us with constant flow of energy to continue the work as well as our principal Prof.
A. R. Mirikar who gave us the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on
the topic “INSTRUCTION SET OF 8086 MICROPROCESSOR.” which also
helped us in doing a lot of Research and We came to know about so many new things
We all are really thankful to them.

We wish to reciprocate in full measure the kindness shown by Prof. G. N. Jorvekar

who inspired us with his valuable suggestion in successfully completing the project
work.
We are also Thankful to all the faculty members, Computer Technology
Department, Sanjivani K. B. P. Polytechnic, Kopargaon for giving comments for
improvement of work, encouragement and help during completion of the Project. Last
but not the least; We should say thanks from my bottom of heart to our Family
& Friends for their never ending love, help, and support in so many ways through
all this time. Thank you so much.

Shinde Sumit
Parjane Siddhant
Jadhav Mahesh
Diploma in Computer Technology.
Saniivani K.B.P. Polytechnic, Kopargaon

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 INSTRUCTION SET
A Microprocessor can be commanded to execute a certain task by feeding a set of
instructions it can understand. Each microprocessor has a unique set of instructions,
which often referred to as the ‘INSTRUCTION SET’ of that particular
microprocessor.8086 also has a powerful instruction set which is nothing but
superset of 8085 instruction set.It contains nearly 117 instructions.
The 8086 microprocessor supports 8 types of instructions −

• Data Transfer Instructions

• Arithmetic Instructions
• Bit Manipulation Instructions
• String Instructions
• Program Execution Transfer Instructions (Branch & Loop Instructions)
• Processor Control Instructions
• Iteration Control Instructions
• Interrupt Instructions

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1. Data Transfer instruction
All the instructions which perform data movement come under this category. The source
data may be a register, memory location, port etc. the destination may be a register,
memory location or port. The following instructions come under this category:

Instruction Description
MOV Moves data from register to register, register to memory, memory to
register, memory to accumulator, accumulator to memory, etc.
LDS Loads a word from the specified memory locations into specified
register. It also loads a word from the next two memory locations into
DS register.
LES Loads a word from the specified memory locations into the specified
register. It also loads a word from next two memory locations into ES
register.

LEA Loads offset address into the specified register.

LAHF Loads low order 8-bits of the flag register into AH register.

SAHF Stores the content of AH register into low order bits of the flags
register.
XLAT/XLATB Reads a byte from the lookup table.

XCHG Exchanges the contents of the 16-bit or 8-bit specified register with
the contents of AX register, specified register or memory locations.

PUSH Pushes (sends, writes or moves) the content of a specified register or

memory location(s) onto the top of the stack.
POP Pops (reads) two bytes from the top of the stack and keeps them in a
specified register, or memory location(s).

POPF Pops (reads) two bytes from the top of the stack and keeps them in the
flag register.

IN Transfers data from a port to the accumulator or AX, DX or AL

register
.
OUT Transfers data from accumulator or AL or AX register to an I/O port
identified by the second byte of the instruction.

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2. Arithmetic Instructions
Instructions of this group perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, division,
increment, decrement, comparison, ASCII and decimal adjustment etc.

The following instructions come under this category:

Instruction Description
ADD Adds data to the accumulator i.e. AL or AX register or memory locations.

ADC Adds specified operands and the carry status (i.e. carry of the previous
stage).

SUB Subtract immediate data from accumulator, memory or register.

SBB Subtract immediate data with borrow from accumulator, memory or

register.

MUL Unsigned 8-bit or 16-bit multiplication.

IMUL Signed 8-bit or 16-bit multiplication.

DIV Unsigned 8-bit or 16-bit division.

IDIV Signed 8-bit or 16-bit division.

INC Increment Register or memory by 1.

DEC Decrement register or memory by 1.
DAA Decimal Adjust after BCD Addition: When two BCD numbers are
added, the DAA is used after ADD or ADC instruction to get correct
answer in BCD.

DAS Decimal Adjust after BCD Subtraction: When two BCD numbers are
added, the DAS is used after SUB or SBB instruction to get correct answer
in BCD.

AAA ASCII Adjust for Addition: When ASCII codes of two decimal digits
are added, the AAA is used after addition to get correct answer in
unpacked BCD.

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AAD Adjust AX Register for Division: It converts two unpacked BCD digits
in AX to the equivalent binary number. This adjustment is done before
dividing two unpacked BCD digits in AX by an unpacked BCD byte.
AAM Adjust result of BCD Multiplication: This instruction is used after the
multiplication of two unpacked BCD.
AAS ASCII Adjust for Subtraction: This instruction is used to get the correct
result in unpacked BCD after the subtraction of the ASCII code of a
number from ASCII code another number.
CBW Convert signed Byte to signed Word.
CWD Convert signed Word to signed Doubleword.
NEG Obtains 2's complement (i.e. negative) of the content of an 8-bit or 16-bit
specified register or memory location(s).

CMP Compare Immediate data, register or memory with accumulator, register

or memory location(s).

3. Logical Instructions
Instruction of this group perform logical AND, OR, XOR, NOT and TEST
operations. The following instructions come under this category:

Instruction Description
AND Performs bit by bit logical AND operation of two operands and places the result
in the specified destination.

OR Performs bit by bit logical OR operation of two operands and places the result
in the specified destination.

XOR Performs bit by bit logical XOR operation of two operands and places the result
in the specified destination.

NOT Takes one's complement of the content of a specified register or memory

location(s).

TEST Perform logical AND operation of a specified operand with another specified
operand.

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4. Rotate Instructions
The following instructions come under this category:

Instruction Description
RCL Rotate all bits of the operand left by specified number of bits through carry
flag.

RCR Rotate all bits of the operand right by specified number of bits through carry
flag.

ROL Rotate all bits of the operand left by specified number of bits.

ROR Rotate all bits of the operand right by specified number of bits.

5. Shift Instructions
The following instructions come under this category:

Instruction Description
SAL or Shifts each bit of operand left by specified number of bits and put zero in
SHL LSB position.

SAR Shift each bit of any operand right by specified number of bits. Copy old
MSB into new MSB.

SHR Shift each bit of operand right by specified number of bits and put zero
in MSB position.

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6. Branch Instructions
It is also called program execution transfer instruction. Instructions of this group
transfer program execution from the normal sequence of instructions to the specified
destination or target. The following instructions come under this category:

Instruction Description
JA or JNBE Jump if above, not below, or equal i.e. when CF and ZF = 0
JAE/JNB/JNC Jump if above, not below, equal or no carry i.e. when CF = 0
JB/JNAE/JC Jump if below, not above, equal or carry i.e. when CF = 0

JBE/JNA Jump if below, not above, or equal i.e. when CF and ZF = 1

JCXZ Jump if CX register = 0

JE/JZ Jump if zero or equal i.e. when ZF = 1
JG/JNLE Jump if greater, not less or equal i.e. when ZF = 0 and CF = OF

JGE/JNL Jump if greater, not less or equal i.e. when SF = OF

JL/JNGE Jump if less, not greater than or equal i.e. when SF ≠ OF

JLE/JNG Jump if less, equal or not greater i.e. when ZF = 1 and SF ≠ OF

JMP Causes the program execution to jump unconditionally to the

memory address or label given in the instruction.
CALL Calls a procedure whose address is given in the instruction and
saves their return address to the stack.
RET Returns program execution from a procedure (subroutine) to the
next instruction or main program.

IRET Returns program execution from an interrupt service procedure

(subroutine) to the main program.

INT Used to generate software interrupt at the desired point in a

program.
INTO Software interrupts to indicate overflow after arithmetic
operation.
LOOP Jump to defined label until CX = 0.
LOOPZ/LOOPE Decrement CX register and jump if CX ≠ 0 and ZF = 1.
LOOPNZ/LOOPNE Decrement CX register and jump if CX ≠ 0 and ZF = 0.

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7. Flag Manipulation and Processor Control Instructions
Instructions of this instruction set are related to flag manipulation and machine
control. The following instructions come under this category:

Instruction Description

CLC Clear Carry Flag: This instruction resets the carry flag CF to 0.

CLD Clear Direction Flag: This instruction resets the direction flag DF to
0.

CLI Clear Interrupt Flag: This instruction resets the interrupt flag IF to 0.

CMC This instruction take complement of carry flag CF.

STC Set carry flag CF to 1.

STD Set direction flag to 1.

STI Set interrupt flag IF to 1.

HLT Halt processing. It stops program execution.

NOP Performs no operation.

ESC Escape: makes bus free for external master like a coprocessor or
peripheral device.

WAIT When WAIT instruction is executed, the processor enters an idle state
in which the processor does no processing.

LOCK It is a prefix instruction. It makes the LOCK pin low till the execution
of the next instruction.

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9. String Instructions
String is series of bytes or series of words stored in sequential memory locations.
The 8086 provides some instructions which handle string operations such as string
movement, comparison, scan, load and store.

The following instructions come under this category:

Instruction Description

MOVS/MOVSB/MOVSW Moves 8-bit or 16-bit data from the memory location(s)

addressed by SI register to the memory location
addressed by DI register.

CMPS/CMPSB/CMPSW Compares the content of memory location addressed

by DI register with the content of memory location
addressed by SI register.

SCAS/SCASB/SCASW Compares the content of accumulator with the content

of memory location addressed by DI register in the
extra segment ES.

LODS/LODSB/LODSW Loads 8-bit or 16-bit data from memory location

addressed by SI register into AL or AX register.

STOS/STOSB/STOSW Stores 8-bit or 16-bit data from AL or AX register in

the memory location addressed by DI register.

REP Repeats the given instruction until CX ≠ 0

REPE/ REPZ Repeats the given instruction till CX ≠ 0 and ZF = 1

REPNE/REPNZ Repeats the given instruction till CX ≠ 0 and ZF = 0

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Assembly Language program using Instruction Sets to find sum of

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