Contract Management Handbook PDF

CONTRACT
MANAGEMENT
Developing and Managing University Contracts
Legal Services handbook

Published November 2022
adelaide.edu.au
Structure and Contents
The handbook is intended to be a general reference guide for University managers, contract managers, and
any University staff or stakeholders involved in the development and management of contracts on behalf of
the University. It is not intended to be a substitute for legal advice in respect of particular agreements or
where specific issues arise.
► INTRODUCTION provides an overview of what a contract or agreement is; the kinds of contracts that
arise in the University setting; the University’s approach to contract management, and common issues
that arise in any contracting situation.
Since different users of this handbook will have different needs, the remainder of the handbook is divided
into separate modules, to allow easy reference on each aspect of contracting activity.
The first four modules deal with the major stages in the life of any contract:
► MODULE 1: PREPARATION AND NEGOTIATION outlines the basic principles and steps involved in
the earliest stages of developing an agreement. It highlights the importance of preparation to any
contracting activity, regardless of how simple the agreement may seem, and provides some practical
tools for both preparation and negotiation with external parties.
► MODULE 2: DRAFTING AND FORMALISATION discusses the process through which the negotiations
are finalised and a contract is drafted and formalised. At the start of the module, there is a summary of
how to document simple agreements, which will be relevant for staff involved in any level of University
contracting. The remainder of the module inform contract managers about the drafting and execution
process for formal written contracts.
► MODULE 3: ONGOING MANAGEMENT will assist those persons with ongoing responsibility for
managing the administrative and relationship matters under contracts once signed. This module also
discusses how contracts end. (Note that termination for breach of contract is addressed in detail in
Module 5).
► MODULE 4: RECORDS MANAGEMENT summarises some of the key record keeping obligations that
should be constantly happening throughout the life of any contract.
The remaining modules (which will be developed and expanded over time) introduce more specific or
detailed contracting issues.
These modules are intended for those engaged in frequent or complex contracting on behalf of the
University. However, if you require specific support or have a particular issue in any of these areas, it is
recommended that you obtain legal advice or assistance:
► MODULE 5: WHEN THINGS GO WRONG – not in use
► MODULE 6: STANDARD FORM CONTRACTS – not in use
► MODULE 7: COMMON PROVISIONS AND BOILERPLATE CLAUSES describes certain standard terms
or clauses that appear in many contracts – often called “boilerplate” clauses. This module also identifies
some key clauses that should not be treated as “boilerplate” but should instead be treated with caution
and specifically addressed before signing (“danger” clauses).
► MODULE 7B: INDEMNITIES – MOVING RISK AROUND - not in use
© Copyright University of Adelaide, all rights reserved

► MODULE 8: ENTERING INTO COLLABORATIONS discusses service level agreements (SLAs) and
consulting agreements, and provides some tools to help you decide when and how it might be
appropriate to outsource certain activities or services.
► MODULE 9: SUSTAINABLE CONTRACTS –not in use
► MODULE 10: TENDERS –not in use
Acknowledgement
This handbook is based on and contains some material reproduced or adapted from Developing and Managing
Contracts – Better Practice Guide, published by the Australian National Audit Office and the Commonwealth Department
of Finance and Administration, February 2007 © Commonwealth of Australia, reproduced by permission.
© Copyright University of Adelaide, all rights reserved

INTRODUCTION
A. What is a contract? .................................................................................................................... i
B. Types of contracts that arise in the University setting ..............................................................iii
C. The University’s approach to contract management ............................................................... iv
D. Goal and structure of this Handbook ....................................................................................... vi
E. Common issues in contracting .................................................................................................vii
Contracting is an integral part of doing business in any industry, including the higher education sector. The
University of Adelaide, with its diverse and complex operations, enters into a variety of contracts with
industry partners, private sector service providers, and public sector agencies – just to name a few. Many, if
not most, of the University’s day-to-day activities involve some element of contracting with someone outside
the University. As a result, developing and managing contracts is a skill required by an increasing number of
staff across the University.
It is important to realise that the contracting decisions of a single
staff member in a single School or area may well bind the This handbook is designed to:
University as an institution. In other words, contracts made on - Identify key issues and
behalf of the University by any staff member in any area impose considerations to be aware of
“University” obligations. It is therefore important to understand in developing and managing
exactly what you are getting the University into, both from a legal contracts, and
and practical perspective, before commitments are made. The - Serve as a general reference
University has a choice whether to enter a contract or not, and guide for anyone involved in
an ability to negotiate the terms; but once the University agrees contracting on behalf of the
to something, the obligations under that contract become University
mandatory. A failure to meet the obligations may then result in
implications not just for the local area responsible for the contract, but for the University as a whole.
This handbook does not attempt to address all issues that may need to be considered in a particular
circumstance. In particular, it does not address all the specific issues that arise in high value, complex
contracts, where specific legal assistance should be sought as early as possible in the contracting process.
Rather, this handbook identifies the key issues and considerations to be aware of in developing and
managing any contracts. The handbook is intended to be a general reference guide for University
managers, contract managers, and any University staff or stakeholders involved in the development and
management of contracts on behalf of the University.
A. What is a contract?
A “contract” is a legally enforceable agreement – an exchange of promises for which the law can provide a
remedy if the promises are not kept. It may be an agreement to pay something, to do something, to not do
something, to give or receive something, or to warrant something. A contract may be written down, or it may
be verbally agreed; it may be a formal document that is negotiated over many months, or it may arise via an
exchange of emails or even a handshake. There are specific legal principles that determine whether a
promise or undertaking will be legally enforceable, and those principles apply equally regardless of the name
or label given to the arrangement (e.g. “contract”, “agreement”, “memorandum of understanding”).
Intention
Not every agreement or consensus reached in everyday life is a legally enforceable “contract”. For instance,
when you agree to pay your son $5 pocket money in return for him agreeing to wash your car, that is not
something that either of you can sue each other over. However, if you agree to buy some item from a shop
and settle upon a price, payment method and delivery time, then that will be legally enforceable by either one
of you if the other simply changes their mind and tries to go back on the deal.
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The critical difference between these two scenarios, and the factor
A contract is a legally which makes only the latter enforceable, is a mutual intent by the
enforceable agreement, where: contracting parties to enter a legal relationship. Both sides in the
- Both sides intend to enter a legal buying and selling scenario understand that “a deal is a deal” and
relationship and be legally bound that you cannot simply go back on your word in a commercial setting
by their promise. once an agreement has been formed. In contrast, when making a
- Both sides are contributing car-wash arrangement with your child, neither one of you would
something of value to the deal. consider the agreement to be a “legal deal” that might later be
enforced through legal action
- There is a “meeting of the minds”
about the terms. Of course, there are many scenarios that are less clear and more
complex than the two provided; but in any situation, asking whether
the agreement is of the kind where you both expect to be bound by it – or “intend to create legal relations”
between you – is one of the most helpful indicators in determining whether you have a legally enforceable
contract.
Where two parties reach any kind of agreement in a commercial or business setting, it will generally be
presumed that the parties intended to be legally bound by it. This is likely to be the case whenever
agreements are reached on behalf of the University, regardless of whether they are formalized in a contract
document, or simply contained in an exchange of emails or letters, or even agreed verbally over the phone
or over a drink. Therefore, it is particularly important to be aware that even seemingly informal
“understandings” can in fact be held to be legally enforceable “contracts”.
Consideration
To be legally enforceable, a contract normally requires both sides to “give” or contribute something to the
deal – be it money, property, ideas, time, services, branding, support, the performance of some task or an
agreement to refrain from doing something. This contribution and exchange of things of value by the parties
is called consideration.
Consensus
A contract also requires a consensus to be reached by the parties; if one person in the deal thinks that he is
buying a boat for $10,000 but the other person thinks she is selling a motorcycle for $8,000, then there is no
“consensus”. While this may sound obvious, it can become a critical point in more complex contracts, where
there might be general agreement, but a confusion or lack of consensus around particular details or terms of
the deal. Consensus occurs through negotiation – a process through which parties offer and accept terms to
achieve a “meeting of the minds”.
Until a contract is finalised, the parties generally have no enforceable rights or obligations against one
another; but the moment the contract comes into existence, they do. Determining the point at which a
contract is formed is therefore critical, and gives rise to a number of important practical questions, which will
be addressed in Module 1: Preparation and Negotiation.
The more completely and accurately the terms of the agreement are recorded, the easier it will be to
demonstrate that there is an agreement in place, ensure that both sides are clear on their obligations, and
enforce the deal if things go wrong. Even for an agreement that seems very simple, writing it down is the
best way to make sure you are all on the same page.
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Table A.1 – Some important terminology used throughout the Handbook
Contract Any legally enforceable agreement. “Contract” and “agreement” are used
(or agreement) interchangeably in the Handbook to mean any legally binding
arrangement. Often the term “contract” is perceived as only applying to
written agreements; but legally, a verbal agreement can be just as binding
and constitute a contractual commitment, as can an agreement that is
called something else like a “memorandum of understanding” or a “letter of
intent”. What makes something a contract is its intention and content, not
its name or form. Any agreement between the University and an outside
party should be documented in some way; but whether a more
comprehensive or “formal written contract” is required will depend on the
circumstances.
Parties The people or organisations entering a contract.
Obligations The tasks, things or commitments agreed to in the contract, which the
or “deliverables” are required to perform (or “deliver”) as part of the deal.
Terms The details of the agreement and the obligations imposed or deliverables
expected.
Performance Carrying out the tasks or meeting the obligations agreed to under a
contract.
Negotiation The process through which parties offer and accept terms to reach
consensus.
Risk A potential threat or event that could compromise the University’s position
if it happened.
Breach of contract A failure by one or more parties to comply with the terms or perform their
B. Types of contracts that arise in the University setting

Contracts that can arise in the University setting can be summarised under three major categories:
1. Agreements where the University “gets paid” to do something or meet some obligation
Common examples include consultancies and contract research, grants or sponsorships, licensing or
branding agreements, secondment agreements. Basically, this category covers any situation where the
University receive payment but is required to do something in return for, or in connection with, the
payment. It is important to note that “getting paid” does not necessarily mean the University receives
money; being given something of value (such as equipment, use of premises, or promises in return) will
also count as consideration.
2. Agreements where the University “pays” someone else to do something
Common examples include employment contracts or agreements with contractors and consultants
(where the University pays outsiders to provide a wide array of services such as cleaning, electrical
work, outside legal services, or guest lecturing). Another common example is property and
infrastructure expenditure. In fact, any University related procurement activity by anyone within the
University involves an “agreement” in which the University pays someone outside the University to do or
supply something. Again, “payment” may not involve money but may involve some item of value, or
may even also involve providing another service by way of exchange.
3. Agreements where there may be no payment involved, but obligations are still imposed on the
University
These are some of the most reputationally critical agreements, but also the most difficult to spot, so they
are often overlooked in terms of formalisation. Common examples include articulation agreements,
memoranda of understanding (MOU), mutual benefit arrangements and student placement agreements.
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Regardless of the lack of payment or exchange, the University may be exposed to liability or serious
consequence (including damage to reputation) for breaching the obligations.
One of the biggest dangers to the University in contract
management is that an agreement could be entered, and
When dealing with people outside
obligations imposed on the University, that no-one knows about
the University, you have probably
or follows up.
entered a “contract” if you have:
For example, a professor may travel overseas and enter an MOU
- Agreed to anything that involves
with his international colleague that has the effect of committing
money changing hands or services
certain University resources towards future research, despite its
being exchanged
non-“contract” title. Suppose that no-one in the professor’s home
- Agreed to do something in return Department knows of this commitment until it is called in at some
for something else time in the future, at which point there are insufficient personnel
- Made promises about something or resources to fulfil the agreed commitment. Not only does this
in the future expose the University to liability in terms of being forced to carry
out the commitment or compensating the other party, but it also
- Arranged for someone else to do
reflects poorly on the University’s reputation as a reliable
something for you, in return for
collaborative institution.
payment of some kind
If you engage with the outside world on the University’s behalf,
often recognising that you are about to commit the University to a
contract (or that you have in fact just done so) is half the battle.
Thinking about the three categories of contracts described above can help you to quickly identify whether
some interaction or arrangement may in fact indicate a “contract” is being formed or negotiated.
If you are not sure whether something you have said or done may be considered to create a legally binding
agreement for the University, it is always a good idea to check with your supervisor, Head of School or
Branch Head, or someone in the Legal and Risk Branch.
Asking questions need not “stop” the deal or activity that you are interested in. On the contrary, being open,
asking questions and dealing with potential issues as early as possible allows contracts to be managed with
minimal effort and stress, and ultimately frees up more time for you to carry out your desired activities and
goals. The main purpose of having a properly negotiated and documented agreement is to ensure that all
the parties are on the same page.You may well be able to negotiate and agree a position that resolves or
addresses the issue or risk that you foresee – or at least incorporates some mechanism for how the parties
are going to deal with a certain problem if it does arise.
However, hiding or ignoring the possible contract, or failing to
even consider whether you may have bound the University, can If in doubt: ASK SOMEONE
lead to messy incidents, stress, reputational damage (to you Asking questions about possible
and your University) and potential legal liability down the track. contracts or concerns need not “stop”
the deal or activity…
Ensuring that you, your work team and your fellow department
members maintain at least a general awareness of what it Being open and dealing with things early
allows issues to be handled more easily,
means to “enter a contract on behalf of the University”
and ultimately enables you to spend
empowers everyone to help increase the detection of contracts,
more time on real activities rather than
facilitate more proactive management of any obligations your “damage control”.
area enters into, enable time to be spent on real activities rather
than “damage control”, and minimise stress and incidents in the
future.
C. The University’s approach to contract management

Contracting is an integral activity of any organisation. With its diverse and complex operations, the University
enters into a wide variety of contracts. The University is a unique organisation that operates under
significant pressures, including:
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• Functioning in a challenging, changing and increasingly competitive environment.
• Having a great diversity of activity, and being subject to an equally diverse range of compliance
requirements: both legislative/regulatory requirements and contractual obligations.
• Being subject to ongoing audits from external agencies, who scrutinise all aspects of the University’s
operations and expect best practice standards to be met in both academic and management areas.
• Meeting the high standards of diligence, transparency and accountability demanded by the
government, external collaborators, insurers and funding bodies – an increasing number of which are
making best practice a condition of funding.
• Pursuing ambitious goals and targeting a significant growth trajectory.
The University is committed to continually improving its measures for the management of contracting,
compliance and risk. Hence, a set of policies has been developed to formally enunciate the University’s
commitment to best practice in the areas of contracting, legal compliance and risk management (and to
require staff to engage in these practices).
The implementation of these policies will help effect the cultural and practical changes needed to streamline
the University’s operations and reporting demands, and help
The University is committed to: relieve the pressures on managers and the institution. It will
establish a more consistent approach across the University in
- Continually improving its contract
contract management, as well as the related areas of legal
management methods
compliance and risk management. It will also greatly improve
- Understanding its contracting activities the University’s awareness as an institution of its obligations and
as an institution activities, and improve compliance and accountability across the
- Supporting its staff in contracting University.
activities in order to reduce problems,
enable better informed decisions, Critically, the implementation of these policies will improve the
streamline processes and maximise the University’s ability to demonstrate accountability and
time that can be spent on their transparency to external funding bodies, collaborators and
substantive activities government agencies, and enhance the University’s long term
sustainability and growth.
Contracts and Agreements Policy
The Contracts and Agreements Policy formally enunciates the University’s commitment and approach to
best practice in contracting. The Policy and its associated Procedures are practically oriented towards
establishing common, consistent and better-supported University processes for formalising agreements
made on behalf of the University; and for tracking and managing contractual obligations. The Policy also
clearly allocates responsibility for each stage of the contracting process - development, negotiation,
formalisation and ongoing management.
Central to this Policy is a recognition of the fact that enforceable agreements made by any person in any part
of the University impose “University” obligations; that the institution as a whole must have a clearly
documented understanding of its contractual undertakings; and that it is important to know exactly what the
University is getting into before commitments are made.
The Policy applies to all University contracts and agreements (with a few exceptions set out in the Policy).
The terms “contract” and “agreement” are both used in the Policy, because the Policy is intended to
incorporate any legally binding arrangement. Often people perceive the term “contract” to only apply to
written agreements; but legally, a verbal agreement can be just as binding and constitute a contractual
commitment. In the University context, any agreement with an outside party should be documented in some
format; whether a more formal and comprehensive separate written contract is required will depend on the
circumstances.
Responsibility for initiating and managing agreements remains with local areas, but certain strategic and
operational considerations must be taken into account when entering into agreements.
The Procedures specify how an agreement should be documented (whether by formal contract or a simple
written note), when the agreement should be referred to specialist areas, and how executed agreements
© Copyright University of Adelaide, all rights reserved page v

should be recorded. For formal contracts, the Procedures provide guidance on how the agreement should
be drafted or reviewed.
D. Goal and structure of this Handbook

Since contracts can range significantly in value, duration, risk exposure and complexity, the level of contract
“management” required will vary, depending on the particular circumstances of a contract. Those involved in
University contracting need to apply judgment about the contract development and management practices
that are appropriate to each particular situation. This handbook has been developed to help members of the
University community make those judgments, and to provide practical guidance about how to manage
different kinds of contracts once that judgment has been made.
This handbook does not attempt to address all issues that may need to be considered in a particular
circumstance. In particular, it does not address all the specific issues that arise in high value, complex
contracts, where specific legal assistance should be sought as early as possible in the contracting process.
Rather, this handbook identifies the key issues and considerations to be aware of in developing and
managing any contract.
Since different users of this handbook will have different needs, the handbook is divided into separate parts
or “modules”, to allow easy reference to each aspect of contracting activity – and each stage in the life of a
contract.
This is perhaps the most important stage, as it enables you to enter

negotiations with a thorough understanding of what you want (and
Stages in the life of a contract

can realistically offer) under a contract. This step is critical even for
“simple” agreements.
This is where the details are fleshed out, compromises are made
and a consensus is ultimately reached. This often involves further
preparation as the negotiation unfolds.
This stage occurs once agreement has been reached, and includes
University approval processes, delegations, and the manner of
recording a contract. Further negotiation around specific details in
the draft contract may often be required.
This involves monitoring the promises made, and doing what is

needed to “live up to the bargain” once a deal has been entered into,
until the end of the contract.
How this stage proceeds will depend whether the contract ends
naturally as intended, or in unfortunate or unforeseen
circumstances.
© Copyright University of Adelaide, all rights reserved page vi

E. Common issues in contracting
There are a number of common themes that arise at all stages of contracting, and are thus important to
continually think about and address as you move through the life of the contract (six “R’s”):
1. Defining Responsibilities
2. Managing Resources
3. Managing Risk
4. Managing Relationships
5. Managing Records
6. Doing the Right Thing (behaving ethically, maintaining Reputation)
Each of these six issues are discussed here in a generic and introductory way, and dealt with at certain
points through the remainder of the Handbook. What approach is adopted to manage each issue, and how
much time and effort is devoted to them, will depend on the size, complexity, nature and risks of the
contracting environment and the individual contract in question. However, they each have basic relevance
even for the simplest of agreements.
Defining Responsibilities
Ensuring the necessary authorisations and delegations are in place, and seeking the appropriate internal
approvals within the University, are important prerequisites to ensuring that contracting decisions are valid
and legally appropriate. Once a contract has been entered into, assigning responsibility for the ongoing
management of the contract is critical in order to ensure the University meets the obligations it agreed to
carry out.
Managing Resources
Whenever the University commits to performing certain obligations through a contract, it is important that the
internal resources needed to fulfil those obligations are identified early, and allocated appropriately. This
may require management support at the early stages, and the identification of staff with relevant skills for
performing the contract. Often, the staff and resources of other areas of the University are impacted by a
contract, not merely those of the individual or area that negotiated the terms. For instance, some
arrangements may require special IT or infrastructure needs, which may require consultation with IT or
Infrastructure Branch. Similarly, there may be some special safety, hazard or environmental concerns that
arise, which may require specialist input or the obtaining of special permits.
Before any obligations are committed to, it is critical to consider what resources (both your own and those in
other areas of the University) will be needed to perform contract obligations, and to consult with any other
affected areas during the preparatory phase. This is closely linked to the identification of risks, since
considering what might go wrong under a contract can help identify other areas that might be called upon to
assist in that event.
Managing Risk
Risk management is a process and a way of thinking that can facilitate good contract management. We are
“risk managing” every time we assess how things might turn out, weigh up the pros and cons, work out if the
cons are fatal and mitigate them where we can, and make and execute the most informed decision possible.
While the word “risk” usually has negative connotations for people, in the context of “risk management” it is
equally about positive possibilities. Risk management is therefore about detecting and dealing with things
that might go wrong (preferably before they go wrong) as well as foreseeing and capitalising on potential
opportunities.
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In short, it is about figuring out how events might unfold in a situation, assessing how those events could
help or harm the University’s objectives, and using that knowledge to try and proactively minimise harm or
maximise opportunity.
More detailed guidance on the University’s risk management approach can be found in the Risk
Management Handbook, or by contacting the Anne Hill (Director, Risk Services) on 8313 4603 or
[email protected].
Managing Relationships
Having professional, constructive relationships with everyone involved in the contracting process – both
internal and external to the University – is a key ingredient in the successful completion of the contract’s
intended outcomes.
The aim of relationship management is to keep communication between the parties open, constructive, and
based on mutual understanding. This should assist in preventing problems from arising, and in resolving
them more smoothly should they arise. Maintaining a good relationship does not mean that issues of non-
compliance or under-performance during the life of the contract cannot be discussed or acted upon; instead,
it means that there is a greater likelihood that such issues can be discussed and resolved in an open,
cooperative manner.
Relationships will begin to form at the early stages of the contracting process. In situations where a different
contract manager is assigned within the University following the final formalisation of the contract, that
contract manager should seek to build on existing relationships established during the negotiation phase.
Managing Records
Records are a critical part of the University’s institutional memory, and provide crucial evidence of our
activities in terms of maintaining our transparency and accountability. In the context of contracting, where
the intention of the parties is paramount, keeping evidence of the University’s intentions and the journey of
the negotiation process could become crucial if any aspect of the contract was challenged in the future.
The University’s Information Management Policy applies to all records that are created and received in the
course of developing and managing a contract, whether paper based or electronic. It is also important to
record in writing any discussions that constitute representations, decisions or undertakings by or to the other
contracting parties.
A systematic approach to recordkeeping from the very beginning of the contracting
process and throughout the life of the contract will assist the University to:
• Provide evidence of business conducted and decisions made; ALERT:
University Policy
• Manage legal and other risks;
Requirement
• Meet its accountability obligations;
• More easily enforce its rights against other parties; and
• Satisfy its regulatory records management obligations (under the State Records Act).
More information on good records management, and the University’s Information Management Policy, can
be found in the Records and Archives Management Handbook.
Doing the Right thing (behaving ethically and maintaining Reputation)
Reputation is critical to the University: to the community trust it engenders, to the attainment of its mission, to
the continuity of funding and public support, and to the ongoing reliance by government, industry and the
wider community on the expertise of its specialists.
It is important that we maintain this reputation in our interaction with outside parties. If you are ever
concerned about whether you may be acting in the most appropriate and ethical manner, a good litmus test
is to ask whether you or the University would be embarrassed or ashamed if your actions were publicised on
the internet or on the front page of the Advertiser.
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The Contracts and Agreements Policy specifically requires that negotiations and procurement processes be
transparent, ethical and free of bias, having regard to the reputation, accountability and social responsibilities
of the University to the wider community and environment. Staff must be sensitive to potential conflicts of
interest and must disclose and manage them in accordance with the Behaviour and Conduct Policy.
Conflicts of interest may arise at various stages of the contracting process, such as
during the selection of the outside parties, if gifts or benefits are received during the
negotiation phase, or if “quid pro quo” arrangements are evident amongst the contracting
ALERT:
parties. University Policy
Requirement
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MODULE 1: PREPARATION AND
NEGOTIATION
Purpose of this module:
This module outlines the basic principles and steps involved in the first two stages in the life of any contract:
preparation and negotiation.
This module has the following objectives:
• To highlight the importance of preparation to any contracting activity, regardless of how simple the
agreement may seem;
• To provide some practical tools for guiding your preparation process;
• To explain what kind of agreements need to be formally documented through a separate written
contract – and why – so that you understand from the outset what kind of approach you will need to
take to the contracting process;
• To help you work out your bargaining position through the “P.A.N.” (preferred, acceptable, not-
negotiable) approach;
• To highlight the importance of negotiation and the process through which a negotiation can transition
to a binding contract; and
• Provide some initial legal guidance around the transition from negotiation to a binding contract, and
introduce some of the ways in which you can protect yourself from making this transition before you
are ready.
Contents of this module

1.1 Planning to enter an agreement – the critical step of preparation ...................................... 1.2
Contract planning – preliminary checklist.......................................................................................... 1.2
General factors that must be considered before entering any University agreement: ....................... 1.3
1.2 How formally will my agreement need to be documented? ................................................ 1.3

1.3 How and when a contract forms – the importance of negotiation ...................................... 1.4
1.4 Preparing to negotiate – understanding your bargaining position ...................................... 1.5
The “P.A.N.” approach ...................................................................................................................... 1.5
1.5 More detailed preparation: the pre-agreement evaluation.................................................. 1.6

Contract Preparation – Pre-evaluation Matrix ................................................................................... 1.7
1.6 Never assume negotiation is “futile” ................................................................................... 1.8

1.7 Legal guidance: the transition from negotiation to binding contract ................................... 1.8
(a) How can parties protect themselves against becoming legally bound before they intend to be? 1.8
(b) How can parties define the moment that a contractual relationship comes into being?............... 1.9
(c) How far can parties go in securing a commitment from another party to continue negotiations
without becoming prematurely bound by a contract? .................................................................. 1.9
(d) What devices can be used to secure a binding obligation before the details have been thrashed
out? ............................................................................................................................................. 1.9
(e) What happens when one party, believing that the contract is binding, acts upon that belief when
the other party considers they are still only negotiating? ............................................................. 1.9
(f) When parties finally conclude a contract and put it in writing, what is the relevance of prior
discussions – and
when might parties be bound by aspects of their prior agreement that are not in the ultimate
printed document? ..................................................................................................................... 1.10
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A. Planning to enter an agreement – the critical step of preparation
Too often, parties push each other towards agreeing to a deal before they have each taken a step back to
consider what it is that they really hope to achieve through the agreement – and what it is that they can
realistically offer in terms of services and resources.
Taking the time to think through these questions is critical even for “simple” agreements. Just because an
agreement is seemingly small or simple does not mean it is immune from going wrong down the track. A
real life example is a “simple” $2,000 consulting agreement to provide expert witness services in a court
case culminating in a multi-million dollar liability exposure due to the extreme sensitivity and controversy of
the subject matter.
Good preparation need not take a lot of time. Certainly, for a large and complex contract, the preparation
phase (and each stage in the life of the contract) will involve a significant investment of time and energy.
However, for a simple agreement, good preparation may only involve spending a few minutes going through
the following preliminary checklist in your mind.
Contract planning – preliminary checklist:

 Who are the parties? Do I trust them (and are they reputable)?
checklist
Preliminary checklist
 What is the contract trying to achieve? Why?

PREPARATION:
PREPARATION:
 Can we live up to our end of the bargain? (Do we have the resources? Is it in line
with University policy, any pre-existing contractual obligations, our legal and regulatory
requirements, and any other ethical
commitments we have?)
Preliminary
 What areas and people within the University might be affected, either
directly or indirectly?
 What timelines are there? (For negotiation, signing, performance outcomes)
 What University approvals are required? (Committees, management approval)
 Is the agreement in the University’s best interests and in line with its
strategic objectives?
Part of the preparation phase involves making an assessment of what “level” of contract management will be
appropriate for your agreement. Contracts can range significantly in value, duration, risk exposure and
complexity. As a result, the nature and extent of contract management practices will vary, depending on the
particular circumstances of a contract. During the preparation phase, you will need to exercise judgment
about the contract development and management practices that are appropriate to the particular situation. If
you are ever unsure about what level of management or formalisation is required, you should ask someone
in the Legal and Risk branch, or someone in your area who has prior experience and expertise in
contracting.
The University’s Contracts and Agreements Policy and The Contracts and Agreements Policy is a
Procedures sets out a number of general factors that must be useful document to refer to when preparing to
proactively considered before entering any agreement on
enter any agreement – it includes basic
behalf of the University. The Policy also contains a list of
principles and checklists for contracting.
“triggers” to help you determine whether a separate, formal
written contract is required – or whether you can simply You can find it on the University website at:
document the agreement in an informal way. Finally, it sets https://www.adelaide.edu.au/policies/2964/
out common requirements for all contracts, to guide you

through the stages beyond preparation – and provides more detailed steps to follow for more complex and
formal agreements.
General factors that must be considered before entering any University agreement:
a) The reputation, standing and/or credit-worthiness of any outside parties with which the University will
form a relationship under the agreement;
b) The need for the agreement;
c) Potential impacts on University resources, including personnel and infrastructure, or
ALERT:
other areas of the University;
University Policy
d) Whether the University can reasonably meet its obligations under the agreement; Requirements
e) Compliance with other University Policies, existing contractual obligations, legal and regulatory
requirements, and any ethical commitments of the University;
f) Identification of the risks connected with the agreement, the relationship, the project or the activities,
and how best to manage them, in accordance with the Risk Management Policy.
B. How formally will my agreement need to be documented?

Any agreement entered on behalf of the University – no matter how simple it may seem – must be
documented in some way. Simpler agreements may only need to be documented via an exchange of letters
or emails, while for complex agreements it may be more appropriate to draft a separate contract.
The need to document and centrally store all University agreements is a requirement of the Information
Management Policy. This requirement ensures that all University contracts are trackable by “the University”,
regardless of which area enters or performs them. Over time, it will also enable the University to form a
picture of its contracting obligations, the value of its contracting activity, and the breadth of its contracting
partners across industry, government and the wider community.
The main reason for documenting a contract is to ensure clarity of the terms, so that the parties are on the
same page regarding the obligations imposed and details agreed upon. Having the terms written down also
makes it much easier to prove that you have an agreement, and to enforce the terms of that agreement
down the track if required. Where an agreement is particularly complicated, a separate written contract can
include specific terms that address what the parties will do if things happen to go wrong in the future, and set
out agreed-upon rights for one party to exercise if the other party fails to meet its obligations under the
contract.
Table 1.1 contains a list of “triggers” to help you determine whether a separate, formal written contract is
required – or whether you can simply document the agreement in a less formal way. These triggers capture
the main circumstances in which:
• Ambiguities may arise (therefore more clarity can be achieved through a separate contract,
particularly since negotiating the written terms will require each party to really think about what they
want the contract to say);
• Things are more likely to go wrong and/or the University is likely to be exposed to higher risks
if they do go wrong (therefore the University wants to protect itself by ensuring that a separate
contract properly defines the University’s rights and how problems down the track will be dealt with);
• The situation requires a separate written contract under the law (such as where intellectual
property is assigned, or where the agreement is with a Government entity); or
• The University knows that down the track it may want to limit or end the agreement at its own
convenience (in which case the contract should include a means for that to happen).

TABLE 1.1: TRIGGERS FOR A SEPARATE WRITTEN CONTRACT
a) The agreement involves ongoing (not once-off) obligations or tasks, by the University or other
party.
b) The contract deliverables or outcomes require some explanation (there is not a clear one line
description of the contract output).
c) The agreement involves a significant in-kind contribution by the University or poses a
significant risk to the University.
d) The agreement is to provide research or expert related services to an outside body, including as
expert witnesses.
e) The agreement assigns or licenses intellectual property (including copyright) to or from the
University, for existing or new material.
f) Confidential or private information may be disclosed under the agreement, by the University or
other party, which requires protection.
g) An outside person or company is being engaged to undertake some activity for or on behalf of the
University and the University requires the contractor to comply with certain legislative or
regulatory requirements, and/or University Policies and Procedures.
h) Successful performance of the contract is dependent on specific personnel (either University or
outside personnel).
i) The parties’ obligations extend beyond South Australia (interstate or overseas), including all
international engagements.
j) The agreement is with a Government or Government entity.
k) The agreement involves the sale or purchase of land, or lease of
property. ALERT:
University Policy
l) The agreement is a material transfer agreement.
Requirements
m) The University wants or needs to limit the agreement in some way.
n) The University needs or wants an ability to end the agreement at its own convenience.
If one of the “triggers” applies to your situation, then the Procedures set out the steps that must be taken in
terms of appointing a contract manager within the University, consulting with internal University stakeholders,
drafting, ensuring the contract is appropriately vetted by legal advisors, and executing the contract. This
process will be discussed in more detail in Module 2: Formalisation – but it is important in the preparation
phase to identify whether you will need to follow this process (particularly the need to appoint a contract
manager)
If none of these triggers apply, you may still consider that a separate contract is appropriate in order to
ensure that all the parties are on the same page in terms of their intentions and the obligations imposed by
the contract. It will never be inappropriate to document more than you need to, provided you take care to
ensure that the terms you are documenting properly reflect and capture the agreement reached. Where only
simple documentation is required (as distinct from a separate written contract), the handout contained at the
start of Module 2, “Basic checklist for documenting and managing simple contracts”, provides brief
and practical guidance for handling such contracts on an everyday basis.
C. How and when a contract forms – the importance of negotiation

Legally enforceable obligations embodied in a contract usually come about after a process of negotiation.
Such negotiation may take minutes, hours, days or even years. Until a contract is finalised, the parties
generally have no enforceable right or obligations against one another; but the moment the contract comes
into existence, they do. Determining the point at which a contract is formed is therefore critical.
The crossing of the line from no contract (with no obligations) to contract (with binding obligations) can
involve significant consequences and, accordingly, risk. Parties may form different views of just when that

point has been reached. Some parties may not consciously communicate whether the point of consensus
has been reached. One may begin acting upon the belief that a legally binding agreement has been
reached, when the other party does not share that view.
There are situations where an arrangement that appears to be a “done deal” may not have yet achieved the
quality of a legally enforceable “contract”. For example, the parties may reach agreement on all of the
important terms for their bargain but one or more of them may wish to reserve their right to withdraw from the
deal until some further step is taken or condition is met (this is sometimes called a “precondition”). Or, the
parties may agree on most of the important terms of their bargain and intend to be bound by it, but may have
failed to agree on a fundamental detail that the whole deal remains uncertain or incomplete.
Sometimes parties might not be ready to enter into a binding contract but simply want to be able to assure
another party of their commitment to continue negotiating towards a contract. A memorandum of
understanding or letter of intent can be used to signal such a commitment.
When the parties finally do agree they are each bound by a contract, they may decide to put their agreement
into writing. However, it is possible they will have different ideas about the significance of all of the
negotiations that went before and elements of their communications that have not been put into the written
form. Section 1.6 of this Module will address a set of practical questions regarding the negotiation phase.
D. Preparing to negotiate – understanding your bargaining position

There is no one right approach to negotiations, although it is generally best to aim to engender mutual
understanding and a commitment to resolving issues in a co-operative manner. The University’s ability to
negotiate will depend on its bargaining power in any given relationship. Be aware that the University is a
large organisation – and this can often be used to the University’s advantage.
Whenever you enter a negotiation process, it is important to understand what your own bargaining position
is. It is easy to get caught up in thinking about what the other side might want or demand of us, without
actively thinking about what we want from the deal, what we would live with, and what we absolutely cannot
accept under any circumstances.
Working out your preferred, acceptable and absolutely not-
The “P.A.N.” approach: negotiable positions before entering into a negotiation will
- What is my PREFERRED position: empower you to negotiate in full understanding of your goals and
what would be a “win”? limits.
- What is my ACCEPTABLE position: It can be
what would I be happy to live with? equally Why are we
- What is my NOT-NEGOTIABLE helpful What tasks doing this and
to what do we
position: what is my “bottom line”, will need to
stand to gain
be performed
below which I cannot go? anticipate & who will (and lose)?
what the perform
them?
preferred, acceptable and not-negotiable positions might What are the
be for the other parties. For instance, if you expect their "costs" of this
contract in
acceptable position to be the same as your preferred position, terms of
then you can more confidently go in harder in the negotiations; money and
effort?
but if you suspect your preferred position would be so unacceptable
to them as to be not-negotiable, then perhaps commencing on a softer
middle ground will lead to greater negotiating success.
Your actual “P.A.N” positions will depend on the context and
circumstances of each agreement. You will usually need to
consider the dollar amount of the agreement (i.e. the amount The University's "acceptable"
you are prepared to pay, or the amount you expect to be paid) negotiating position
and the time frame (such as the time frame you are prepared to wait to receive some service, or the time
frame within which you believe you can provide some outside research service). You may also need to
consider your position in relation to the people you hope to do business with. The “P.A.N.” position may be a
combination of many things.

Regardless of what success measures are being applied (money, time, people or other), there are some
fundamental questions that may inform your determination of the preferred, acceptable and not-negotiable
position in each case:
 Why are we doing this – and what do we stand to gain (and lose)?
 What tasks will need to be performed and who will perform them?
 What are the “costs” of this contract in terms of money and effort?
It is useful to think about each of these questions in terms of not only monetary costs and tangible resources,
but also in terms of people (particularly where there is specialist expertise involved), risk (what we stand to
lose), and reputation (the “intangible” benefits or risks of the deal).
Asking and answering these questions within the specific context of your potential contract can help you filter
the University’s acceptable position (as well as its preferred and unacceptable positions). Note that this
position may need to be re-evaluated as negotiations proceed.
You may notice that these questions are closely related to the preparatory questions suggested in the
preliminary checklist on page 1.2 above. This emphasises the inter-relationship between preparation and
negotiation: good negotiations can only flow from good preparation, and thorough preparation will arm you
for successful negotiations.
E. More detailed preparation: the pre-agreement evaluation

For more complex contracts, preparing to negotiate and ascertaining your bargaining position can be
informed by undertaking a more detailed evaluation of the University context and motivations behind the
intended agreement.
The pre-evaluation matrix below can provide a useful starting point. How each question in the matrix applies
will depend on the nature of the proposed arrangement.
Where an arrangement is straightforward or part of the University’s everyday operational activities, you need
not undertake this evaluation, apart from confirming the financial suitability – the Preliminary
Checklist contained in Section 1.1 above may be more useful in simpler contracting situations. However,
the more unusual or complex the arrangement, the more important it will be to consider each question before
proceeding too far along the contracting process.
Answering “no” to any of the questions in the matrix does not necessarily mean you should stop the
contracting process. Rather, this should prompt you to consider whether the agreement is viable and/or
necessary. This may involve seeking input from your manager, or consulting with your local area’s Business
Manager or School Manager, who may have additional insights and information to assist you with early
evaluation and planning. At any stage, you may also request help from Legal and Risk
([email protected] or 8303 5033).

Contract Preparation – Pre-evaluation Matrix
Does your proposed agreement align with:

• the University’s strategic plan? Yes No
(https://www.adelaide.edu.au/vco/strategic-plan) Yes No
• your Faculty / Division strategic plan? Yes No
• your School / Branch plan?
Does your proposed agreement align with the State’s strategic plan? Yes No
(https://www.dpc.sa.gov.au/news )
Does your proposed agreement align with the University’s commitment to the Yes No
ISTRATEGIC
Commonwealth’s Protective Security Policy Framework? (Policies | Protective

Security Policy Framework)
Will your proposed agreement advantage the University? Yes No
Will your proposed agreement maintain, protect or enhance the University’s brand Yes No
and reputation?
Is the other party suitable? (e.g. is it reputable; have you worked with it before?) Yes No
If the other party a foreign entity have you obtained endorsement under the Yes No
University’s Foreign Engagement Compliance Review?
Have you checked that a relationship with the other party will not cause conflict Yes No
with any existing University relationships?
Does the University have the skills, knowledge or experience required to perform Yes No
its obligations under the proposed agreement?
OPERATIONAL
Are there sufficient personnel or human resources to manage the proposed Yes No
agreement and undertake the University’s obligations under your proposed
agreement?
Does the University have the infrastructure or equipment required for your Yes No
proposed agreement?
Is your proposed agreement legally acceptable? (i.e. does not contravene any law) Yes No
LEGAL
If your proposed agreement creates any additional compliance obligations on the Yes No
University, are you confident these can be met? Have you confirmed this with
Legal Services?
If your proposed agreement involves exchange of money, is it of appropriate Yes No
FINANCIAL
commercial value? (don’t forget to take into account any oncosts)
If your proposed agreement involves expenditure, is this within an approved Yes No

budget and does your area have sufficient resources/funds for the term of the
contract? (don’t forget to take into account any oncosts)
If you have answered “No” to any of the above, your proposed agreement may
pose a risk to your area or the University as a whole.
• Is the risk acceptable and manageable? Yes No
Unsure
RISKS
• Is there a greater risk to the University if the agreement is NOT entered into
(e.g. political, threat to existing relationship, loss of market position)?
If you have answered “No” or “Unsure” to either of these questions, you should Yes No
seek higher level approval before proceeding any further with your proposed Unsure
agreement

F. Never assume negotiation is “futile”
Even when presented with the standard terms and conditions of large corporations like Canon or Microsoft,
do not assume that these cannot be negotiated. Those standard terms and conditions are typically very one-
sided in favour of the other party. While those parties are unlikely to be receptive to the University putting
forward its own drafted contract, or wholesale changes to their terms and conditions, in many cases, the
University has at least been successful at negotiating a more equitable position on some of the more
extreme clauses in their terms and conditions.
Where contract negotiations are on more even footing, the following principles will assist:
• Agree on the make-up of the negotiating team of both parties – this will ensure that there is a
consistent voice speaking for all sides.
• Allow sufficient time for negotiations. Rushing is not conducive to a mutual understanding and
meaningful outcome, and the University will always be on the back foot if the contract must be finalised
within days.
• Establish timeframes in which negotiations of individual issues, as well as negotiations overall, will be
conducted. For larger contracts in particular, negotiating in small steps will make it easier to reach
agreement and prevent the process from seeming insurmountable.
• Have a clear idea of the University’s bargaining position – including through a “PAN” (preferred,
acceptable, not-negotiable) analysis as set out in Section 1.4 above.
G. Legal guidance: the transition from negotiation to binding contract

The guidance provided here is intended to help you understand the general nature of the transition from
negotiation to binding contract.
If you are dealing with a specific situation and are unsure if you may have bound the University before you
intended to, you should discuss that case with Legal Services as soon as possible. They will be able to
provide more relevant assistance taking into account the facts of your particular circumstances.
(a) How can the University be adequately protected becoming legally bound before intended?
Firstly, make it clear to the other party/s that the University will only be bound once a written contract is
signed by a properly authorised officer of the University. Be honest with the other parties: tell them that
you can negotiate the terms, but you are not authorised to accept the final terms and sign the contract
on behalf of the University. Explain that there are internal approval mechanisms (such as committees or
management lines) that must be followed. Ideally, after you have explained this to the other parties,
confirm it to them in writing.
If you do not clearly state this, and behave as if you have more authority than you really do, then the
other party may be entitled to assume that you are authorised to bind the University. This could result in
you committing the University to something before it has been properly authorised internally.
However, if you communicate openly about the limitations of your authority, then it would be
unreasonable (and dishonest) for the other party to act like the contract is binding before it has been
through the proper University channels.
If you are authorised to bind the University (for instance, if you are a senior manager negotiating a
contract), you may need to be much more careful about what commitments you make before written
terms are drawn up, as your words may more readily bind the University. Make it clear, in writing (email
or letter), that until a contract has been drafted or reviewed by your legal advisors, and subjected to any
relevant internal University approval mechanisms, the University does not intend to be bound by any
agreement.
Secondly, until the contract is signed, do not commence activities under the contract or do anything that
may be construed as authorising the other party to proceed with work under the contract. This will
significantly reduce the University’s ability to negotiate the terms of a written contract, and the University

will run the risk of having created an uncertain oral or implied contract – in other words, being
contractually bound before it intends to be.
(b) How can parties define the moment that a contractual relationship comes into being?
This depends on the circumstances of each particular contract. The best way is to ask when there was a
“meeting of the minds” or consensus reached on the critical aspects of the agreement. However, this
consensus must occur between the legal entities entering the contract.
For instance, if the University contracts with an outside company, then a consensus reached between
the negotiating representatives of each could only represent consensus between “the University of
Adelaide” and “the outside company” if each representative is clearly authorised to bind the corporation.
This highlights the importance of question (a) above: it is crucial to be honest about the extent of your
authority. Provided you are honest about your need to get internal approvals within the University, it will
be much harder for the other party to claim the contractual relationship has become binding before the
University believes it has. Conversely, if the other party’s negotiator has made it clear that he/she does
not have the authority to bind that party, do not rely on their word without a written contract.
(c) How far can parties go in securing a commitment from another party to continue
negotiations without becoming prematurely bound by a contract?
As with most situations through the life of a contract, intention is paramount here – and clearly
communicating your intention is the key to minimising confusion.
Exchanging an intention to continue negotiating in good faith (such as in the form of a letter of intent or
memorandum of understanding) will not prematurely bind the parties, provided the exchange is only
expressing an intention to negotiate, and does not purport to place any legally binding rights or
obligations on any of the parties.
A memorandum of understanding is a common tool used to document such intention.
Ideally, the MOU should include a statement that neither party intends to be legally bound until the
intended negotiation has resulted in the finalisation of a written contract, duly authorised and signed by
each party.
However, be aware that if it does not include such a statement, and it actually documents rights and
obligations upon which the parties intend to be able to act, then it is a binding “contract” regardless of it
being titled an “MOU”.
(d) What devices can legitimately be used to secure a binding obligation before all of the details
have been thrashed out?
If the parties have reached agreement on all of the important terms for their bargain, and want to commit
to the deal but continue thrashing out certain details, then a preliminary contract (sometimes referred to
as a ‘Term Sheet’ or ‘Heads of Agreement’) could be drawn up that documents the agreed terms, states
the timeframe and/or basis for the negotiation of the remaining details and gives each party (or one
party, depending on the circumstances) rights to withdraw from the deal up until such time as the
additional details are negotiated and a final contract drawn up incorporating those terms. Thus if
agreement cannot be reached on the details, the parties can still walk away or the preliminary contract
will lapse. If you are employing this kind of arrangement, it is strongly recommended that you seek legal
advice before committing.
(e) What happens when the other party, believing that the contract is binding, acts upon that
belief, when I don’t think there has been an agreement yet?
Hopefully, if you have followed the advice under (a) and (b) above, then this should not happen, or can
be resisted by pointing to the lack of authority for you to bind the University in the absence of a contract
signed by an authorised officer.

However, if you do notice that one party starts acting in a way that suggests they believe the contract is
binding, when you consider the negotiations to still be ongoing, and if you are unable to simply point to
your previous communications about lack of authority, then you should seek legal advice immediately.
Do not simply ignore their actions in the hope they will revert to negotiating. By seeking legal advice
immediately, your legal advisor can help work out whether the contract may in fact be binding already,
and help you communicate about the issue with the other parties in a way that will not compromise the
University’s position (or do so only minimally).
(f) When parties do finally conclude a contract and put it in writing, what is the relevance of their
prior discussions – and when might parties be bound by aspects of their prior agreement that
are not found in the ultimate printed document?
This is a complex area of law, which is highly dependent on the circumstances of each contract. One
common tool used to avoid confusion in this area is to include a term in written contracts that state that it
represents the “entire agreement” between the parties. While this can be a useful tool for stopping
things that were said in negotiations from coming back to bite you, it can also work against a party if they
do not carefully check the written terms to ensure that all the terms agreed upon, which are important to
them, are included in the formal contract.
While you are negotiating, it is a good idea to keep notes of the negotiation sessions, particularly of any
things that are “agreed” to throughout the process. When the draft contract is presented, you can then
check the terms against your notes, and make sure that all the agreed details of importance to the
University are included. If something is missing that you think should be included, inform your legal
advisor, so that they can suggest additions or amendments to the contract terms while it is still in a draft
phase.
Additional resources and training: If you would like more training around the art of successful negotiations, the Legal Services team can
provide you with additional materials or customised training upon request

MODULE 2: DRAFTING AND FORMALISATION
Purpose of this module:
This module outlines the process through which a contract is drafted and formalised.
Even when a general consensus has been reached in an agreement, the drafting and formalisation stage
often involves ongoing negotiations about specific details or terms and requires a constant awareness of the
preparatory background and why you are entering a contract. The principles discussed in Module 1:
Preparation and Negotiation remain equally relevant throughout the formalisation phase.
• To give a simple overview of the steps required to adequately document and manage simple contracts
(where no separate written contract is required);
• To further explain what kind of agreements need to be formally documented through a separate
written contract – and how that process should be managed;
• To provide some guidance around the definition of contract deliverables and performance measures;
and
• To outline the process around signing a contract, including University sign-off and the proper storage
procedure for signed agreements.
Contents of this module:

2.1 Introduction – what level of formalisation is required?........................................................ 2.2
2.2 Basic checklist for documenting and managing simple contracts ...................................... 2.3
2.3 Separate written contracts .................................................................................................. 2.4
Contract Manager ............................................................................................................................. 2.4
Contract specialist areas – making the most of the University’s contracting expertise ..................... 2.5
Seeking internal approvals – and keeping other areas in the loop .................................................... 2.7
2.4 Drafting the contract: theirs or ours? ................................................................................ 2.10

Using standard form contracts ........................................................................................................ 2.11
Custom drafted contracts ................................................................................................................ 2.11
2.5 What you are agreeing to: defining contract deliverables................................................. 2.11
2.6 Knowing whether deliverables have been met: performance measures .......................... 2.13
2.7 Final negotiations .............................................................................................................. 2.14

2.8 Sealing the deal – signing the contract ............................................................................. 2.15
University sign-off ........................................................................................................................... 2.15
Storage of signed contract .............................................................................................................. 2.15
Appendix 2.1 – Contract Drafting / Review Instruction Form .................................................... 2.17

Appendix 2.2 – Road map of contract formation process ......................................................... 2.19

A. Introduction – what level of formalisation is required?
Any agreement entered into on behalf of the University – no matter how simple it may seem – must be
documented in some way and recorded in the University’s centrally accessible records management system.
Simpler agreements may only need to be documented via an exchange of letters or emails, while for
complex agreements it may be more appropriate to draft a separate contract.
A list of “triggers” to help you determine whether a separate, formal written contract is required – or whether
you can simply document the agreement in a less formal way is set out in Table 1.1 in Module 1. They have
been developed specifically for the University context – and were designed to capture the main
circumstances in which ambiguities may arise, or in which things are more likely to go wrong (or expose the
University to higher risks if they go wrong). There are also some situations in which the law requires a
separate written agreement, such as the transfer of intellectual property; and there are cases where the
University may wish to limit or end the agreement at its own convenience in the future. In all these cases, a
separate written contract is required to address the relevant issues properly.
If one of the “triggers” applies to your situation, the Procedures set out the steps that must be taken in terms
of consultation, formalisation and ensuring the contract is appropriately drafted and vetted by legal experts.
This process will be discussed in more detail in Section 2.3 below. If none of the triggers apply, you may still
consider that a separate contract is appropriate to ensure that all the parties are on the same page in terms
of their intentions and the obligations imposed by the contract. It will never be inappropriate to document
more than you need to, provided you take care to ensure that the terms you are documenting properly reflect
and capture the agreement reached.
However, it is understood that sometimes an agreement is so simple that it does not need to be
accompanied by any bells or whistles. Where no triggers apply, and only simple documentation is required,
then Section 2.2: Basic checklist for documenting and managing simple contracts, set out below,
provides some guidance for handling such contracts on an everyday basis.

B. Basic checklist for documenting and managing simple contracts
Having followed the Contract Planning Preliminary Checklist (see Section 1.1 of
Module 1), determined that no separate written contract is required (Section 1.2) and
reached agreement on the terms of a simple contract, this checklist will help you comply
ALERT:
with the requirements of the Contracts and Agreements Policy – and protect you in the
University Policy
event that even your simple agreement goes wrong down the track. Requirements
 Make sure the agreement is properly authorised within the University.

Ensure what you are committing the University to is in line with your own delegations (financial and non-
financial) – if not, get the approval of someone who is authorised to bind the University in that
CHECKLIST: DOCUMENTING AND MANAGING SIMPLE CONTRACTS

way.
 Keep others in the loop if they need to be informed.
Even though the agreement is very simple, there may be other people in the University that need
to know about it. Ask yourself whether there is:
 Anyone else in the University who might need to do something in connection with the
agreement, directly or indirectly? (Note: if there is anyone in this category, consult with them
before committing)
 Anyone else in the University who also has an agreement with the same party, that might be
impacted in some way by your agreement (or interested to know about it)?
 Anyone else in the University that might be affected by the agreement in some other way (eg,
a time or work commitment you previously made to them might be altered by this new
agreement)?
If you identify any people who need to know (or might want to know), let those people know about
the agreement – all it takes is a brief email but it will be appreciated as a collaborative courtesy!
 Be sure to make the agreement in the name of the University of Adelaide.
The University is the only “legal” entity – so do not make the agreement in the name of any sub-
unit of the University (such as a School or Research Centre). In the case of a simple agreement,
this simply means using language in your documents that indicates you are agreeing “on behalf of
the University of Adelaide”.
 Document the agreement in a manner that is suitable given the nature of the agreement.
 Clearly and simply state what it is that has been agreed – especially the rights and obligations
of the parties.
 Confirm that the terms are agreed by exchanging letters or emails.
 Print the exchange that shows the terms have been agreed, collate it and register it as a “legal
document” through Records Services using the prescribed form (see Forms & Templates |
University Library | University of Adelaide).
 If there was any negotiation process (such as a back-and-forth over price or some other
condition) then make sure that negotiation has been transparently recorded – again, through
emails or letters – and keep those records on a University file.
 Comply with applicable laws and University policies and procedures.
eg: Policies and Procedures relating to procurement, receiving revenue, records, conflicts of
interest.
 Take (or assign) responsibility for following up the agreement to make sure it happens
This includes making sure anyone involved in performing the contract obligations (no matter how
simple they seem) have been communicated with so that they understand what they are meant to
do and when.
 If in any doubt, check with the Legal Services Branch.
It’s better to be safe than sorry – if something feels wrong, check with a lawyer within Legal Services.

C. Separate written contracts
If one of the “triggers” applies to your situation – as will usually be the case where your contract is one of
those listed within Table 2.1 below – or if you otherwise consider that a separate written contract is justified,
this section will address the steps that must be taken to create a formal contract.
Contract Manager
ALERT: If a separate written contract is required, you should appoint a University Contract Manager
University Policy as early as possible, to take responsibility for overseeing the development, negotiation and
Requirement execution of the contract, as set out in the rest of the Handbook.
Who will be the most appropriate University Contract Manager will vary in each case. It
should be someone of suitable seniority to negotiate on behalf of the University – or someone who is skilled
and experienced in the subject matter of the contract, with sufficient technical understanding of the
contractual arrangements to manage the process. Often, the Contract Manager may not be a delegated
signatory, and therefore will not be authorised to complete and execute the contract on the University’s
behalf. Care must be taken not to overstate your authority when negotiating with outside parties, as
discussed in Section 1.6 in Module 1 above.
TABLE 2.1: At a local area level, what kind of contracts are we talking about?
The following are examples of local area agreements that usually “trigger” a separate written contract:
Teaching-related Research-related
• Engaging a consultant to develop and deliver • Research grants
curriculum and/or course materials • Contract Research
• Collaborating with other educational • Research collaboration
institutions or professional organisations on • Consultancies
curriculum and/or course materials • Clinical trials
• Licensing teaching materials from another • Subcontracting out work under research
organisation grants, contract research and/or
• Joint program and/or course delivery consultancies
• Pathway or articulation arrangements with • Material Transfer agreements
other universities or TAFE • Confidentiality agreements
• Student placement / internship agreements • Permitting visiting students / staff from other
• Sponsorship from companies for student institutions to work on a University research
projects or prizes / scholarships project
• Teaching & learning grants • Secondments to and from external
organisations
• Joint ventures
Facilities-related Other
• Arrangements to use someone else’s space • Providing services to other parties
or equipment
• Engaging other parties to provide services
• Arrangements for someone else to use the
School or Faculty’s space or equipment • Strategic MOUs with educational bodies,
• Purchasing and/or leasing equipment or Government or companies
materials • Staff/student exchange
• Joint purchase of equipment
• Transfer of equipment (e.g. if a staff member
transfers to another university and wishes to
‘take’ equipment with them)
• Software licences

Contract specialist areas – making the most of the University’s contracting expertise
When an agreement relates to an area where there is existing internal operational

expertise within the University – such as capital works, intellectual property
commercialisation, or international agreements – you must consult with that area to
determine the appropriate contract manager. Sometimes, it may be appropriate to ALERT:
maintain management within the local area, while for more complex or University-wide University Policy
Requirements
agreements, it may be more appropriate to have someone from a contract specialist
area act as the contract manager.
For some agreements, there will be a pre-determined specialist process to follow; for others, what process is
appropriate to the agreement will be something determined based on the individual circumstances. Either
way, it is in the best interests of the University and of individual local areas to make the most of the
contracting expertise that is already present within the institution – your time is too precious to be reinventing
successful practices and relearning expertise.
TABLE 2.2
Contracts and Specialist Areas or Officers Framework/Policy Process
Agreements Relating to to Follow
International arrangements – Pro Vice-Chancellor Foreign Engagement
any contract to be entered into (International) Compliance Review
with a party not located in
Australia which relates to Chief Security Officer Other processes as
teaching, research, students directed
or other forms of cooperation
or joint activity
Jointly conferred academic Deputy Vice-Chancellor and Jointly Conferred
(coursework) awards Vice-President (Academic) Coursework Awards
Policy
Jointly conferred academic Deputy Vice-Chancellor and Jointly Conferred Higher
(higher degree by research) Vice-President (Research) Degree by Research (HDR)
awards Awards Policy
Use of University brand Marketing and Brand Policy

(including name, logos, Communications
trademarks)
Competitive research grants Research Services Research Grants, Contracts
and Consultancies Policy
Research contracts, non- Innovation and Research Grants, Contracts

competitive research grants or Commercialisation Services, and Consultancies Policy
consultancy services Business Development
Protecting and Innovation and Invention Disclosure

commercialising intellectual Commercialisation Services, Form; Intellectual
property (including related Commercialisation Property Policy
Confidentiality Disclosure
Agreements and Material
Transfer Agreements)
Collaborative research Deputy Vice-Chancellor and Research Centres and

ventures with external parties Vice-President (Research) Research Institutes
Framework - Joint Research
Ventures with External
Partners Template

Establishment or acquisition of Legal Services Branch Controlled Entities Policy
Controlled Entities
Innovation and
Commercialisation Services
Capital works (major and Infrastructure Branch As directed by
minor building work and Infrastructure Branch
infrastructure projects) or
other arrangements relating to
premises or real property
Procurement of goods and Strategic Procurement As directed by
services Strategic
Procurement
Financial Management
Policy Procurement
Procedures
Maintenance and utilities Capital Projects and Facilities As directed by Capital Projects
supply Agreements Management and Facilities Management
Information Technology Information Technology and As advised by

software licensing or Digital Services Information
implementation Technology and Digital
Services
Information Technology Third Information Technology and Third Party
Party Hosting services Digital Services Hosting
Security
Guidelines
Information Technology Information Technology and As advised by

Hardware Purchasing or Digital Services Information
Implementation Technology and
Digital Services
Contracts of employment and Human Resources Branch As directed by Human

appointment of titleholders Resources Branch
Recruitment Policy
Engagement of consultants or Human Resources Branch Information Sheet for

contractors Engaging Independent
Contractors
Gifts, sponsorships, External Relations Giving Policy
externally- funded
scholarships
Externally-funded postgraduate Adelaide Graduate Research As directed by Adelaide
research School Graduate Research School
scholarships/sponsorships
Contracts enabling access to Adelaide University Library Consultation with University
learning or teaching resources Librarian
by University personnel or
students
Insurance contracts Risk and Insurance Branch As directed by

Manager, Insurance
All contracts containing or General Counsel Hold Harmless Briefing Note and
proposing a ‘hold harmless’ Application Form
clause or provision

Significant Contracts
A particular contract is considered ‘significant’ if it satisfies any one of the criteria identified in the Table below.
TABLE 2.3
A contract is a significant contract if it Exclusions
satisfies any of the following criteria*
The contract commits the University to an $2 million threshold to be calculated
investment or potential liability, or will generate without reference to any funds the
revenue (including research income), in excess of University receives and distributes for
$2 million (whether in-kind or cash, and assuming the benefit of a third party (e.g. under
that any options are exercised by the University) administering authority arrangements)
The contract relates to activities which require a None
formal risk assessment in accordance with
Procedure 2.1 of the Risk Management Policy
The contract is entered into with a third party which Excludes grants and regularly occurring
is recognised as a strategic partner of the research activities occurring under legal
University, i.e. Defence industry partner, State or terms which have previously been
Commonwealth Government Department. approved by Legal Services Branch
Excludes student exchange agreements
and credit transfer agreement
University Council or any of its standing committees None
have been briefed about the contract or its
underlying activities
The contract is likely to impact or enhance the Excludes the engagement of student
University’s CRICOS licence recruitment agents
The contract is for the delivery or supply of key None
strategic enabling services, infrastructure or
technology (e.g. electricity supply, internet services
or facilities management)
The purpose of the contract is to commercialise Excludes participation in companies
intellectual property, or the contract will result in the limited by guarantee or incorporated
University holding equity in an external entity or in associations which do not impose
the creation of a controlled entity (for example, a commitments on the University above
commercialisation lead agreement, technology mere membership
licence agreement, distribution of proceeds
Excludes contracts which will be
agreement, option agreement, royalty deed etc)
executed by Innovation and Commercial
Partners Pty Ltd instead of the University
The University’s obligations or activities under the Excludes mere notification of a contract
contract will require a unique or separate regulatory to the Foreign Arrangements Scheme
permit, approval, and registration either in Australia
or overseas which is not already held by the
University
Significant contracts call for additional governance and management requirements as follows:
Contract Development and Execution
• documented due diligence on all counterparties

• legal advice obtained unless the contract is based on an approved University template
• identifying the obligations of the parties, performance measures and intended outcomes
• the contract must be registered in an approved contract register as a ‘significant’ contract
• a formal risk assessment must be done in accordance with the Risk Management Policy with
identified risks recorded on an appropriate risk register

Ongoing Contract Management
• appoint a contract manager with appropriate skills, time and resources to adequately manage
the contract
• develop a contract management plan that:
o outlines objectives, intended outcomes and success factors for the contract
o describes how the contract will be managed
o outlines how the University will comply with the contract
o identifies how risks will be identified and managed
o allocates clear roles and responsibilities for the above.
Seeking internal approvals – and keeping other areas in the loop
If the activities being proposed under your agreement involve a significant commitment by the University in
terms of finances, resources or obligations, it is a good idea to seek in-principle approval from your Head of
School or other relevant senior manager at an early stage, to avoid investing a lot of time and energy without
the support you will ultimately need to get the deal approved internally. The extent of senior management
involvement in the development of the contract will depend on the complexity and sensitivity of the contract.
Regardless of the complexity, agreements that commit University resources or commit the University to act
in certain ways may only be entered into by staff with the delegated authority to do so – and any University
approval processes required to properly authorise an agreement (such as committee approvals) must be
undertaken before any commitments are made to outside parties. Making sure those who are authorised to
sign-off on your agreement are on board from the outset is critical.
Where the agreement involves or impacts on other areas of the University, you should
consult with people from those areas as early as possible in the process. These other
areas of the University may have separate considerations that should be taken into
ALERT:
account when formulating the agreement – and which you may not be aware of or think
University Policy
about on your own. Early engagement of relevant stakeholders will avoid unexpected Requirements
delays later. There have been instances where agreements have been drafted and
negotiated in isolation and presented for signature, only for signing to be delayed or even refused when
other affected University areas discover the arrangement for the first time, and determine that it is not
compatible with University operations.
If you know that other areas of the University have existing or prior agreements with an outside party you are
dealing with, then you may be able to obtain negotiating hints (and copies of contracts) from those other
areas, to save yourself time. Or, if you know that other University areas are also contemplating contracting
with the same party, you may be able to combine your bargaining power. Existing contracts are searchable
on Content Manager as ‘Legal Documents’, or you may request the Records Services to undertake a search
for you.

Example 1: Consulting the right areas
The School of Music wants to set up a joint degree with two foreign universities which will be
delivered fully online. What University areas does it need to consult?
 Learning and Quality – the new program needs to be approved by Program Approval
Committee, and follow the requirements of the Jointly Conferred Academic Awards
Policy.
 Pro Vice-Chancellor (International) – this arrangement involves international
universities, so the International Agreements Framework must be followed, which
includes pre-approval for certain aspects of the agreement.
 Student Administration – on operational issues like enrolment, fees, examinations,
graduations.
 Marketing & Communications – regarding the use of the University’s logo by the other
Universities.
 Finance and Procurement Services – on potential taxation implications, particularly
given the international context.
 Information Technology and Digital Services – to make sure there are no issues
using the University’s web servers to host the site (or ensure our students can feasibly
get access if the site is being hosted by one of the partner institutions).

If your agreement is related to any of the arrangements listed in Table 2.2 above, you must consult the
relevant specialist area and follow any applicable internal University processes listed. The specialist area
will be able to provide assistance in developing and formalising the contract.
Example 2: Institutional memory – and not reinventing the wheel
The School of Earth & Environmental Sciences is negotiating with Primary Industries and
Resources SA (PIRSA) for PIRSA to fund some student scholarships.
The School undertakes a search on HPE Content Manager and discovers that the University has
an existing contract for PIRSA to fund scholarships for students in the School of Agriculture, Food
and Wine. Speaking to that School reveals that this agreement has been operating well, so the
parties agree to use the same contract terms for the new scholarships. This reduces the need for
lengthy negotiations and legal review.
D. Drafting the contract: theirs or ours?

In most cases, it is preferable to use a contract which has been drafted by the University. This may not
always be feasible due to the nature of the transaction, the nature and size of the other party or the relative
bargaining positions. However, whenever appropriate, you should propose to the other party that the
University draft up the contract. This is particularly desirable for collaborative or strategic arrangements, or
for commercial arrangements which go beyond the procurement of simple goods or services.
Nonetheless, having the other party draft the contract is not fatal, since there is Using a contract
always scope to review and negotiate terms before a contract is signed – a drafted by the
“draft” contract is exactly that. If the other party issues a contract, the Contract University is
Manager (and any other relevant University personnel) should read through to preferable – but not
check that all the terms of importance that were agreed during the negotiations a deal breaker!
are included – and to ensure nothing unexpected has been inserted.
The Contract Manager should then submit it for legal review, either to the Legal Services Branch or to an
external lawyer, and accompany the draft with some of the basic information requested in the Contract
Drafting/Review Instruction Form (available on the Legal Services Branch website, and included as an
Appendix 2.1 to this Module). The Contract Manager should provide all the necessary contextual information
to enable the legal advisor to fully understand the matter and be able to provide relevant and accurate advice
and suggest amendments which you can use to further negotiate the final details and terms.
In some rare cases, where the other party has a significant bargaining advantage over the University, there
may be little or no scope to modify terms in the draft agreement that the other party presents. This may be
the case when dealing with large corporations for ‘off-the-shelf’ goods or services. However, even in those
cases it is still important to thoroughly review the proposed agreement, so that it is understood exactly what
the University is agreeing to – and because the University has often been successful at negotiating a fairer
position on some of the more extreme clauses.
In other words, you should never refrain from getting the draft contract checked simply because the other
side tells you the terms are not negotiable, “standard terms” with “no chance” they can be changed.
If some of the terms are so problematic that the University would ordinarily wish to alter them, then at least
the risk associated with those terms can be properly weighed up before signing – and the University can
either walk away, or proceed with full understanding of that risk. This is particularly important if the contract
contains indemnity or ‘hold harmless’ clauses.

If the other party has not provided a contract, or has agreed to the University drafting up a contract, the
Contract Manager is responsible for instructing Legal Services Branch or an external lawyer to draft the
contract, again using the Contract Drafting/Review Instruction Form.
Using standard form contracts
For some common arrangements, such as engaging consultants, a standard form contract may be available.
These contracts are a “template” that contain set terms and conditions, so that the Contract Manager need
only fill in the key commercial information such as details of the contractor, a description of the service being
provided, the payment terms and any other special conditions.
Standard form contracts are not suitable for complex or high-risk arrangements – even if that arrangement
is, at a basic level, a kind of contract that could usually follow a standard form in simpler cases. For instance,
even though simple consultancy agreements are perfectly suited to a standard form contract, you may need
a customised contract for a complex and long term consultancy arrangement involving high risk or high value
services, interaction with other arrangements or difficult to measure performance indicators.
Please refer to the Legal Services Branch website (www.adelaide.edu.au/legalandrisk/) to see if there is a
suitable standard form contract for your arrangement. In addition, further guidance is included in Module 6:
Standard Form Contracts.
If your area frequently engages in the same kind of transaction with various outside parties, you may wish to
discuss the possibility of developing a standard form agreement with Legal Services Branch. This will make
the creation and finalisation of such agreements much simpler and quicker. It also helps staff in your area
handle that type of agreement in a consistent, predictable and efficient manner.
Each standard form contract available on the Legal Services Branch website will contain detailed instructions
for use. Once the variables have been completed, the Contract Manager should send the contract to the
Legal Services Branch for a quick review of the terms (particularly of the contract deliverables described).
This is an important step to confirm that your insertions convey your intended meaning, and also make sure
that the standard form contract being used is appropriate in the circumstances.
Custom drafted contracts
If no standard form contract exists or is appropriate for the arrangement, the Contract Manager must instruct
either the Legal Services Branch or an external lawyer to draft the contract, using the Contract Drafting /
Review Instruction Form (Appendix 2.1 to this Module).
This form will save a lot of time for both you and your lawyer, since it asks for the details required by the
lawyer in order to draft a contract. Be mindful that contracts may take some time to draft, so ensure you
budget for this in your timeframe.
If you know during the preparation and negotiation phase that the University will be drafting the contract, it
may be useful to bring your legal advisor into the loop early on, so that they can support you through the
process, as well as gain a more comprehensive understanding of the agreement.
If you would like to learn more about common terms or clauses that appear in many contracts (often called
“boilerplate” clauses), some of these are described and discussed in Module 7: Common terms and
boilerplate clauses. That module also identifies some common clauses that should not be treated as
“boilerplate” but should instead be treated with caution and specifically addressed before signing.
E. What you are agreeing to: defining contract deliverables

Regardless of the form of contract used, one of the most critical aspects of any contract is the planning of
and description of contract deliverables. These are the tasks, outputs or commitments that are being agreed
to in the contract, which the parties are required to perform or “deliver” as part of the deal.
Simple agreements can have very simple deliverables. For instance, agreeing to have someone come and
deliver a once-off guest lecture has “deliverables” that can be described in one or two sentences: “Professor
X from the University of South Australia will be paid $300 to come on the 3rd of March, 2010 and deliver a

guest lecture on human rights in the Law School at the University of Adelaide, between 5 and 6pm.” Having
such simple and easily described deliverables means that agreeing that detail through an exchange of letters
or emails may suffice.
Where contract deliverables are more numerous or complex, a separate written contract is usually required.
The contract should clearly set out:
• WHAT needs to be delivered or performed
Contract “deliverables”
are the what, when, where,
• HOW these things are to be delivered or performed (e.g. to how and who of your
what standard, or with what method) agreement…
It is crucial that you flesh out
• WHEN (e.g. a single deadline or a series of milestones)
this detail in the contract – and
• WHERE (if the location of performance is critical) never lose sight of the WHY
when doing so!
• BY WHOM (this is particularly relevant if there are key
personnel with particular skills)
The deliverables should be as concise as possible (while at the same time fully describing the requirement),
complete and correct, and clear, consistent and unambiguous. Critically, the deliverables should also be
feasible and achievable, and described in a measurable and verifiable way, so that the parties are able to
determine whether they have been achieved or not.
The deliverables or statement of work can either be set out in the contract itself (usually in a Schedule) or
may have already been created as a separate document during the negotiation (e.g. as a proposal), in which
case that document can be appended to the contract.
In defining contract deliverables, it can often be important for the contract to reflect the fact that the
deliverables may need to be amended over the life of the contract to take account of changing
circumstances or requirements, and for the contract to provide for a mechanism to amend the deliverables.
This is particularly the case for many service contracts such as IT services.
Examples – deliverables that are measurable and verifiable:
A. “The contractor will assist the University in developing a management plan”

There is no indication of what sort of assistance is required. If the contractor provided only
 the barest assistance, he would have satisfied this requirement but the University would
TOO VAGUE
have no meaningful output.
B. “The contractor will conduct a review of the Faculty of
Sciences research operations, with particular focus on the issues set out 
in Appendix 1, and provide the University with a report on the outcomes ACCEPTABLE
of the review including suggested strategies for improvement. The report
must be submitted by 31 December 2010.”
In developing your statement of work, bear in mind that some kinds of University agreements need flexibility
(particularly where research or innovation is required) whereas others are of a nature that is most effectively
managed through a clear prescription of the methods and processes to be used.
Examples – flexible versus prescribed processes:
 A. The University receives funding to undertake a study of the connection between

ALLOWS car accidents and drivers using their mobile phones while driving. The University’s
FLEXIBILITY obligation is to “deliver a report at the end of 6 months.”
This deliverable provides flexibility, to allow for innovation and a free approach to the
research - the University is free to choose how to conduct the research, with the only constraint being the
deadline.

B. The University engages a cleaning company to clean University premises. The
 contract specifies that cleaning of an animal laboratory may only be undertaken
APPROPRIATEL with certain cleaning agents.
Y PRESCRIPTIVE
This is critical because the animals in that lab have been bred with low immunity and are
affected by the presence of chemicals contained in harsh cleaning agents. Where the
University requires goods or services to be provided in a specific way, this must be clearly stated.
Where the contract is for the development of systems, software or products, detailed technical and/or
functional specifications must be included.
Most contract disputes arise from parties having differing views over whether the work has satisfied the
contractual requirements.
It is therefore vital for the description of the deliverables to be clear, complete and unambiguous – and that
will be equally important whether the University will be performing the services for another party, or whether
the University is obtaining goods or services from someone else.
F. Knowing whether deliverables have been met: performance

measures
The need for measurable and verifiable deliverables under a contract has been emphasised, but sometimes
it is necessary to actually spell out in the contract how those deliverables will be measured or verified.
These are known as “performance measures” or “performance indicators”.
In any contract with complex or multi-faceted deliverables, the statement of deliverables should be
accompanied by performance measures. Establishing performance measures provides a source of
evidence that can be collected and used to assess performance over the life of the contract.
Establishing performance measures requires decisions about what and how often to measure, and what
indicators and targets, and/or standards will be used for those measurements. “Indicators” will tend to be
qualitative factors to focus on in assessing performance, while “targets” will be quantifiable measures such
as a number, a percentage, or a time frame. “Standards” may include actual industry standards or ISO or
AS/NZ standards, particularly in technical contracts. Which of these are relevant will depend entirely on the
contract subject matter and context.
Performance measures need to be sufficiently comprehensive and specific to allow the Contract Manager to
be certain that the work meets contractual requirements. They may also provide the basis for authorising
progress payments. The contract may also include performance measures that will alert the Contract
Manager to potential problems, so that remedial action can be taken if needed.

Although performance measures are important, and enable ongoing monitoring of contract performance,
there are several factors worth keeping in mind when defining them:
• Make sure the measures are things that can be objectively assessed – and that they
Measuring performance “ checklist”

are understood by all the parties.
• Remember there are costs associated with monitoring anything.
If one party needs to “measure” or monitor something, and then report on it to the other
party, there will be costs associated with that, which may ultimately increase the contract
cost. Avoid defining performance measures just for the sake of it – and be sure to ask
whether the performance regime is cost effective to administer for all the parties.
• Think about why you want to measure something, not just what you want to measure.
A government contract once used as a performance measure “the time taken to answer
phone calls” in a service centre. The target was achieved by the contractor simply picking up
the phone and hanging up again. What was really wanted was an indicator of how long it
took to have a client’s inquiry answered. This shows how crucial it is to design performance
measures that motivate the contractor to focus on your true requirements.
• You get what you measure, so measure what’s important to the objectives of the
contract, not merely things that are “easy” to measure.
• If special or technical skills are needed to assess particular performance measures,
make sure they are available before agreeing to them.
If your agreement requires performance measures, it is recommended you seek further advice
from your lawyer about how best to design and describe those measures.
G. Final negotiations
Although the bulk of the negotiation on terms may be completed before the contract is drafted, it will usually
be necessary to have further negotiations around the exact terms of the written contract. All the principles
discussed in Module 1 remain relevant to that process. It is important to remember the following principles,
which can assist greatly in negotiation of the written terms:
• Be sure to allow sufficient time for all sides to review and respond to draft agreements. Rushing is not
conducive to a mutual understanding and meaningful outcomes.
• If there is significant disagreement around the proposed written terms, agree to negotiate them in
small sections – this will make it easier to reach agreement and prevent the process from seeming
insurmountable.
• Always retain a clear idea of the University’s objectives and bargaining position – including through a
“PAN” (preferred, acceptable, not-negotiable) analysis set out in Module 1 (Section 1.4). Sometimes
taking a step back to remember why you started negotiating the agreement in the first place can help
you identify what clauses are truly important – and what is capable of compromise.
• When reviewing and amending a draft written contract, always ensure that any changes made are
transparent. Do not try to “sneak” in any changes to the contract as this could quickly lead to a loss of
trust.
Once all issues have been negotiated satisfactorily, remember to have the final contract checked by the legal
advisor with whom you have been working throughout the process. You should also read through the
contract closely yourself, to ensure that all aspects have been covered and all schedules and attachments
are completed or attached.

H. Sealing the deal – signing the contract
The order in which the parties sign the contract has no bearing on the legal status of the document.
However, where the contract has been prepared by the University, it is preferable for the University to
prepare the hardcopies for signing to make sure that the correct version is used and the other party does not
slip in any amendments.
If the other party has prepared the executable hardcopies of the contract, it is always good practice to check
that the hardcopy is the same version as what was last agreed upon during negotiations, and that it contains
all schedules and attachments.
Where there are more than three parties to the contract, it may be more convenient for the contract to be
signed in “counterparts”.
This means that the parties’ signatures do not need to all be on the same copy; each party can sign their
own respective copies of the contract and send their signed copy back to the party coordinating the signing
process. To do this, there must be a special term in the contract enabling counterparts to be signed. Once
all the parties have signed their copy, the party coordinating the process should always ensure that each
other party receives a copy of the sets of signed counterparts.
University sign-off
The contract must be signed in accordance with the University’s delegations ALERT:
(www.adelaide.edu.au/governance/delegations/). University Policy
If you require the Vice Chancellor and President, or a Deputy Vice Chancellor or Vice Requirements
President to sign the contract, it is a good idea to prepare a brief accompanying
briefing memo setting out the purpose of the contract, its value and duration, any unusual clauses, any
significant risks assumed by the University and whether the contract has been reviewed by the Legal
Services Branch or an external legal advisor.
Whoever signs the contract on behalf of the University must be satisfied of certain things under the Contracts
and Agreements Procedures, so it will speed up the process if you address them in your briefing.
Remember: Appropriate approval should have been obtained prior to undertaking a lengthy negotiation and
contract drafting process; ideally from the delegate most likely to sign the contract in the end. If you obtained
in-principle approval earlier, then briefing the signatory will be faster and simpler.
Things the University’s signatory must be satisfied:
 That they are authorised to sign the agreement on behalf of the University, in terms
of both financial and non-financial delegations.
ALERT:
 That the agreement has been approved by a legal advisor (where required).
University Policy
 That the agreement is in the best interests of the University, considering the Requirements
contracting principles set out in the Contracts and Agreements Policy.
 That they sign and execute the agreement properly.
Storage of signed contract
The University’s Records and Archives Management Manual prescribes that all executed contracts
(excluding employment contracts) must be lodged with the Records Services to ensure
secure storage and central traceability.
Given the decentralised nature of the University’s operations, centrally lodging final ALERT:
executed contracts is the only means through which the University can keep track at an University Policy
institutional level of its contractual commitments. Requirements

To lodge an executed contract with Records Services, please complete the Legal Document Lodgement
Form and submit it with the executed contract. Records Services will then register it as a Legal Document
on Content Manager (where it will be allocated a legal document reference number). The metatags of all
Legal Documents will be searchable on Content Manager. This will enable users across the University to
see if other areas within the University have entered into similar types of arrangements, or agreements with
any particular party.
Even after the contract has been finalised and signed, you should retain and file key documents, drafts and
other evidence from the negotiation process on a University file. For more information, see Module 4:
Records Management.

Appendix 2.1 – Contract Drafting / Review Instruction Form:
General
*CONTRACT DRAFTING INSTRUCTION FORM
Please complete this form if you need a contract to be drafted. If you have a contract you want us to
review, please use the Contract Review Instruction Form.
Why do we need you We need you to provide us with sufficient details about your proposed contractual arrangements
to use this form? so that we understand your needs and can draft an appropriate contract. In completing this form,
you will also be turning your mind to, and addressing, your contract management responsibilities
under the University’s Contracts and Agreements Policy (www.adelaide.edu.au/policies/2964/).
To whom should you You can send this to any of the lawyers within Legal and Risk. If you are not sure whom to contact,
send this form? please send to [email protected] and it will be allocated to one of our lawyers.
What happens when In ordinary circumstances we will endeavour to allocate your request to a lawyer within 1-2
we get your completed business days. That lawyer will contact you directly to acknowledge receipt.
form?
Once allocated, our lawyers will attend to requests in chronological order and endeavour to
respond within the timeframe that you request below, subject to the complexity of the contract
and current workloads.
Your name & Position Your name and position

ABOUT
YOU
School/Branch/Faculty School/Branch/Faculty
Assistance using University template agreement

State which template agreement: State which template agreement
WHAT TYPE OF SERVICE
DO YOU REQUIRE?
Renewal of existing contract (* Please attach existing contract)
Draft a new contract
By when do you need the contract drafted? Enter text here

Please indicate your timeframes for
negotiating the contract.
If urgent, please state reasons.
What is the contract for? (Provide summary Enter text here

and attach any relevant background
documents, eg project proposal; business case;
product specifications; emails)
ABOUT THE CONTRACT
Is this contract related to any other contract? Enter text here
Who are the other parties to this contract? Enter text here
Will there be any payments between the Enter text here

parties under the contract? If yes, how much
and when?
When do you want the contract to start and Enter text here
finish? Will there be any interim milestones?

What deliverables are required under the Enter text here
contract?
Where will the activities under the contract be Enter text here
undertaken? (ie on campus, off-campus,
overseas)
Will the other party be creating any intellectual Enter text here
property that the University will need to
licence or own? Will there be any background
IP that the University requires access to? If yes,
please describe.
Will the other party have access to the Enter text here
University’s confidential information,
Intellectual Property, facilities or equipment? If
yes, please detail.
Are there any other obligations you want to Enter text here
impose on the other party/s?
What termination and/or renewal options do Enter text here

you want?
Any important details that you want to make Enter text here
sure are covered in the contract?
Do you have internal in-principle approval for Enter text here

the contract? (e.g. from HoS or higher)
YOUR CONTRACT MANAGEMENT
Who is the University’s contract manager for Enter text here

RESPONSIBILITIES *
this contract?
Have you undertaken a risk assessment for the Enter text here
activity?
(Refer www.adelaide.edu.au/policies/2965/)
Have you consulted with other areas of the Enter text here
University that could be impacted by the
contract?
* in accordance with Contracts and Agreements Policy (www.adelaide.edu.au/policies/2964/)
Before you email this form, please ensure you have attached any relevant background documents. If attaching
multiple documents, please list title and/or brief description of each.
*This form is not used when instructing Research Legal which has its own form.

Appendix 2.2 – Road map of contract formation process

MODULE 3: ONGOING MANAGEMENT
Purpose of module
• To emphasise the importance of ongoing management of any contract, and of meeting the University’s
contractual obligations;
• To explain how and why keeping a contract register can help you stay on top of your local area’s
contracting activities;
• To provide guidance to help you manage the University’s end of the bargain;
• To summarise how to manage the other party when they are not keeping their end of the bargain;
• To introduce how contracts are varied and how disputes should be handled; and
• To explain the ways in which a contract can end – naturally, or through termination – and outline the
“housekeeping” tasks that may be required once a contract has reached the end of its life.
Contents of module
3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... Page 3.2
3.2 Ongoing Contract Manager ................................................................................................ 3.2
3.3 Keeping a Contract Register ............................................................................................... 3.2
3.4 Contract Management ........................................................................................................ 3.3
Managing our own obligations – making sure we keep our end of the bargain ................................. 3.4
Managing the other party when they are not keeping their end of the bargain ................................. 3.4
3.5 Contract Variations ............................................................................................................. 3.4

3.6 Disputes .............................................................................................................................. 3.5
3.7 The end of a contract .......................................................................................................... 3.5
Table 3.1: How contracts can be ended............................................................................................ 3.5
End of contract “housekeeping” checklist ......................................................................................... 3.6

A. Introduction
Preparing, negotiating, drafting and signing the contract is only really the start of the contracting process:
once the terms are agreed and the contract is signed, then the task of actually doing the things and
performing the obligations agreed to commences and may, in some instances, continue for some time.
If the University fails to do the things and meet the obligations it agrees to, there can be very real and serious
effects. Although contracting is a “voluntary” obligation (that is, the University has a choice whether to enter
an agreement) once a choice has been made to enter a contract, the commitments under that contract
become just as mandatory as any legislative or regulatory requirement – and often with more tangible and
damaging consequences if they are not complied with. Equally, if another party agrees to do something for
the University which they fail to do, then we can take action to remedy that breach. What happens when
disputes arise or things go wrong is discussed in Module 5: When things go wrong.
The level of ongoing management required will vary from contract to contract, depending on the nature and
circumstances of the agreement. The contract document itself may set out certain aspects of how ongoing
management will occur (e.g. review meetings or performance measures) and for large, complex contracts,
the contract “start-up” will warrant as much planning as the contract formation itself.
However, regardless of the size or complexity of the contract, at least some management is required to
make sure that all those within the University who need to do anything to ensure the contract obligations are
met understand the nature of the agreement, are fully aware of what they need to do, and actually do it.
B. Ongoing Contract Manager

During the course of developing and finalising the contract, thought should be given towards appointing an
ongoing contract manager who will be responsible for managing the University’s obligations and rights under
the agreement.
Depending on the kind of contract, this person may not be the same person who was the Contract Manager
during the negotiation and formalisation phases – although that person must take responsibility during the
finalisation of the contract for liaising with the Head of School or Branch where the contract will be performed
to appoint an appropriate person as the ongoing contract manager.
The ongoing contract manager should have at least an oversight of the arrangement under the contract, if
not day-to-day involvement.
C. Keeping a Contract Register

While key details of the contract, such as the subject matter, contract value, significant obligations (e.g.
exclusivity), are captured in the Legal Document Lodgement Form and will be recorded in Content Manager,
these details only serve as high-level reporting tools – they do not really capture the essence of what it is
that people have to do to meet the contract obligations.
To ensure that more complete information is captured and understood by relevant people within the local
area(s) performing the contract obligations, each academic and administrative unit is required to maintain
their own “contract register”, recording the contracts for which they are responsible with sufficient details to
enable monitoring of key dates, tracking of the internal University actions required to be completed, and
management of the relationship with the other contracting party.
The University Contracts Register has been developed as a simple, cost-effective, central, web-based
contract register that can be utilised by areas of the University that do not have existing contract
management software.

The following details should typically be recorded in the contract register, for each
contract (or at least each major contract) in the Faculty/School/Branch:
• Commencement and expiry dates

• Milestones and milestone dates
Contract register –
• Cut-off dates or contract review dates (e.g. if the contract has an automatic roll-over
typical contents
provision, what is the last date by which you can give notice to terminate?)
• Any requirements that must be fulfilled by certain dates (e.g. obtain licence or approval
from a regulatory body, provide progress or final reports)
• Significant obligations – not only those the University must meet, but also any that the
other party must meet which would cause the University problems if they were not met
(e.g. if by the other party failing to meet its end of the bargain, the University would then be
unable to meet its own commitments to another party or funding body)
• Financial arrangements under the contract
• Names and contact details of the other party’s contract representatives
• Notes as to whether the contract has been extended or varied
In short, the contract register contains a quick and relevant snapshot of what each contract is about, what is
required to be done and by when, who is involved, and key dates and contacts. By having this information
stored in one location, it will:
• Make it easier to keep track of your local contract obligations; and
• Serve as a tool for management reporting and risk assessment for the Faculty/School/Branch,
reducing the need to “chase up” that information every time a major report falls due.
Please contact the Legal and Risk Branch to arrange access to the University Contracts Register or for
further information.
D. Contract Management
Good relationship management is vital to the successful formation of a contract – and is equally important in
the ongoing management of an agreement once finalised. Having professional, constructive relationships
with everyone involved in the contracting process – both internal and external to the University – is a key
ingredient in the successful completion of the contract’s intended outcomes.
The aim of relationship management is to keep communication between the parties open, constructive, non-
adversarial and based on mutual understanding. This should assist in preventing problems from arising, and
in resolving them more smoothly should they arise. Maintaining a good relationship does not mean that
issues of non-compliance or under-performance during the life of the contract cannot be discussed or acted
upon; instead, it means that there is a greater likelihood that such issues can be discussed and resolved in
an open, cooperative manner.
The other key to ongoing contract management is keeping sufficiently aware of the contract’s progress to
detect any performance issues as early as possible – and deal with them straight away.

Managing our own obligations – making sure we keep our end of the bargain
Keeping our own end of the bargain can be made easier through the following mechanisms:
• Keep those who will need to perform any aspect of the contract in the loop during the negotiations –
as discussed in Module 1, this will help ensure that the commitments agreed to are realistically
achievable by the University. It will also give those people a chance to cater for the time needed on
the project in advance.
• Once the contract is signed, ensure the clear appointment of an ongoing contract manager, who
takes responsibility (beyond the contract signing) for the management and performance of the
contract. There should be one person who actively keeps track of the situation and can remind
others what is required to be done and by when.
• As soon as a contract is signed, communicate with each of the people required to do something to
confirm what they are doing and the time frame. Again, if they have been kept in the loop
throughout the process, this should come as no surprise to them.
• Use a local contract register – as discussed above, a contract register contains a quick and relevant
snapshot of what each contract is about, what is required to be done and by when, who is involved,
and key dates and contacts. It does not need to be complex or lengthy; but it provides one place
where people (including the ongoing contract manager) can consistently refer to get the most up-to-
date information on any local contract.
Managing the other party when they are not keeping their end of the bargain
In any damage control situation, spotting and addressing issues early will always minimize the damage and
make controlling it less onerous. In the case of contracting, providing the other party with early warning may
make it easier to address the issues at low cost and with minimal disruption, and will draw out any
misunderstandings over the requirements or expectations.
At the early stages of under-performance, agreeing informal remedial action will often be the best approach.
Depending on the seriousness of the under-performance, more formal action may be required and could
include:
• Withholding payments until performance returns to an acceptable level;

• Developing strategies to address the problem and formally documenting them (therefore creating an
evidence trail to show the steps taken, just in case the dispute ends up in legal proceedings); or
• Invoking other rights or processes under the contract – don’t forget that often the contract document
itself will set out a procedure for dealing with exactly this situation, including through formal dispute
resolution processes.
However, care should always be taken to not erode the University’s rights by inadvertently amending the
contract by oral agreement or conduct. It is good practice to always address under-performance issues in
writing (even if it is a written follow-up to an informal conversation). Before taking any significant action
aimed at remedying under-performance, it is recommended you discuss the situation with a legal advisor
(preferably, the lawyer who helped you formalise the contract in the first place).
E. Contract Variations
Sometimes, it is necessary or desirable to change the terms of a contract mid-way through its completion.
These could be changes to timeframes, description of deliverables, or even substantive clauses.
Almost all contracts will contain a provision that requires variations to the contract to be made in writing.
Some contracts include a specific process by which variations can be proposed and accepted.
Minor variations (e.g. changes to dates and prices) may be formalised simply by exchange of letters or
emails – and making it very clear in that document that this is intended to vary the terms of the contract. If
the proposed variations are more significant, and have the potential to affect the scope and effect of the
contract, then you may have to undertake similar steps in regard to planning, consultation, drafting and

approvals, as you would if developing a new contract. These more major variations should be enacted in a
formal amendment to the contract – which your legal advisor can help draft.
Once a contract variation has been finalised and executed, ensure that you keep a copy of it on file and
update your contract register as necessary. If the variation is made through a formal Variation Agreement or
Deed, you should lodge it with Records Services as a Legal Document (using the same process as for the
original contract), indicating that it is a variation to the existing contract.
F. Disputes
Most disagreements and disputes arise when the parties cannot agree on issues related to the interpretation
of contract provisions, the definition of deliverables, whether performance measures have been achieved, or
the effect of unexpected events. As discussed above under Section 3.4: Managing the other party when they
are not keeping up their end of the bargain, disagreements may be of a minor nature and can often be
readily resolved as part of the contract management process – particularly if you have been working hard to
maintain an open and constructive relationship with the other party.
If disagreements are unable to be resolved informally, you may wish to invoke the dispute resolution
provisions of the contract, or take some other more formal step towards fixing the problem. If you wish to
take this step, or if you receive notification from the other party that it wishes to take this step, please consult
with the Legal Services Branch.
It is important that details of all discussions and negotiations relating to the dispute are recorded and a
record maintained of any agreements reached. This will protect the University’s position and provide
tangible evidence of the resolution steps taken, in the event that legal proceedings eventuate.
Further information on how to handle disputes is contained in Module 5: When things go wrong.
G. The end of a contract

The most common way a contract ends is naturally – through completion of the agreed tasks, or upon its
stated expiry date. However, contracts may also be terminated through any of the following ways:
Table 3.1: How contracts can be ended
Mutual agreement: the parties to the contract mutually agree that they no longer wish to continue with the
contract. This agreement to terminate must be in writing and signed by both parties.
Release: where one party has completed all their obligations under the contract but the other has not. The
party that has performed its obligations may choose to release the other party; generally by way of Deed.
Termination for convenience: the contract may provide for a party to terminate simply by providing written
notice without having to provide a reason.
Termination for breach: this may either occur via provisions in the contract (in most cases, the contract will
prescribe a rectification period), or pursuant to the common law which enables a party to terminate the
contract if there is a breach by the other party of a fundamental condition of the contract. The breach may
also give rise to a claim for damages.
Repudiation: occurs where one party suggests through words or conduct that it does not intend to perform
its obligations under the contract. If the other party communicates acceptance of the repudiation, the contract
is at an end and the accepting party can claim damages. If the repudiation occurs prior to the earliest date of
performance (e.g. contract requires delivery by 1 March, but the contractor states before then that he will not
deliver), then the other party may terminate on the basis of an anticipatory breach.
Frustration: occurs when an unforeseen event occurs which makes it legally or practically impossible for a
party to perform its obligations under the contract. The parties are then discharged from the contract.
Depending on the jurisdiction of the contract, there may be legislation which applies to frustrated contracts.
Additionally, many contracts will contain a “force majeure” clause to deal with unforeseen events beyond a
party’s control.

Upon the completion or termination of a contract, the following administrative tasks may be required to be
performed:
End of contract “housekeeping” checklist
• Satisfy yourself that the goods or services provided to you have met When a contract ends:
contract requirements. Take care of the tasks on
• Request the return or destruction of any University documents, this “housekeeping”
material or confidential information that were provided to the other checklist, to make sure
party for the purposes of performing the contract. things are all resolved
• Arrange for the return of any equipment or other goods made
available to the other party for the purposes of the contract.
• Record any intellectual property rights arising from the contract that the University gains ownership of
(or a licence to use) pursuant to the contract, including any relevant documentation, technical data or
reports that enable the University to use that intellectual property.
• Record any obligations of the University relating to intellectual property arising from the contract such
licences to other parties to use, including any relevant documentation that limit the University’s rights to
deal with that intellectual property.
• As far as possible, ensure that any outstanding issues that may later result in a claim against the
University are resolved.
• Make all final payments payable under the contract or submit all final invoices.
• Where personnel of the other party have been granted access to University premises or IT systems,
ensure all access rights are terminated and security passes returned.
• Update the contract register to record when the contract was completed or terminated.
• Tidy up and archive the records associated with the contracting process.
• Undertake any “transitional” steps prescribed in the contract (e.g. contracts relating to teaching
activities may prescribe that the University continue to teach out students already enrolled as at the
date of termination).

MODULE 4: RECORDS MANAGEMENT
Purpose of module
Records management is presented in its own module to highlight its importance. Even though records
management is not a specific stage of contracting, it is an essential activity that should be constantly
happening throughout the life of any contract.
• To summarise the key record keeping obligations that attach to contracting on behalf of the
University; and
• To emphasise the importance of good records management in contracting.
Contents of module
4.1 The importance of an evidence trail – why record keeping matters...................................... 2
4.2 University Records Management Policy ............................................................................... 3
4.3 Key records management obligations ................................................................................... 3
Preparation phase ............................................................................................................................... 3
Negotiating the deal............................................................................................................................. 3
Finalising and formalising the contract ................................................................................................ 4
Storage of signed contract................................................................................................................... 4
Managing the contract ......................................................................................................................... 4
Finishing or ending the contract........................................................................................................... 5
4.4 Some final hints on records management............................................................................. 5

A. The importance of an evidence trail – why record keeping matters
Keeping good records is an integral part of contracting activity. Records serve as evidence of the
University’s activity – evidence that we can produce at any stage in the future, provided it is well
preserved and properly managed.
Such evidence is particularly important in the context of contracting. As discussed in previous modules,
in any contracting situation, the intentions of the parties are paramount. Being able to identify those
intentions – and being able to provide tangible evidence of those intentions at a later stage – is crucial
not only to understanding contract negotiations as they are happening, but also to interpreting a contract
once it has been formally agreed. And if any aspects of a contract were challenged in the future, having
clear and accessible evidence of the University’s intentions and the journey of the negotiation process
could become crucial in defending our position.
It is important to properly file and manage documents exchanged between the parties during the
contracting process (such as letters, emails and their attachments), but it is equally important to create
written records capturing any discussions that constitute representations, decisions or undertakings by or
to the other contracting parties. This will form an evidence trail of the parties’ intentions and
negotiations.
Remember, the contracting decisions of a single staff member in a single School or area may well bind
the University as an institution, imposing “University” obligations. This makes it particularly important for
those staff members with first hand knowledge to document the negotiation and formation of those
obligations. As in all aspects of contract management, what constitutes “adequate” records is a matter of
judgment that will vary depending on the value, duration, risk and complexity of an agreement.
A systematic approach to recordkeeping from the very beginning of the contracting process and
throughout the life of the contract will assist you and the University to:
• Provide evidence of business conducted and decisions made;

• Manage legal and other risks;
• Keep focused on the contracting goals, and constantly keep evaluating, as a contracting situation
unfolds, whether those goals are being advanced – an analysis that is made easier by actively
creating records of what is happening at each stage;
• Meet accountability obligations;

• More easily enforce the University’s rights against other parties; and
• Satisfy regulatory records management obligations (under the State Records Act).
More information on good records management, and the University’s Records Management Policy, can
be found in the Records and Archives Management Handbook.

B. University Records Management Policy
The University’s Information Management Policy (https://www.adelaide.edu.au/policies/4663/ ) applies to
all records that are created and received in the course of developing and managing a contract, whether
paper based or electronic. It is also important to record in writing any discussions that constitute
representations, decisions or undertakings by or to the other contracting parties.
C. Key records management obligations

While records management is not a specific stage of contracting, it is an essential activity that should be
happening constantly throughout the life of any contract. For convenience, the key records management
obligations at each stage of the contracting cycle are set out here.
Preparation phase
When documenting the
Your preparation should set the tone for the whole contract contracting process, ask
management process, and help you determine what level of yourself:
formality and management is appropriate in the circumstances.
Would someone reading this
It is therefore prudent to make notes summarizing your
preparatory thought-processes. This will help you defend later
in the future, who doesn’t
why you took the approach you took, if things are challenged. It know anything about the
will also force you to think actively about why the contract is situation, understand what
happening and how you wish to proceed, which will help you go happened?
into the negotiations more focused and prepared.
For instance, by making a note of your answers to each questions in the Preliminary Checklist (refer
Module 1.1), you will have created an instant and succinct summary of the why, who, what, when and
how of the impending contracting process. It will not take much time, but will provide a useful reference
point that you can keep returning to throughout the life of the contract.
Similarly, documenting your “P.A.N.” positions (preferred, acceptable, not-negotiable – refer Module 1.4)
in advance of any negotiations can help you focus on the issues most important to the University during
the negotiation, and ultimately reach the best possible arrangement.
For more complex agreements, more detailed preparation may be required and should be documented
as thoroughly as possible. See Module 1.5 (Pre-agreement evaluation matrix) for more guidance.
Negotiating the deal
Even in the simplest of agreements, where no separate written contract is required, there will always be
some form of negotiation. For instance, you might go back-and-forth with the other party over the price
or some other condition. Where any such negotiations occur, you should make sure that the negotiation
has been transparently recorded (for instance, through emails or letters) and keep those records on a
University file. Even simple agreements can ultimately lead to disagreements, so it is important to be
clear on how they were reached.
For more complex agreements, where the negotiations might involve many people and extend over a
period of time, it becomes even more important to keep a tangible evidence trail describing how the
negotiations unfolded. This could become crucial if some aspect of the contract were challenged in the
future. As you’re making records, ask yourself “would someone reading this in the future, who doesn’t
know anything about the situation, understand what happened?”
Maintaining records of the negotiation process while it is happening also helps to keep everyone on the
same page during the negotiation process. This increases the chance that the parties will reach a
consensus acceptable to everyone. It also helps reduce the chance that there may be confusion around

exactly when the parties move from the negotiation phase to being bound by the terms of a formal
contract (as discussed in Module 1.3: How and when a contract forms – the importance of negotiation).
Finalising and formalising the contract
It is a good idea to keep any old drafts of the formal contract document, and to keep a record of any
changes requested or negotiated – again, because it transparently records the negotiation process. If
you have a lawyer assisting you, they may retain those records for you. Keep records of any internal
University approvals that were required before formalising the contract, such as committee
endorsements, management sign-off and legal check. You should also keep some record of
consultations with other affected areas of the University (such as emails or meeting notes discussing the
contract with them).
You must store the signed contract in with Records Services (see “Storage of signed contract” below).
And even after the contract has been finalised and signed, you should retain and file key documents,
drafts and other evidence from the negotiation process on a University file.
Storage of signed contract
The University’s Records and Archives Management Manual prescribes that all executed
contracts (excluding employment contracts) must be lodged with the Records Services to
ensure secure storage and central traceability.
ALERT:
University Policy The importance of this step cannot be understated. Given the decentralized nature of the
Requirement University’s operations, centrally lodging final executed contracts is the only means
through which the University can keep track at an institutional level of its contractual
commitments.
To lodge an executed contract with Records Services, complete the Legal Document Lodgment Form
and submit it with the executed contract. Records Services will then register it as a Legal Document on
Content Manager (where it will be allocated a legal document reference number). The metatags of all
Legal Documents will be searchable on Content Manager. This will enable users across the University to
see if other areas within the University have entered into similar types of arrangements, or agreements
with any particular party.
More information, and a link to the necessary forms, can be found in Module 2 (Module 2.8: Sealing the
deal – signing the contract) or on the Records Services website here:
https://www.adelaide.edu.au/library/library-services/records-services/forms-templates
Managing the contract
In managing ongoing obligations under the contract, it is important to keep evidence of what the
University is doing to hold up its end of the bargain. If you are having issues getting the other party to
perform its obligations, it is similarly important to document any communications, in case you are
required later to show what attempts were made to remind them of their obligations and to get them to
cooperate.
Any variations to a contract must be in writing (refer to Module 3.6 for more details). It is also important
to record the details of any discussions relating to a dispute over the contract at any stage. This will
protect the University’s position and provide tangible evidence of the resolution steps taken, in the event
that legal proceedings eventuate.
A succinct way to keep key details of a contract throughout its life is to use a Contract Register – a quick
and relevant snapshot of what each contract is about, what is required to be done and by when, who is
involved, and key dates and contacts. Depending on the complexity of your area’s contracting activity,
such registers may be in the form of a simple Excel spreadsheet, or maintained through specific contract
management software.

Contract Registers are discussed specifically in Module 3.3 of this Handbook. However, the following is
a summary of the kind of information that is most valuable to keep in your contract register.
The following details should typically be recorded in the contract register, for each
contract (or at least each major contract) in the Faculty/School/Branch:
Contract register – typical contents
• Commencement and expiry dates
• Milestones and milestone dates

• Cut-off dates or contract review dates(e.g. if the contract has an automatic roll-over
provision, what is the last date by which you can give notice to terminate?)
• Any requirements that must be fulfilled by certain dates (e.g. obtain licence or
approval from a regulatory body, provide a report on progress, provide a final report)
• Significant obligations– not only those the University must meet, but also any that the
other party must meet which would cause the University problems if they were not met
(e.g. if by the other party failing to meet its end of the bargain, the University would then be
unable to meet its own commitments to another party or funding body)
• Financial arrangements under the contract
• Names and contact details of the other party’s contract representatives
• Notes as to whether the contract has been extended or varied
For more information about managing contracts, refer to Module 3: Ongoing Management.
Finishing or ending the contract
The most common way a contract ends is naturally – through completion of the agreed tasks, or upon its
stated expiry date. However, contracts may also be terminated in a number of ways, which are
discussed in Module 3.7: The end of a contract.
In terms of records management, there are several housekeeping steps that should be taken at the end
of a contract, including:
• Request the return or destruction of any University documents, material or confidential information
that were provided to the other party for the purposes of performing the contract.
• Record any intellectual property rights arising from the contract that the University gains ownership
of (or a licence to use) pursuant to the contract, including any relevant documentation, technical
data or reports that enable the University to use that intellectual property.
• Record any obligations of the University relating to intellectual property arising from the contract
such licences to other parties to use, including any relevant documentation that limit the University’s
rights to deal with that intellectual property.
• Update the contract register to record when the contract was completed or terminated.
• Tidy up and archive the records associated with the contracting process.
D. Some final hints on records management

If something is confidential, mark it as confidential – If something you record is confidential between
the parties, then be sure to mark the record “confidential” and store it in a manner that respects and
maintains its confidentiality. This will help to identify it as confidential, and protect it from unwanted
disclosure, such as if the University is subject to a freedom of information request relating to the contract.

Keep records as you go, don’t wait until the end of a contracting process – Records are far easier
to create and maintain if you make and manage them continuously, as part of your day-to-day work.
This is particularly true in the case of contracts, where you may spend lots of small amounts of time on a
negotiation, talking to the other party, or managing an ongoing issue, amidst all your other work. If you
keep a simple, written track of what is happening each time you do something on the contract, then you
will be maintaining an accurate and complete record without imposing any real burden on your workload.
However, if you let records get behind, and only make notes of things and organise your contract files
every few months, it will require a lot of effort and time to catch up. It will also most likely be incomplete,
as you may not remember everything that happened in conversations that occurred several weeks or
months earlier. Delaying or constantly “putting off” your records management not only creates a more
onerous and time-consuming task for you, it also reduces the reliability and usefulness of the evidence
trail associated with the contract.
Records management is largely common sense, so you should listen to your instincts – if in the
course of negotiating or managing a contract something doesn’t quite feel right, that should be a cue to
make a note of it and to follow it up.
Remember that records management is about transparency and enabling the contracting process
to be understood in the future, in case something goes wrong – so, when documenting the
contracting process, it is always good practice to ask yourself “Would someone reading this in the future,
who doesn’t know anything about the situation, understand what happened?”

MODULE 7: COMMON PROVISIONS AND
BOILERPLATE CLAUSES
Purpose of module
• To describe certain standard terms or clauses that appear in many contracts – often called
“boilerplate” clauses;
• To identify some key clauses that should not be treated as boilerplate, but should intend be
treated with caution and specifically addressed before signing (“danger” clauses);
• To increase understanding of the purpose and legal effect of common boilerplate clauses; and
• To emphasise the importance of not taking boilerplate clauses for granted.
Contents of module
7.1 Introduction to boilerplate clauses ...................................................................................... 7.2

7.2 A – Z of common clauses ................................................................................................... 7.3
Acceptance process .......................................................................................................................... 7.3
Access and assistance to be provided by either party ...................................................................... 7.3
Confidentiality clauses ...................................................................................................................... 7.3
Dispute resolution procedures........................................................................................................... 7.4
Duration of the contract ..................................................................................................................... 7.4
Entire agreement clauses ................................................................................................................. 7.5
Exclusion clauses – exclusion of liability or “liability caps” ................................................................ 7.5
Exclusivity clauses ............................................................................................................................ 7.5
Extensions and renewals .................................................................................................................. 7.6
Force majeure (uncontrollable events) .............................................................................................. 7.6
Governing law or jurisdiction clauses ................................................................................................ 7.6
Indemnity and insurance clauses ...................................................................................................... 7.6
Intellectual property rights ................................................................................................................. 7.7
Key personnel clauses ...................................................................................................................... 7.8
Liquidated damages clauses ............................................................................................................. 7.8
Payment mechanisms and clauses ................................................................................................... 7.8
Performance measures ..................................................................................................................... 7.9
Termination rights ............................................................................................................................. 7.9
Variation clauses ............................................................................................................................... 7.9
Warranty clauses ............................................................................................................................ 7.10

A. Introduction to boilerplate clauses
Most contracts contain a number of common, stock-standard clauses – often called “boilerplate”
clauses, in reference to their standardized nature. For instance, clauses that identify which
jurisdiction (e.g. South Australia, New South Wales, Singapore, California) will be treated as the
jurisdiction whose laws will govern the agreement, or clauses that state that the written contract
represents the “entire agreement” between the parties, excluding any previous verbal or written
agreements on the subject.
When reading separate written contracts, there is often a danger of glossing over the details, seeing
“legal jargon” and assuming it must be boilerplate – it must be standard and “unimportant”. However,
there are some common types of clauses that are hardly “standard”. In the University context, two
critical examples are clauses relating to intellectual property, and clauses relating to confidential
information. Such clauses should always be closely scrutinized and never treated as “boilerplate”.
Even when clauses are truly boilerplate, it is helpful for people who engage in a lot of contracting
activity to understand what the “legal jargon” means, why it is there, and when it should be treated
with caution. It is also useful to understand some of the common contracting terms, so that when
instructing your legal advisor to draft a contract for you, you can turn your mind to such issues and
provide clear instructions on them.
In this module, the following common clauses will be outlined:
• Acceptance clauses • Governing law or jurisdiction clauses
• Access and assistance clauses • Indemnity and insurance clauses
• Confidentiality clauses • Intellectual property rights
• Dispute resolution procedures • Key personnel clauses
• Duration of the contract • Liquidated damages clauses
• Entire agreement clauses • Payment mechanisms and clauses
• Exclusion clauses (liability caps) • Performance measures
• Exclusivity clauses • Termination rights
• Extensions and renewals • Variation clauses
• Force majeure (unforeseeable events) • Warranty clauses
This module is intended to provide background information to increase your understanding of the
legal effect and purpose of some common contracting clauses. However, it is not intended to be a
substitute for legal advice in the case of individual contracts. This set of common clauses should help
you better identify potential issues in draft contracts that you are reading over – and once spotted, the
issue should be discussed with your lawyer. It should help you better instruct the lawyer who is
drafting your own contracts.

B. A – Z of common clauses
Acceptance process
Where the contract involves the supply of goods and services, there should be a clear acceptance
procedure – that is, the contract should envision and explain what will count as “acceptance” of the
goods or services, and accordingly what will count as satisfactory “delivery” of them. Acceptance
terms will usually require the other party to provide the contract deliverables in the form specified by
the contract. The University (if it is the receiving party) could then undertake testing in a specified
timeframe and if the goods do not satisfy the test, the University may request the supplier to rectify
the problems or resupply them without additional cost to the University.
Access and assistance to be provided by either party
Sometimes performance of the contract will require access by one party to premises, equipment,
information or other resources of another party – and it is usual for the contract to contain a clause
that addresses the provision of that access. In any contract, consider what access to premises and
other assistance is to be provided by either party, without which the contract could not properly be
performed. This is particularly important where the University is undertaking certain obligations under
the contract and cannot perform those obligations without the assistance of the other party (e.g.
provision of documentation; access to premises, equipment or personnel).
If the University is providing access to its premises, equipment or information, it is important to retain
some right to terminate access in the event that a contractor starts abusing it – and it is useful to
consider how that access will be cut off (through handing in of security access passes, deletion of IT
access accounts etc) once the contract has been completed. When dealing with contractor access to
premises, it is also important to address issues like occupational health and safety and security
access, since the University will be held responsible for both the health and safety of the contractor
while on our premises, and the health and safety of others arising from any actions or inactions of the
contractor while onsite.
Confidentiality clauses
Legally, confidentiality has the same connotation as in everyday conversation; except that if you
promise to keep something confidential through a contractual term (as opposed to just vowing to
“keep a secret” for someone in a non-legal setting) then that promise, like any undertaking under the
contract, is legally binding. Failure to comply with that promise could lead to legal action for breach of
contract and breach of confidence – and if the information was commercially sensitive or valuable,
then significant damages could result.
Whole contracts may be drafted exclusively to deal with the issue of confidentiality.
For example, if you had students or contractors working on a particularly sensitive project that was
being funded by a defence company, then you may get those each of those working on the project to
sign a specific “confidentiality agreement” or “deed of confidentiality” (your funding agreement may
specifically require it). If you require such a document, the Legal Services Branch have standard form
contracts that may be suitable.
However, in almost every significant contract there will normally be some kind of provision addressing
confidentiality. There are several types of confidentiality clauses, which vary based on what is being
kept confidential – information brought to the table in performing the contract, information created in
the course of the contract’s performance, or the terms of the contract themselves. For instance, a
contract may include:
• A “standard” confidentiality clause requiring parties to keep “confidential information”
confidential, and then define “confidential information” to include certain specific things or

general categories of documents or information. This often is used just to cover everyone’s
bases in case the parties exchange certain sensitive information through the course of
performing the contract.
• A more specific clause requiring the parties to keep certain outcomes of the contract
confidential, or certain material supplied for the completion of the contract (such as information
shared that would assist the performance of the contract, but that is otherwise to be kept
confidential).
• A clause requiring the parties to keep the terms of the contract itself to be
kept confidential. This final case requires special treatment, due to the
University being an entity covered by the Freedom of Information Act.
Where you require some or all of the actual terms of the contract to be kept ALERT:
confidential, a special clause referencing the Freedom of Information Act will University Policy
need to be included, and the clause will need to be approved by the Vice- Requirement
Chancellor. For more information, please refer to the Freedom of
Information Policy (http://www.adelaide.edu.au/policies/3/) or speak with the Legal Services
Branch.
Dispute resolution procedures
Contracts will often include provisions that specify what process should be followed if a dispute arises
during the performance of the contract. When dispute procedures are included, they should clearly
specify the requirements and responsibilities of both parties in handling the dispute. Time frames and
methods of escalation should be addressed. Alternative dispute resolution techniques should also be
considered as a means of reducing the need for formal proceedings.
The kind of approaches that can be specified for managing disputes include:
• Setting effective, appropriate, stepped negotiation and resolution procedures that provide for
the phased escalation of disputes;
• Being prepared to negotiate directly using alternative dispute resolution principles; and
• For more significant contracts, considering the costs and benefits of mediation, expert appraisal
or determination as mechanisms to specify in the contract.
Duration of the contract
Early in this Handbook, we discussed the importance of clearly defining the point at which a
consensus becomes legally binding – and the line is crossed from negotiations to legally binding
contract. To avoid confusion in this regard, it is usual to include a clause that expressly states when
the contract commences, and how long the contract will remain in force for (assuming no other events
occur which would end it early).
Most commonly, a contract will be drafted to state that it commences on the date it is signed by the
last party. However, in some cases, a specific commencement date may be preferred. Where the
contract is for a term calculated by reference to the commencement date (e.g. 3 years from the
Commencement Date), then it would be administratively more convenient to stipulate a specific
commencement date.
The University’s preference is not to have contracts continue for more than three years, unless there
are clear advantages in doing so, or unless the contract allows for easy termination without fault (that
is, a termination “for convenience”).

Entire agreement clauses
These are clauses that state that the written contract represents the “entire agreement” between the
parties, excluding any previous verbal or written agreements on the subject. In the United States,
such clauses are sometimes called integration or merger clauses. The idea behind formalising a
separate written contract is to integrate or draw together all aspects of the agreement into a single
document, and a single set of terms. With an entire agreement clause, all previous discussions,
representations or promises made by the parties during the negotiation – whether verbal or written –
no longer have any legal effect.
This is desirable because it enhances certainty surrounding the contract terms. However, it means
that you need to be careful to make sure that any representations or promises made during the
negotiations that are important to the University are properly included in the written terms. Otherwise,
once the agreement is signed and becomes the “entire agreement” between the parties, those earlier
promises will not have any weight.
An important exception to these clauses occurs if a party makes false or misleading statements
during the negotiation, which lead to the contract being agreed to, those statements can form a basis
for legal recourse even when they are not included in the final written agreement.
Exclusion clauses – exclusion of liability or “liability caps”
An exclusion of liability clause is used where one party will not be liable to the other in relation to
particular events, or that their liability will be capped at a fixed amount (or capped at an amount
determined in accordance with an agreed formula). Exclusion clauses operate to exclude, restrict or
qualify the rights (and risks) of the parties. For instance, the University might agree that in buying
something from someone else (a “vendor”), it will not bring a claim against the vendor in relation to
particular matters. In this way, the vendor is released from the risks associated with the matter
specified and the University assumes those risks because it is giving up its rights to bring an action
against the vendor in relation to those risks.
Similarly, the parties could agree that the liability of one of them in relation to a specified event is
capped at a particular amount. This allows “worst case scenarios” identified during the preparation
and negotiation phase to be catered for in some way through the contract – by deciding who will be
responsible, and to what extent. Such clauses give comfort to the party unable to control the potential
event, and provide some certainty to the person who is liable, as they know the maximum potential
liability they may face in relation to a particular risk.
It is common to see liability capped to a dollar value that matches the total value of goods or services
being provided under the agreement, or to the value of assets being transferred from a seller to a
buyer. However, the dollar value being paid for the goods or services usually bears no logical
relationship to the magnitude of the risk being assumed by the party acquiring them. While such a
cap on liability makes sense to the seller to prevent them suffering a loss greater than the sale price
they receive, if the University accepts such terms, it could be exposed to substantial risk and this
should be avoided at all possible and wherever appropriate.
Before agreeing to a liability cap relating to a specific event, always think carefully through the real
costs that would flow if the event in question happened – and if the liability cap is an overall cap for
the whole contract, think carefully about the ways in which the University could lose under the
contract, and ask whether the cap would cover those potential losses.
Exclusivity clauses
Sometimes clauses are included that make the relationship between the parties “exclusive” in some
way – having the effect that one or more parties may be limited as to who or how they can deal with
third parties in the future. For the University, with so many outside partners and collaborators,
exclusivity clauses should only be agreed to in special circumstances – and consultation should be

undertaken internally, to ensure that the exclusive relationship will not adversely affect any other
areas of the University. Remember, your local agreement on behalf of the University binds everyone
in the University, not just your area.
Extensions and renewals
Where it is likely that the University will wish to continue with the contract past the expiry of the initial
term, you should consider whether you would like clauses included that provide either:
• An option to renew – this will enable the University to renew the agreement by providing notice
by a certain date; or
• A provision for negotiation prior to the end of the term, with a view to agreeing to an extension.
It is possible for a contract to specify that it will automatically be renewed unless early notice is given
by one party that it wishes not to renew, or unless some event has already ended the contract before
its natural end. Be sure to check any contracts drafted externally to make sure there is no automatic
renewal under a contract for the other party – or if it is to be included, make sure that it is designed in
so that the University’s consent is required at the time of renewal, or in some other way that leaves
the University with some room to move (rather than locking us in to renewing in several years, by
which point the situation may have changed dramatically).
Force majeure (uncontrollable events)
This is a common boilerplate clause that is used to excuse the parties from blame in the event that
some act of nature or unforeseeable external disaster disrupts the contract. Such provisions usually
operate to suspend an obligation under an agreement and to remove rights of a party to bring an
action against another for failure to perform an obligation where an unanticipated external event
affects performance.
A force majeure clause may be defined narrowly to include extreme environmental matters (such as
flood, fire, cyclone) or more broadly to encompass a wider range of matters such as industrial
relations issues and even economic downturns (which are assessed according to objective criteria set
out in the relevant agreement).
Governing law or jurisdiction clauses
This is a clause through which the parties specify which law – that is, the law of which state in which
country – will govern the agreement for the purposes of resolving any disputes. Laws vary from place
to place, so when the parties are engaging in the contract across state or country lines, it is important
that the contracting parties agree at the outset which laws will be applied if things end up going
wrong. Sometimes, contracts may go so far as to specify a forum (or specific court) in which cases
would need to be brought. If a contract that is presented to the University has the law of any place
other than South Australia proposed as its governing law, you should consult with your legal advisor
on that issue before proceeding.
Indemnity and insurance clauses
Agreeing to obtain insurance against specified risks and agreeing to indemnify another party are very
different things, but are often confused.
To “indemnify” someone is to secure them against a particular loss, so an indemnity clause is a
contractual commitment by one party to compensate for the other party for certain potential losses
under a contract. In other words, an indemnity clause is a commitment by one party to cover the
liability of the other party – effectively shifting the consequences of a contract risk to a designated
party.

Every contract or agreement entered into requiring a party to provide a service or product to the
University should have an indemnity clause that requires that party to indemnify the University in the
event of an adverse impact upon the University arising from that party’s actions or lack of action.
An indemnity is only worthwhile if the other party has the money to fulfill it or is sufficiently insured for
it. Consequently, an obligation to obtain insurance against specified risks for specified amounts often
follows from an allocation of risk through an indemnity clause. If one party agrees to bear the loss but
has no assets to compensate for it, then the indemnity will be useless. Likewise, it makes no sense
to have one party agreeing to indemnify the other against losses for some event but having the other
party take out the insurance – the requirement to insure should line up with any allocations of risk that
relate to that insurance. Both allocation of risk and obligations relating to insurance should therefore
be clearly and separately addressed in the contract.
The most common forms of insurance required under a contract are Public and Product Liability
Insurance (covering liability for loss or damage to property or injury caused to persons) and
Professional Indemnity Insurance (covering liability arising from negligence in providing professional
advice).
Imposing an obligation on a party to obtain insurance in relation to a particular allocated risk should
provide some comfort to all the parties involved that there will be funds available to compensate for a
loss suffered, provided that the loss suffered falls within the scope of the insurance policy and that the
insurer (sometimes referred to as an underwriter) will accept the claim.
It is always important to consider whose name insurance should be taken out in and who is to be
noted on the policy as an interested party. If both parties to an agreement are named as interested
parties on the insurance policy, then a loss suffered by either party may be covered under the
insurance policy. Sometimes, it is in a party’s interest to have a “cross liability” clause in an insurance
policy. This means that if one insured party sues another insured party, the party sued can make a
claim under the insurance policy in relation to this liability.
Insurance is a highly technical area and should be assessed and dealt with only be qualified
professionals. In the first instance, any request by the University to accept or offer risk or insurance
should be referred to the Risk and Insurance Branch.
Intellectual property rights
Intellectual property rights are legal rights over certain intellectual creations. Such rights may be
protected by legislation (e.g. copyright, patents, registered designs, trademarks), or may be protected
under case law or common law (e.g. trade secrets, unregistered trademarks, confidential information).
Where it is likely that the activities under the contract will give rise to the development of intellectual
property by either the University or the other party to the contract, you must consider the position of
ownership and access to those intellectual property rights – as well as future use.
Under common law (which is case made law, or the outcomes of court decisions) intellectual property
rights belong to the person (or their employer) who creates the intellectual property. Therefore, any
desired variation to this position needs to be clearly stated in the contract.
Where the University is paying full commercial rates for a contractor to create intellectual property, the
University may need to own the intellectual property seek ownership of such the intellectual property
rights – therefore, a clause would be needed to specifically assign the intellectual property rights
created by the contractor under the agreement to the University. Where it is not possible to negotiate
ownership rights, you should think about what access or usage rights the University needs. Where it
is not necessary or essential that the University own the rights, special consideration should be given
to access or uses the University needs for the future, and the contract should address those
specifically.

Where the University may create intellectual property that is of commercial value, the University’s
preferred position is to retain ownership of that intellectual property, or at least have provision for
royalties should the other party commercialise the intellectual property.
Any contracts involving the commercialisation of intellectual property should be developed in
consultation with Innovation & Commercialisation Services.
Key personnel clauses
In many contracts, especially those dealing with the provision of consultancy services, the unique
skills, qualifications or experience of particular personnel may have influenced your decision to
engage a particular party. In such cases, those “key personnel” that you want to be engaged
throughout the performance of the contract should be named expressly in the contract, and the
contract should include a specified process to replace them in the event of unavailability.
If an outside party seeks to have University “key personnel” named (such as in a specific research
project) then you should ensure that the person(s) named have the approval, workload capacity and
support required to fulfill their role under the contract, before committing to the contract.
Liquidated damages clauses
Liquidated damages are fixed damages agreed to by parties to a contract which apply if a specified
event occurs. This is similar to an exclusion of liability clause, but instead of limiting potential liability,
they “fix a price” for compensation if a certain event occurs. The fixed damages agreed to must be a
genuine pre-estimate of the loss likely to be suffered as a consequence of that event occurring, or a
lesser sum – in other words, they cannot be used as an “inflation” mechanism.
If a liquidated damages clause applies in relation to a breach by a party of a provision of an
agreement, the compensation to be paid to the “victim” of that breach is a fixed sum or a sum
determined in accordance with a fixed formula, rather than a sum determined in accordance with the
normal rules of contract. This provides some certainty – the party who is responsible for performing a
particular obligation knows exactly what amount will be payable as damages if it fails to meet its
obligations; the recipient of the liquidated damages knows exactly how much it will recover if the
specified event occurs. However, there is a risk that if the amount of liquidated damages is
substantially less than the amount of the loss actually suffered by a party as a consequence of a
specified event occurring, that party will suffer a net loss, which it will then be prevented from taking
any further action to recover.
Payment mechanisms and clauses
The contract must specify the amount (or a method for calculating an amount) and timing of
payments.
Clauses relating to payment may involve incentives for a party to comply with its obligations in the
form of increased rates or agreed one-off payments, rights to withhold payment where obligations
have not been fully complied with, or provisions that payments be made in segments subject to
specified conditions being met. This way a party can match its obligations to pay for goods or
services with the actual provision of those goods or services so that it does not bear the risk of having
paid, or being required to pay, for goods and services which are not provided, or which do not meet
standards or specifications agreed between the parties. Payment mechanisms will often be
expressed to coincide with a milestone date or a milestone event.
Some common types of payment arrangements are (and these are not mutually exclusive):
• Fixed price: A fixed amount for the entire contract. This is typically used for straightforward
contracts for goods or services.

• Variable price: The price is calculated on the basis of a formula. This is suitable for use in
longer-term contracts or where the contract costs are likely to vary due to factors beyond the
contractor’s control. The most common example is for a first year price to be stated in the
contract, which will then be increased by a fixed rate (such as a consumer price index or other
indicator) for future years.
• Variable quantity: Allows for a maximum contract price to be agreed with such factors as
labour rates, overheads and quantities also being agreed by the parties (e.g. $120 per hour, up
to $10,000). This payment regime is generally used where the level of labour effort required
under the contract cannot be estimated with certainty.
• Incentive payments: These are extra payments which are generally tied to achievement of
performance measures. These can be useful to encourage the contractor to achieve desired
outcomes within a nominated time.
Common timing arrangements for payments are:
• Full payment upon completion: Payment upon successful delivery of all contract
deliverables. This is suitable for straightforward contracts for goods or services.
• Progress payments: These are periodic payments, usually tied to time (e.g. monthly).
• Milestone payments: These are progress payments based on certain events or deliverables
being achieved. This is a useful mechanism for ensuring that contracts are planned, progressed
and delivered or performed on track.
Performance measures
Performance measures or key result areas (KRAs) are sometimes mistakenly treated as boilerplate or
common clauses – but as discussed in Module 2 (see section 2.5 and 2.6), performance measures
should be carefully customized for each agreement. What the performance measures look like will
depend entirely on the nature of the deliverables under the contract – since the performance
measures should be designed to measure the successful completion of those deliverables.
If you notice performance measures in a draft contract that are masquerading as part of the “standard
terms and conditions”, be sure to check them very carefully, considering the factors raised in Module
2.
Termination rights
These can be included in a commercial agreement to provide a “way out” where a project does not go
according to plan. The University might request that an agreement include rights to terminate if the
other party to the agreement is in breach or if performance falls below specified levels. This means
that the University can limit its further losses if the project is a failure or if another party is not
complying with its obligations.
Depending on the circumstances, there may be a wish to retain the right to terminate the agreement
simply for convenience (rather than any failure by the other party). Such a right could be included in a
termination clauses, but would ordinarily require various steps to be taken and notice to be given, to
prevent either party from losing out unfairly due to the choice to terminate.
Variation clauses
Contracts normally contain a standard clause requiring all variations to be in writing. This is perfectly
adequate for minor variations that may need to occur through the life of the contract.
However, if the nature of the contract is such that more significant variations may be needed – such
as variations to the scope of work (e.g. in a contract for the development of systems) – then you may

wish to consider implementing a set of procedures to enable variations to be proposed and agreed to.
These variation procedures could be included as a more comprehensive “variation clause” in the
original contract.
Warranty clauses
Warranty clauses govern the rights and obligations of the contractor and the acquiring entity in
relation to defective goods and services. They serve to promote a minimum standard of performance.
A warranty clause allows one party to vouch or promise to the other that a certain thing or fact will
remain true (for instance, that some item will remain in working order). Warranties are usually
accompanied by a requirement for the person giving the warranty to compensate the party relying on
the warranty, if the warranted “fact” turns out to be incorrect.
Warranty clauses are usually drafted so that the party that is best placed to verify a piece of
information warrants the veracity of that information to a party who must rely on it, where the party
relying on the information may not be able to effectively or efficiently verify the information by itself. In
this way, the “risks” associated with a piece of information being found to be incorrect (such as losses
suffered by someone who relied on the information) are allocated to the person who provides the
warranty. “Warranty” may also be defined more broadly as a contractual promise. In this sense, a
party may warrant that it will or will not do something, in which case other parties to an agreement
may have a right to sue if this contractual promise is not complied with. This means that the party
making the warranty bears the risk of not being able to satisfy the obligations set out in the warranty.
From a University perspective, there are two key things to keep in mind about warranty clauses:
1. If the University is being asked to provide a warranty, be sure that you are able to verify that
information and exercise control over it – for instance, it would be problematic to warrant that
we will maintain the working order of an item that is not in the University’s possession or
control.
2. If there is some crucial fact or circumstance that needs to remain true in order for the contract
to succeed from the University’s perspective, then it may be appropriate to seek a warranty
from whichever party has control over that circumstance. Your lawyer can help draft such a
clause.

MODULE 8: ENTERING INTO
COLLABORATIONS
Purpose of module
In the University context, some contracts provide the basis for collaboration with one or more other
parties. Since collaborative agreements are generally more complicated than many other University
agreements, this module has been developed to guide you specifically through the management of
collaborations. It has been laid out in the form of an annotated checklist, to give you the most practical
guidance possible. Any questions about the module or the checklist should be directed to the Legal
Services Branch.
• To provide a checklist of issues to consider when setting up a collaboration; and

• To help raise awareness of the kinds of issues that are relevant to University collaboration
agreements.
Contents of module
Entering into Collaborations – Introduction and summary .............................................................. 8.2
Major sections of the checklist ..................................................................................................................... 8.2
Things to keep in mind when using the checklist ......................................................................................... 8.2
A. Preliminaries ............................................................................................................................... 8.3

B. Key elements of the collaboration ............................................................................................... 8.4
B.1 Nature of the collaboration .................................................................................................................... 8.4
B.2 Relationship management and communications .................................................................................. 8.5
B.3 Branding and reputation........................................................................................................................ 8.6
B.4 Funding and contributions ..................................................................................................................... 8.7
B.5 Profits and losses.................................................................................................................................. 8.7
B.6 Academic issues – for learning and teaching collaborations................................................................. 8.7
C. Intellectual property and information management .................................................................... 8.9

C.1 Intellectual Property (IP) ....................................................................................................................... 8.9
C.2 Confidentiality – including freedom of information issues ..................................................................... 8.9
C.3 Publication .......................................................................................................................................... 8.10
C.4 Reporting ............................................................................................................................................ 8.11
C.5 Records management ........................................................................................................................ 8.11
D. Legal, governance and risk issues ........................................................................................... 8.13

D.1 Legal entities entering the collaboration ............................................................................................. 8.13
D.2 Governance, ownership and decision making .................................................................................... 8.15
D.3 Contributing and managing assets and funds ..................................................................................... 8.16
D.4 Contributing and managing people and time ...................................................................................... 8.17
D.5 Valuing the operational contributions of the University ....................................................................... 8.18
D.6 Obligations of the parties .................................................................................................................... 8.18
D.7 Competition and exclusivity ................................................................................................................ 8.19
D.8 Risk Assessment – an overview ......................................................................................................... 8.19
D.9 Indemnity and insurance..................................................................................................................... 8.20
D.10 Dispute resolution ............................................................................................................................. 8.21
D.11 Other common legal issues .............................................................................................................. 8.22
D.12 Ending a collaboration ...................................................................................................................... 8.22
E. Formalising the agreement ....................................................................................................... 8.23

Entering into Collaborations – Introduction and summary
Many contracts are limited in their scope – such as when one party pays another to provide a service.
However, in the University context, many contracts form the basis for collaboration with one or more
other parties. In such situations, the contracts are hardly limited in their scope: they form a framework
for future action that could go on for years and may involve multiple parties across the globe.
Since collaborative agreements are generally more complicated than many other University
agreements, this module has been developed to guide you specifically through the formation,
formalisation and management of collaborations. It has been laid out in the form of an annotated
checklist, to give you the most practical guidance possible.
Not every issue in the checklist will be relevant for every collaboration agreement. However, by
walking through this list in each case where the University is pursuing a collaborative arrangement,
you will be able to proceed with greater confidence that you have addressed the key issues, and not
overlooked anything of significance to the University. The issues raised in the checklist will not only
ensure you are on the same page as your collaborators, but it will also serve as a guide for assessing
the risks – both threats and opportunities – to the University associated with the collaboration.
Major sections of the checklist
A. Preliminaries – what are the basic circumstances, why are we collaborating, and is everyone on
the same page?
B. Key elements of the collaboration – the nature of the collaboration, what its expected inputs and
outputs are, and how the collaboration will be managed and maintained.
C. Intellectual property and information management – including confidentiality, publication,
reporting.
D. Legal, governance and risk issues – addresses a host of issues, including the proposed
governance and decision-making structures for the collaboration, how disputes will be handled,
and how to end the collaboration.
E. Formalising the agreement.
Things to keep in mind when using the checklist
Defining responsibilities – Where the checklist asks who will responsible for a particular task, it
should be kept in mind that often responsibility will be jointly allocated. However, it is always a good
idea to specify who will be doing what in terms of jointly held responsibility – otherwise, in practice,
things may get missed.
Once you have identified what is relevant in the checklist for your collaboration – Think about
whether some responsive action is required or whether evidence should be collated on that issue, and
use the checklist to help you summarize that. If something strikes you as relevant but has never been
discussed, that should prompt you to talk about the issue, both internally and with the other parties.
The issues raised in the checklist will also provide a good starting point for briefing your legal adviser.

A. Preliminaries
This section of the checklist addresses the basic circumstances and why the collaboration is
happening. You should think of this section as forming a big picture overview of the collaboration.
A. PRELIMINARIES – Issues to consider Relevance/Evidence

Will the proposed collaboration be a Significant Contract?
Refer to Module 2 Table 2.2 for the list of contracts and agreements that are
Significant Contracts and the Policy requirements that relate to those contracts
and agreements.
Who is the University collaborating with?

Have we collaborated with them before? Do we know and trust them? Or do we
really need to find out more about them before we proceed further?
What is the purpose of this collaboration?
Why is this collaboration valuable to the University?
Would the University be sacrificing anything to enter this collaboration, and/or

does the University stand to lose anything?
Have you thought through the potential impact of the collaboration on the whole
University (not just your area)?
Note: Thinking about the broader impacts may highlight people across the
University who you may need to bring to the table in negotiating the
collaboration.
Why is this collaboration valuable to the other parties?
Would any of the other parties be sacrificing anything to enter this

collaboration, and/or do we stand to lose anything?
Are the intentions and motivations of the University at odds in any way with
those of the other parties, or are they compatible?
Is everyone on the same page about what is happening and why?
Does this collaboration pose any obvious risks or conflicts of interest that
should be assessed and addressed before proceeding any further? Risks could
include reputational risks to the University if there is a proposed collaboration
with a foreign entity, especially if it involved sensitive technologies. If the
proposed collaboration is with a foreign entity seek endorsement by completing
the Foreign Entity Compliance Review referred to in Module 2.
Note: Risk assessment will be addressed in more detail later in the checklist –
and in many ways, this entire checklist serves to facilitate a common-sense risk
assessment. However, it is never too early to start thinking about possible
risks: it ultimately helps you plan better and secure the best collaboration
outcome.
Consider seeking risk assessment advice and support early in any collaborative
process from the Director, Risk and Insurance Services.

B. Key elements of the collaboration
Building on the preliminary questions above, this section addresses the nature of the collaboration,
including its expected inputs and outputs (B.1). This section also asks how the collaboration will be
managed and maintained, including a consideration of:
 Relationship management and communications – including managing conflicts of interest (B.2)
 Branding and reputation (B.3)
 Funding and the contributions of each party (physical resources and other contributions) (B.4)
 Profits and losses – what revenue/expense streams are expected, how will they be shared?
(B.5)
 For Learning and Teaching collaborations, academic issues related to the collaboration (B.6)
B. KEY ELEMENTS OF COLLABORATION – Issues to consider Relevance/Evidence
B.1 Nature of the collaboration
Is this collaboration intended to be short term, long term but time-limited, or

potentially indefinite?
What is the purpose and objective of the collaboration?

(e.g. operation of a school, course or program; collaborative research output;
establishing an articulation arrangement; acquiring assets from another body?)
What will the output of the collaboration be?
Are there any clear milestones or goals that can be defined in the
collaboration?
Who are the key players in the collaboration, both internally and externally?
(e.g. are there specific researchers, teachers or others who will be relied on to
produce the output of the collaboration? Who do each of the key players work
for? If any of them left or became unable to work on the project, how would
that affect the collaboration?)
What is the nature of the collaboration in a legal relationship sense, and how
do the parties intend to structure it?
(e.g. a joint venture, licensing arrangement, articulation agreement, twinning
agreement, acquisition, merger, agency agreement, a new company, other?)
Note: this is addressed in more detail in Part D of the checklist (Legal,
Governance & Risk Issues), under section D.2: Governance, ownership and
decision making.
What are the general responsibilities and obligations of each party going to
be?
(e.g. who will be doing what in a general sense?)

B.2 Relationship management and communications
Managing relationships within the University of Adelaide

Who internally is working on the collaboration?
Are there internal people with relevant expertise, who we haven’t considered?
Who needs to be kept in the loop on the project? How will this be done?
Where multiple people need to be kept in the loop, what communications
protocol will be used to ensure that they are? (e.g. emails always copied to
certain people, and/or one person responsible for disseminating information to
all relevant people)
Who will keep records of the internal communications?
Are any aspects of the internal communications confidential or sensitive? If so
how will they be handled to maintain confidentiality?
Who are the “finders, minders, binders and grinders” for the University?
(see below for more information on this concept)
Managing relationships between the University and the other party/parties
Who is going to be the “voice” of the University in dealing with outsiders?

Who are the main contacts for each party to the collaboration?
What will the communications protocol be between the parties?
Are any introductions required amongst the proposed collaborators? Who will
do that and in what circumstances?
FINDERS, MINDERS, BINDERS AND GRINDERS – defining who does what internally
There will always be different people in the University who are involved in different capacities in
your collaboration, and in facilitating and formalising an agreement. This flows from different skills
as well differences in their level of authority or seniority. It can be helpful to define who has what
role in each of these areas (primary and backup):
Relationship Operational Legal Other?

management
FINDERS (find the
opportunities for collaboration)
MINDERS (handle
administrative tasks, coordinate
efforts of others)
BINDERS (bring everyone
together, connect people)
GRINDERS (grind or churn
out most of the substantive

Managing government relationships
Is there any government involvement? (Local, State, Federal)

Is there any international entity involved? (Government, University, Company)
Is a government or government agency a party to the agreement? If so are there
any special requirements for managing communications with them?
Is government interaction involved, such as obtaining permits, consents or
funding?
Is this collaboration politically topical or sensitive? Who will manage any media
issues or spin? Do we need someone politically savvy involved? Who?
Managing conflicts of interest
What protocols will be used to ensure that any potential conflicts of interest are
identified, disclosed and managed appropriately, throughout the collaboration?
Note: Conflicts can arise (and disappear) at different times during a project’s life.
It is important to constantly monitor potential conflicts, and to have a clear
understanding between the parties of the fact that conflicts must be disclosed to
each other at any stage when they are detected.
B.3 Branding and reputation
How will branding of the collaboration occur:

• Individual branding (with each party just branding their own contributions
normally and separately); or
• Joint branding (for instance, side-by-side use of each party’s brand); or
• Some new and separate brand (such as a new logo or business name
being created for the collaboration)?
Note: You should consult with Marketing and Communications about
branding, before any final decisions are made – particularly if any
ALERT: joint branding or new branding is proposed. You should also review
University Policy the Brand Policy, which outlines the approval mechanisms required,
Requirement
including for registered business names.
Think back to the preliminary questions about why the collaboration is valuable to
each party (and what each party may sacrifice or stand to lose) in answering
these next questions.
Does the University or any other party face any potential impacts on reputation,
either good or bad, arising from the collaboration?
Do the other parties take the protection of their reputation as seriously as we do?
Can we trust the other parties to act in a manner that will reflect well on the
University and enhance the reputation of the University?

B.4 Funding and contributions
How will the collaboration be funded? Who is responsible for obtaining it?
(e.g. financial contributions from the parties; and/or funding from third parties,
from industry, from government sources? If outside funding sources, are there
any restrictions or terms of use?)
What assets, property and other resources will each party contribute? Think
outside the box to capture all in-kind contributions and intangible contributions.
(e.g. funds, land, buildings, room/laboratory space, equipment, IT
infrastructure or access, library infrastructure or access, people/labour,
utilities/amenities, intellectual property, services, brand)
Will the parties continue to own the things they contribute? Or will there be
some changes to ownership or use rights of certain property or resources? In
either case, how will use of the resources be facilitated for those who need to
use them?
(e.g. property transfer, lease, licence, access and use agreement?)
When will the contributions be made?

(e.g. at the start, after certain things have happened, mid-way through, or “as
needed”?)
B.5 Profits and losses
What revenue and expense streams are expected to flow from the
collaboration?
Who will receive revenue or pay expenses, and how will they be
tracked/reported?
How will expenses and revenue be shared between the parties (if at all)?
B.6 Academic issues – for learning and teaching collaborations
What is the nature of the academic offering being created through the
collaboration? (e.g. a new school, discipline, program, course?)
Note: If the proposed collaboration will result in a degree being
jointly conferred by the University and some other institution, you
ALERT: must follow the process set out in the Jointly Conferred
University Policy Coursework Awards Policy. For more information, contact the Pro
Requirement
Vice-Chancellor (Student Learning).
What is the proposed academic delivery mechanism?

(e.g. domestic or international, taught by us or by others, distance/online
education, combination?)
Where will the students be enrolled – and what will the enrolment process be?

What eligibility criteria will be used for admission? Who will assess them?
(e.g. IELTS, GPA, pathways from other institutions, other?)
Will any scholarships be offered? By whom? Who will decide how to award
them?
How and by whom will fees be assessed, collected and distributed?
Will there be any mechanisms for obtaining credit transfers and/or advanced
standing? Who will make the decision?
Student interface: who can say what (and when) to students?

(e.g. advertising/representations, letters of offer, pathway invitations,
confirmation of enrolment)
What administrative systems are required to facilitate the academic offering?

Who is responsible for doing what, and when?
Note: as part of the administration, will access need to be given to the
University’s systems (or obtained for the University to some other system)?
How will security of the systems be ensured?
What information/reports will the parties be required to make to each other?

(e.g. on academic quality issues, student progress, administration issues,
ESOS issues)
What forums will be set up for discussion, decision-making, representation,

and resolution of disagreements or issues?

C. Intellectual property and information management
This section of the checklist considers issues relating to intellectual property and information
management, including intellectual property ownership and use (C.1), confidentiality and freedom of
information (C.2), publication (C.3), reporting (C.4) and records management (C.5).
C. IP AND INFORMATION MANAGEMENT – Issues to consider Relevance/Evidence
C.1 Intellectual Property (IP)
Note: To properly address intellectual property issues, it is important to think about the different phases
of a collaborative project, and separately deal with pre-existing IP brought to the collaboration by one or
more parties (either at the start or during the project), and IP created in the course of or as a result of
the collaboration. Disputes can be avoided by clearly stating who owns what to start with, who will own
what at the end, and who can use the various IP components and on what terms. These questions will
guide you through this assessment in a basic sense, but it is strongly recommended that legal advice be
sought on this issue.
What intellectual property is each party contributing to the collaboration?

(e.g. copyright in course materials, trademarks, brand names, websites,
domain names, research findings, patentable knowledge)
Are we sure that each party contributing IP owns that IP, or has secured rights
to contribute and use it for the collaboration?
Is there any intellectual property owned by third parties (not part of

collaboration) that needs to be used in the collaboration? If so, who will be
responsible for obtaining permission to use it? What conditions might attach to
the permission?
Will each contributing party continue to own the IP they contribute? How will
the intellectual property be contributed? (e.g. assignment of ownership)
For what purposes or in what circumstances can intellectual property

contributed by one party be used by the other parties to the collaboration?
(e.g. are there limits on how, why, when or where IP contributed to the
collaboration can be used, or limits on who can use it? Why are such limits
being imposed and are they reasonable?)
If there are limits on the use of IP contributed by one party, what is the
approval process for authorising its use?
Who will own the intellectual property rights created as a part of the
collaboration?
What is the approval process for authorising use of the IP created as part of
the collaboration? What rights of use will each of the parties to the
collaboration (individually) have over the IP they collaboratively create?
C.2 Confidentiality – including freedom of information issues
Note: It is important to remember that the University’s mission and vision advocate the ultimate sharing
and dissemination of knowledge, including through education, research and community service. There

are sometimes very valid reasons for keeping information confidential; but given our public mission and
knowledge sharing orientation, it is important to think through those reasons and articulate them – and
question whether confidentiality requirements are reasonable and necessary.
Is the collaboration itself confidential, or are the terms of the

collaboration agreement going to be confidential? Why?
ALERT:
Note: if the terms of the collaboration agreement are going to be
University Policy
Requirement confidential, that fact needs to be pre-approved and a special
clause needs to be included in the contract, in order to protect
the contract from being disclosed under the Freedom of Information Act (FOI).
See the University’s Freedom of Information Policy for more detail.
What information brought to the collaboration, held by the collaboration,

gathered or created by the collaboration should be kept confidential, and why?
(e.g. student information, research data, IP that might be patented)
How will confidentiality be ensured? Will the information be kept confidential
through normal, existing processes within the University and other parties
(such as for the handling of student records) or are special measures
required?
What obligations will there be to return or destroy confidential information?

(e.g. an obligation to destroy or return information when its use is no longer
required by a party, or when the collaboration ends)
Should there be restrictions on the publication of press releases? If so, who

will authorize them and in what circumstances?
What rights will a party have to make representations about the collaboration,
or publicly advertise its relationship with the other parties? In other words, can
we tell other people that we are collaborating? How much information about
the collaboration can we share – and what can’t we say about it?
Will privacy laws apply to the collaboration or its activities? Are

the privacy policies of the other parties compatible with the
ALERT:
University Policy University’s Privacy Policy?
Requirement
Does the FOI apply to any other parties apart from the University? Do the
other parties understand the University’s FOI obligations?
(e.g. do they understand that things need to be clearly marked confidential in
order to be protected from disclosure under FOI?)
C.3 Publication
Will the collaboration lead to publishable output?
Who will be publishing? Will the publication be joint, or by only one or some of
the collaborating parties?

Are there any limits being placed on publication, such as for reasons of
confidentiality? Are they reasonable?
C.4 Reporting
Are there any requirements to report to any funding bodies, government

agencies or other outside parties related to the collaboration?
Who will be responsible for making those reports?
Will those reports require information to be collated from various members of
the collaboration? If so, who will collate the information and how?
Is there a need to have the parties report to each other on any issues
throughout the collaboration?
For instance, if parties are individually responsible for different aspects of the
collaboration, do they need to keep each other updated on their progress?
(e.g. for the delivery of an academic program, the party that admits and enrolls
students may need to keep the other parties informed about the admission
criteria or progress of the students)
Are there any legal compliance obligations that require the parties to be kept
informed about particular issues?
(e.g. ESOS or funding agreements)
If so, how will that be reported to the party so they can meet their obligations?
When and how regularly will any reports between the parties be made?
What format will they take? What information will they include? How detailed?
Will there be a mechanism for a party to seek additional information, beyond
that contained in the report?
Will there be any resolution mechanism if a party fails to make their necessary
report, or provides an incomplete or inaccurate report?
Are there any instances or events that you would want to be notified about?
(e.g. if another party assigns part of their interest, or sub-contracts some of
their work, or changes their personnel or activity in a certain area, or enters a
similar agreement with someone else)
C.5 Records management
What planning or budgetary documents will be prepared for the collaboration?

(e.g. business plans, marketing plans, budgets)
Who will be responsible for making those records, and when? How will they be
shared and with whom?
(e.g. at the outset of the collaboration, annually thereafter)
What type of records will be created and kept for the collaboration?
(e.g. financial records, accounts, invoices, research data, progress reports)
Who will create or collect the records, and who will store them?

If certain records are held by one party, what right will the other parties have to
access the records and through what process?
What rights will a party have to audit the records associated with the
collaboration (either communal records or records held by another party)?
What will be the process for audits and who will bear the cost?
Does the State Records Act apply to any other parties apart
from the University? Do the other parties understand the
University’s State Records obligations, and know what they
ALERT:
University Policy need to do to ensure the University can be compliant?
Requirement (e.g. do they understand that things need to be retained for a
certain period, and cannot be destroyed or altered without
following particular processes?)
Note: the University Information Management Policy summarizes the
requirements for records management.
The Records and Archives Management Handbook provides further practical
guidance around records, and is available online.
For parties outside of South Australia, do any parties other than the University
have any other legislative obligations related to records management, similar
to the State Records Act? Is there anything the University would need to do to
ensure the other party can comply with that different law?
Are there any other compliance requirements for records management that
apply to this collaboration?
(e.g. for a research collaboration, the research records and data provisions of
the Australian Code for the Responsible Conduct of Research may apply; for
an academic collaboration, there may be ESOS or other requirements that
impact on record keeping)

D. Legal, governance and risk issues
This section of the checklist addresses a host of issues, including the entities entering the
collaboration and due diligence (D.1), the proposed governance and decision-making structures for
the collaboration (D.2), how contributions will be made and managed – money and assets (D.3) as
well as people and time (D.4) or operational contributions (D.5) – and what the obligations of each
party are (D.6). The questions also address competition issues (D.7), risk assessment (D.8),
indemnity and insurance (D.9), how disputes will be handled (D.10) and how the collaboration might
end (D.12).
While many of the issues listed have already been touched on in previous sections, this section goes
into more detail, so that the legal implications can be more fully anticipated and addressed.
D. LEGAL, GOVERNANCE AND RISK ISSUES – Issues to consider Relevance/Evidence
D.1 Legal entities entering the collaboration
The University of Adelaide
Which legal entity will be undertaking the collaboration on behalf of the

University? (e.g. the University itself or a subsidiary? It must be a legal entity, not
simply a business name or School/Department name)
What internal approvals will be required before entering the collaboration?
(e.g. endorsement of the Chief Security Officer obtained through a foreign entity
compliance review for collaboration with overseas universities, governments or
organisations, Program Approval Committee for new collaborative programs)
Would entering the collaboration cause the University to breach any existing
legal obligations – contractual, legislative or other?
(e.g. funding agreements; exclusivity agreements with others; legislative /
regulatory obligations)
Would entering the collaboration cause the University to breach any of its own
policies or divert from its strategic plan?
For each of the other parties to the collaboration
What is the legal entity that the University will be entering an agreement with? Is
the entity duly established and validly existing? (i.e., can it legally “contract” with
us?)
What is the legal structure and ownership of the other party?
(e.g. a university, government Minister or entity, company, trust, partnership,
individual, unincorporated or incorporated association, unincorporated joint
venture)
In which jurisdiction (or place) was it established, and in which jurisdiction does it
carry on business?
What is the history of business or activity carried on by the party?
What is the reputation and standing (in Australia or overseas) of the party? Is
collaborating with them more likely to enhance or damage our own reputation?
Is the other party financially sound? How can we assess or know that? Is the
party currently subject to any litigation or investigations?
Due diligence – making sure we know the other party before we collaborate

Think back to the preliminary questions about how well we know the parties we
are collaborating with and whether we already know and trust them.
How well do we really know the other parties?
What due diligence activity is required to properly assess the other parties before
we enter into collaboration with them?
Who is managing and funding any necessary due diligence assessments,
particularly for any off-shore entities?
What external parties (if any) will contribute to due diligence investigations? How
are they to be engaged, by whom, at what cost, and on what terms?
Note: Consider getting advice from the Legal and Risk Branch about undertaking
due diligence.
Adding or removing parties to the collaboration later
Is it likely that new parties may be added to the collaboration later? Who will
make the decision to do that? Will all the parties need to agree? What will the
new parties be expected to contribute, or who will decide what is a reasonable
contribution?
Is it possible that one or more parties would want to leave the collaboration
before it is completed? If so, what processes will need to be in place for
assigning ownership (changing ownership or shareholding in the collaboration)?
Will the other parties need to agree to a party leaving and to how they will
redistribute their ownership?
Third party involvement
Will any third party contributions, involvement, consents, approvals or licenses

be required – in other words, is there anything that needs to be done by anyone
who is not a party to the collaboration, for the collaboration to actually work?
(e.g. from government, industry, other universities, intellectual property owners)
Who will be responsible for liaising with the third party and obtaining their
contribution/consent etc?
If any agreements need to be entered with any of the third parties, will all the
parties to the collaboration enter them jointly, or will one party enter it on
everyone’s behalf?

D.2 Governance, ownership and decision making
Governance and decision-making
Note: When deciding on a governance structure, remember that what is appropriate and effective will
depend on the nature and circumstances of the collaboration. In all cases, some level of formality in
governance and decision-making is required, to ensure that things are properly managed in an
accountable and transparent way. These questions will guide you through the basics, but it is strongly
recommended that you seek management advice from the Legal Services Branch before you decide on
an appropriate structure.
What is the proposed structure for the collaboration? How is that being
decided? Has legal advice been sought in making that decision?
(e.g. unincorporated joint venture, company, trust, partnership, contract,
acquisition, merger)
What is the structure for decision-making, management and governance of the

collaboration? Does the proposed structure allow effective decisions to be
made, even where there is some disagreement about what should happen?
(e.g. a single person making the decisions, a group of people making the
decisions, a governing council, board, committee, project team, consultation)
What voting rights will each party have, and how will deadlocks be broken?
What will the composition of any governing body be? How will they be
appointed or nominated? Whose interests will each member be representing?
(e.g. will a University employee sitting on the committee be representing the
University or simply acting in their own personal capacity? Will there be
representatives of each party?)
Will any outsiders be appointed to the governing body, to bring an independent
voice to decision-making? How will they be chosen and what expertise will
they be required to have?
What will the functions, powers and responsibilities of the governing body be,
and what limits will be placed on its authority?
What training in governance and management will members of the governing
body be required to undergo? Who will coordinate that and who will pay for it?
(e.g. directors and officers training)
Ownership
How will the parties hold their interest in the collaboration?

(e.g. shares in a company, ownership rights to new intellectual property
created, income stream, property holding, student enrolments – remember, not
all “interests” are financial)
Can the parties change, sell or assign their interest later? Will the other
parties have to agree, or will there be a requirement that the other parties be
notified?

D.3 Contributing and managing assets and funds
What assets and funds will each party contribute?
What capacity does each party have to borrow, mortgage, encumber or

commit funds or assets?
Note: Make sure that any University delegations and internal approval
mechanisms are complied with before committing to contribute
funds or assets (including Finance Committee and Council
ALERT: approval if required). Consult with the Legal Services Branch or
University Policy the Council Secretary for more information on when Council
Requirement
approval may be required.
Is any grant funding (or other third party funding) being obtained? Who is
responsible for seeking it? How will the responsible party ensure that all
collaborators act in a way that complies with the grant, and enables the proper
acquittal of the grant funding?
Will any assets, funds or equipment come from third parties? What special
tasks or requirements will that involve and who will be responsible for those?
How will contributed funds or assets be held?

(e.g. where a new entity is created for the collaboration, will that entity hold
them; for an unincorporated joint venture or similar, will one party hold on
behalf of the collaboration?)
Will the parties continue to “own” what they contribute to the collaboration? Or
will ownership be transferred to either another party or a new entity?
If equipment or facilities are contributed, how will their use be managed? Will
they be used exclusively for the purposes of the collaboration, or will they also
be used by other people/purposes? If use is not exclusive, how will use be
shared?
How will use be authorized and facilitated for non-owning parties?
(e.g. a license agreement, a lease, granting of access to building/IT facilities)
Will there be any restrictions on use or access to any facilities or assets?
Who will be responsible for maintaining or repairing any equipment, facilities or

other assets?
At what point in the collaboration (and on what conditions) will each party
make their contributions? At the outset, during the collaboration, as needed?
How will assets and funds be dealt with when the collaboration comes to an
end?

D.4 Contributing and managing people and time
Who is doing what in the collaboration? Will this remain the same throughout
the collaboration, or change at different stages?
What skills, experience and/or qualifications are needed by people working on
the collaboration? Are these rare?
Who is providing personnel to do the work of the collaboration? Will there be

any new staff hired? Who will hire them?
Are any employees of the University (academic or professional staff) going to

be contributing time to the collaboration?
Will the collaboration affect their capacity to perform their normal University
duties? If so, has their work been redistributed or taken care of, to the
satisfaction of their work team and Head of School or Branch Head?
If labour or staff are being provided by a party (such as the University), will it
be on a full-time or part time basis? What mechanism will be used to provide
them?
(e.g. secondment, contracting temporarily to the collaboration entity or to
another party to do the work, internal workload adjustment to allow them to
work on the project on top of current job?)
Who will be responsible for the remuneration and entitlements of staff working
on the collaboration? (e.g. if staff come from several places, will they just
continue to be paid by their current employer?)
Who will be responsible for complying with employment, workers

compensation and industrial laws (including occupational health, safety and
welfare)?
Note: it is likely that all parties contributing to the collaboration will have some
responsibility for these things, particularly occupational health, safety and
welfare.
Are there any key personnel requirements – in other words, are there any
individuals or kinds of people (based on skills, qualifications, experience) who
are essential for the collaboration to be successful?
(e.g. is the collaboration only going to work if a particular researcher or
someone with particular skills is available? Think through the objectives and
expected output of the collaboration, and consider whether its success rides
on the continued involvement of certain people – if it does, it’s crucial to lock in
their involvement as part of the collaboration deal.)
Can a party request that certain personnel be removed from the collaboration,
or that certain personnel must stay in the collaboration?
If a person is not performing well in the collaboration, how will that be handled
and by whom?

D.5 Valuing the operational contributions of the University
Note: It is important that you make a genuine effort to incorporate all relevant costs into your financial and
business models for the life of the collaboration. Consult with the Legal and Risk Branch and, where
appropriate, Executive Director, Infrastructure or Chief Operating Officer for assistance.
Does your collaboration include the contribution by the University of facilities,

amenities or infrastructure?
If so, their value should be known and form part of the management of the
contract or arrangement.
Such contributions and costs might include:
 Lecture or teaching space
 Research areas or special access areas (laboratories)
 Cleaning and waste removal
 Security
 Electricity
 Water
 Library services
 Building maintenance
 Software or technology access and licenses
Please refer all inquiries to office of the Executive Director, Infrastructure
or Chief Operating Officer who will direct you to an appropriate area for
further assistance in valuing the contribution
 Car parking, if available will be accessible within the University’s policy
(refer website)
D.6 Obligations of the parties
What are the obligations of each party? In other words, who is doing what?
How can the obligations be defined for the purposes of the agreement
document? Are they vague or specific? Is there any way they can be measured
over time?
Will there be any milestones for the performance of certain obligations under the
collaboration? If so, what will the timetable be for those milestones?
Can the timetable be changed – and if so, by whom and by what process?
Will there be penalties for failing to meet milestones, and if so what will they be?
What is the standard to which each party will be held in meeting their
obligations?
(e.g. good industry practice, best practice, due care and diligence)
Will the parties need to comply with each other’s internal policies or procedures?
How will this be monitored or ensured?

Are there any overarching obligations that rest primarily with one party, but need
to be flowed on to all parties in the collaboration?
(e.g. obligations under a funding contract, legislative or regulatory compliance
obligations such as ESOS or health and safety)
Will there be a quality assurance regime for the collaboration?

What will it look like and who will oversee it?
Can the parties sub-contract their obligations to others?

In what circumstances, and with what limits? Do they need to get the permission
of other collaborating parties before doing so?
If they are allowed to sub-contract, how will they ensure that the sub-contractor
fulfils the obligation properly and satisfactorily?
D.7 Competition and exclusivity
Will the parties (including the University) have any exclusivity or non-compete
obligations? In other words, will there be any limit placed on the ability of the
collaborating parties to do the same (or similar) things with others outside the
collaboration?
(e.g. if the collaboration is researching and developing something that may lead
to commercialization, there may be a limit on the parties to prevent them from
sharing the information or working on the same kind of research with any other
people or entities)
What will be the scope of such obligations and how will they be limited?
(e.g. will they be limited to a certain territory or country, or restrictive only for a
fixed term or duration; or will the exclusivity only relate to a small, specific set of
activities that are restricted?)
Are there any trade practices or restraint of trade issues?

(e.g. is the collaboration setting up a monopoly or excluding certain competitors
in an unfair way?)
Note: If you think there may be competition or exclusivity issues, you should
definitely discuss it with Legal Services Branch.
Does the University already have any exclusivity or non-compete obligations in

place (through other agreements) that might be inconsistent with this
collaboration?
D.8 Risk Assessment – an overview
Note: In many ways, this entire checklist serves to facilitate a common-sense risk assessment. However,
it is helpful to think specifically about what level and depth of risk assessment might be required for your
collaboration.
For complex collaborations, some kind of dedicated risk assessment will almost always be necessary.
Similarly, if the activities that will be happening under the collaboration are inherently hazardous or
unpredictable, then a detailed risk assessment will be important. In any collaboration, even simple ones,

thinking in terms of risk assessment will ultimately help you plan better and secure the best collaboration
outcome.
The questions below simply guide you to think about whether some of the highest risk factors in
collaborations are present in your case. If any of these are triggered, you should definitely do a
comprehensive risk assessment.
For any collaboration, consider seeking risk assessment advice and support early in any collaborative
process from the Director, Risk and Insurance Services.
Are there any activities involved in the collaboration that are inherently
hazardous or unpredictable?
Are there any activities that are happening overseas?
Are there any aspects of the collaboration that would fall apart without particular
individuals working on the project?
What level of financial and non-financial (including operational resources,

people, equipment, facilities, time) commitment is the University putting into this
collaboration? Is the contribution we are making likely to compromise our
operations in any other areas?
(e.g. by taking people away from other functions, or by tying up
facilities/equipment)
What impact would a break down in certain relationships (with government,

funding bodies, collaborating partners, industry and business) have on the
project? And what potential is there for the project itself to impact relationships?
What kind of legislative and regulatory compliance obligations will be involved in

the collaboration? Are they all things that are already faced in day-to-day
activities, or are some of them new and unusual requirements?
(e.g. if the collaboration is taking us overseas, what new requirements will we
have in that place?)
What kind of effect will this collaboration have on the University’s reputation?
This is of particular importance when dealing with foreign entities and/or sensitive
technologies.
Are there things that could go wrong in the collaboration that might have a bad
effect on the University’s reputation?
Are there any “nightmare scenarios” that you can see happening in the
collaboration that would result in negative press and reputational damage?
D.9 Indemnity and insurance
What liabilities will each party inherit by participating in the collaboration?

Will each party’s liability under the collaboration be limited?
(e.g. limited to a fixed cap amount, or limited by excluding indirect or
consequential losses)
Will the parties be required to indemnify each other under the collaboration
agreement (in other words, will the parties be “covering” each other for any
liability)? If so, in what circumstances, on what terms, and to what extent?

(e.g. one party may agree to indemnify each other party for losses that the other
parties suffer due to negligence, a breach of the agreement, or willful misconduct
by the first party)
What insurance policies should the parties be taking out in relation to the
collaboration – and at whose costs and to what levels?
Should insurance be in joint names, or in the name of one party with the others
simply noted as having an interest?
To what extent does the University’s existing insurance already cover the people
or activities in the collaboration?
Are any updates required to the University’s insurance, or does anything need to
be notified to our insurer?
Note: If you have questions or want advice on liability, insurance and indemnity
issues, contact the Insurance Specialist.
D.10 Dispute resolution
How will disputes under the collaboration agreement be resolved? In other

words, what process will be used to resolve disputes?
Will the parties be required to pursue some non-litigious path (alternative dispute
resolution) before they are allowed to take legal proceedings in a dispute?
What types of alternative dispute resolution might be appropriate for this

collaboration?
(e.g. a disputes committee with representatives from each party, who are more
detached from the work of the project, and who can meet to discuss the dispute
more objectively; mediation or arbitration by an outsider; expert assessment)
Will certain disputes need to be determined by an independent expert? Who

engages and pays for the expert?

D.11 Other common legal issues
Will the parties be excused from performing their duties under the collaboration
if, in circumstances that are outside of their control, something unexpected and
uncontrollable happens – something that affects their ability to fulfill their duties?
(e.g. natural disaster or accident – things that are legally referred to as “force
majeure”)
Will the parties be allowed to terminate or end the collaboration if such an
uncontrollable event occurs?
In how many different jurisdictions is the collaboration occurring? For instance,

are different parties carrying out different parts of the collaboration in several
places?
What legal obligations arise in each jurisdiction, under legislation and regulation?
(e.g. tax laws, safety laws, environmental laws, immigration laws)
Which jurisdiction’s laws will be used to resolve disputes under the agreement?
(e.g. it is normal to choose one jurisdiction where the matter would be taken to
court, if necessary, and by whose laws the contract document would be
interpreted and resolved)
Can the parties assign their ownership, rights or obligations in the collaboration?
Will consent of the other parties be required before assignment can happen –
and if so, can consent be unreasonably withheld? In other words, do the parties
need to have a real reason why to withhold consent for a party to assign its
interest?
Will a chance in control of a party (such as new management, new ownership)
be considered an assignment or trigger some other consequences?
Will the parties in the collaboration have a right to buy out or take over the other
collaborators interest before they sell or give it to an outsider? By what process?
D.12 Ending a collaboration
What kind of events would allow the collaboration to be brought to an end (or
terminated), and by whom?
What rights will each party have to terminate the agreement?
(e.g. if a breach by a party is not remedied within a certain period; if a party
becomes insolvent)
What will the process be for exercising a right of termination?
(e.g. by service of a written notice)
What are the consequences and process upon termination or expiry (the natural
end) of the collaboration?
(e.g. an obligation to return documents and property, the ongoing application of
non-compete or exclusivity obligations)

E. Formalising the agreement
This section of the checklist addresses the formalisation of a collaboration agreement. It also
addresses issues like term, renewals and variations to agreements.
E. FORMALISING THE AGREEMENT – Issues to consider Relevance/Evidence
What form will the collaboration agreement take? Who will draft it?
Will the collaboration be for a fixed term, or will it run indefinitely? The
University does not generally accept indefinite terms or contract with fixed
terms of greater than 3 years.
Who will bear the costs of negotiating and preparing documentation for the
collaboration, including the main collaboration agreement? Who will be
responsible for registering and stamping any documents that need it?
Who will review the agreement for the University? Is a review team needed
to ensure all the relevant internal people are consulted?
Who is going to sign the agreement for each party? Are they properly
authorized?
Can the collaboration agreement be varied? If so, in what circumstances

and by what mechanism?
(e.g. by written agreement between the parties only)
Will there be any rights of renewal under the agreement, allowing the parties
to extend the collaboration beyond its initial term?
If so, will there be conditions attached to the right?
(e.g. satisfaction of performance benchmarks or targets in the collaboration)
What process will be used for renewals?
Will there be a review process for considering renewals? Do all parties have
to agree that it’s the best course before it can happen?

FOR FURTHER ENQUIRIES
The University of Adelaide SA 5005 Australia
Mitchell Building,
North Terrace,
Adelaide SA 5005
ENQUIRIES [email protected]
TELEPHONE +61 8 8313 4539
adelaide.edu.au
© The University of Adelaide.

CRICOS 00123M
DISCLAIMER The information in this publication is current

as at the date of printing and is subject to change. You can
find updated information on our website at adelaide.edu.au
or contact us on 1800 061 459. The University of Adelaide
assumes no responsibility for the accuracy of information
provided by third parties.

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CONTRACT

Legal Services handbook

► MODULE 5: WHEN THINGS GO WRONG – not in use

► MODULE 6: STANDARD FORM CONTRACTS – not in use

► MODULE 7B: INDEMNITIES – MOVING RISK AROUND - not in use

© Copyright University of Adelaide, all rights reserved

► MODULE 9: SUSTAINABLE CONTRACTS –not in use

► MODULE 10: TENDERS –not in use

© Copyright University of Adelaide, all rights reserved

© Copyright University of Adelaide, all rights reserved page i

© Copyright University of Adelaide, all rights reserved page ii

B. Types of contracts that arise in the University setting

© Copyright University of Adelaide, all rights reserved page iii

C. The University’s approach to contract management

© Copyright University of Adelaide, all rights reserved page iv

Contracts and Agreements Policy

© Copyright University of Adelaide, all rights reserved page v

D. Goal and structure of this Handbook

This is perhaps the most important stage, as it enables you to enter

Stages in the life of a contract

This involves monitoring the promises made, and doing what is

© Copyright University of Adelaide, all rights reserved page vi

© Copyright University of Adelaide, all rights reserved page vii

Doing the Right thing (behaving ethically and maintaining Reputation)

© Copyright University of Adelaide, all rights reserved page viii

© Copyright University of Adelaide, all rights reserved page ix

Contents of this module

1.2 How formally will my agreement need to be documented? ................................................ 1.3

1.5 More detailed preparation: the pre-agreement evaluation.................................................. 1.6

1.6 Never assume negotiation is “futile” ................................................................................... 1.8

© Copyright University of Adelaide, all rights reserved page 1.1

Contract planning – preliminary checklist:

 What is the contract trying to achieve? Why?

© Copyright University of Adelaide, all rights reserved page 1.2

B. How formally will my agreement need to be documented?

© Copyright University of Adelaide, all rights reserved page 1.3

C. How and when a contract forms – the importance of negotiation

© Copyright University of Adelaide, all rights reserved page 1.4

D. Preparing to negotiate – understanding your bargaining position

© Copyright University of Adelaide, all rights reserved page 1.5

E. More detailed preparation: the pre-agreement evaluation

© Copyright University of Adelaide, all rights reserved page 1.6

Does your proposed agreement align with:

Commonwealth’s Protective Security Policy Framework? (Policies | Protective

commercial value? (don’t forget to take into account any oncosts)

If your proposed agreement involves expenditure, is this within an approved Yes No

© Copyright University of Adelaide, all rights reserved page 1.7

G. Legal guidance: the transition from negotiation to binding contract

© Copyright University of Adelaide, all rights reserved page 1.8

© Copyright University of Adelaide, all rights reserved page 1.9

© Copyright University of Adelaide, all rights reserved page 1.10

Contents of this module:

2.4 Drafting the contract: theirs or ours? ................................................................................ 2.10

2.7 Final negotiations .............................................................................................................. 2.14

Appendix 2.1 – Contract Drafting / Review Instruction Form .................................................... 2.17

© Copyright University of Adelaide, all rights reserved page 2.1

© Copyright University of Adelaide, all rights reserved page 2.2

 Make sure the agreement is properly authorised within the University.

CHECKLIST: DOCUMENTING AND MANAGING SIMPLE CONTRACTS