ISLAMIYAT

(CAIE SYLLABUS 2058 & IGCSE 0493)

Caliph Hazrat Abu Bakr

Tahir Ali Babar

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Hazrat Abu Bakr’s(R.A) Caliphate

Election:
While the final rites of the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) were in progress, it was brought to the attention
of Hazrat Umar that a meeting had been called by Ansar at the Saqifa Banu Saida to elect a
successor (caliph) to the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H). Hazrat Umar hurried to the place accompanied by
Hazrat Abu Bakr and Hazrat Abu Ubaidah bin Jarrah. The Ansar had almost declared the leader of
the Khazraj tribe, Saad bin Ubada as the caliph.
Hazrat Abu Bakr at this point made a persuasive speech on why a Qurasih should now lead the
Muslims. He reminded them a Hadith of the Prophet (pbuh) in which he commanded that according
to Arab tradition, the next leader after him should be chosen from Quraish .
On hearing this convincing argument, another leader of the Ansar Khubaib bin Mundhar put
forward the proposal for two state solution, one led by a Muhajir(Quraish) and one by an Ansar.
Hazrat Umar rejected this suggestion by saying that for the solidarity of the Islamic state , there
should be only one caliph.
At this point hazrat Abu Ubaidah bin Jarrah said,
“O Ansar! you were the first to uphold Islam. Do not be the first to sow the seeds of dissention
in it.” On hearing this, the Ansar quickly withdrew their claim.
Hazrat Abu Bakr put forward the names of Hazrat Umar and Hazrat Abu Ubaydah bin Jarrah as
caliph but Hazrat Umar nominated Hazrat Abu Bakr as the political leader of a unified Muslim state
based in Madina. Taking Hazrat Abu Bakr’s hand Hazrat Umar took the pledge of loyalty to him.
After Hazrat Umar and Hazrat Abu Ubaidah, Hazrat Zaid bjn Sabit (from Ansar) took the oath of
loyalty, then people from all sides rushed to pledge their loyalty to Hazrat Abu Bakr as the Holy
Prophet’s (P.B.U.H) vicegerent.
The next day at Masjid al Nabvi a general oath of loyalty was taken by the Muslims. Hazrat
Abu Bakr thus became the first Caliph of Islam. He adopted the title of “the successor of the
messenger of Allah.”
When Abu Bakr was elected he said“ O people! I have been selected as your Leader,
although I am not better than anyone of you. If I am right, obey me. If I am misguided, set me
right. The weakest among you is powerful in my eyes, until I do not get him his due. The most
powerful among you is the weakest in my eyes, until I do not make him pay due rights to others.
I ask you to obey me as long as I obey Allah and His Messenger. If I disobey Allah and His
Messenger, you are free to disobey me”.
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Expedition to Syria
After assuming the Khilafat, the first issue that Hazrat Abu Bakr R.A had to decide was whether or
not the expedition to Syria, should be sent. The Holy Prophet (P.B.H.H) had directed to send this
expedition under the command of Usamah bin Zaid in the last days of his life but it was pending
due to his death. The circumstances had changed following the death of Holy Prophet (P.B.H.H).
At that critical stage in history most of tribes had apostatized from Islam, that is, they had
abandoned their belief in Islam. Madinah was surrounded by hostile tribes. It was suggested to
Hazrat Abu Bakr R.A that it was not advisable to send the army outside the country. Moreover,
some companions suggested that Usamah was too young therefore, a new commander should be
appointed. Hazrat Abu Bakr said that according to the wish of Holy Prophet (P.B.H.H), the army
should be sent to Syria under Usamah bin Zaid.
He said, “Who am I to withhold the army that the Prophet (P.B.U.H) had ordered to proceed?
Come what may, let Madinah stand for fall; the Khilafat live or perish, the command of the Holy
Prophet (P.B.U.H) shall be carried out”.
Abu Bakr then directed the army to depart on this mission. He bade farewell to the army and
addressed them in the following terms:
“Do not kill children, women and old men. Do not cut down any trees wherein there is food for
men and beasts. Do not persecute the monks in the churches”.
Towards the close of June 632 A.D, three weeks after the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) demise the army
of Usamah left. After ten days march, the Muslim army attacked the border tribes. The Byzantine
forces avoided this confrontation, as they were no match for the Muslims. They were defeated and
offered allegiance to the authorities at Madinah.
The expedition proved to be a great success. It secured the safety of the frontier with the
Byzantines and averted the threat of any attack from them. It made the hostile tribes release that
the Muslims were strong enough to meet any emergencies. Victorious, Usamah’s army returned to
Madinah. It demonstrated the strength and unity of the Muslims even in the absence of the Holy
Prophet (P.B.U.H) thus paving the way for the subsequent conquests of the Syrian and Egyptian
regions both of which were conquered during Usamah’s lifetime.

Refusal to pay Zakat

At that time, many tribes such as Banu Asad, Banu Ghatafan, Banu Abbas, Banu Murrah and
other surrounded in Madina. After the conquest of Makkah when other tribes in Arabia accepted
Islam, These tribes also offered allegiance to Islam. This allegiance was based on diplomacy rather
than on faith and conviction of heart. They regarded Islam as a matter of personal allegiance to
the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) which, they thought, ended with his death.
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Soon after Usamah’s army left for Syria and the defense of Madina was weaker. These tribes
sent a deputation to Hazrat Abu Bakr with the proposal that with the passing away of the Holy
Prophet (P.B.U.H), their agreement with Islam had ended and it was necessary that the authorities
at Madina should make a fresh agreement with them. They said that they would remain on friendly
terms with the authorities at Madinah provided they were relieved of the obligation to pay Zakat.
Abu Bakr was very strict on this point. He argued that Zakat being a fundamental pillar of Islam had
to be paid. Addressing the delegates, he said, “If with reference to Zakat, you withhold even as
much as a string to tie a camel, as the Khalifa of the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H), it will be my duty to
fight for it, whatever be the consequences”.
When Hazrat Abu Bakr rejected the demand of the tribes to exempt them from the payment of
Zakat they decided to leave Islam rather than surrender to the authority at Madinah. They decided
to launch an attack on Madinah when the main Muslim army was away in Syria.
These tribes, one night, launched an attack on Madina and met with some initial success but the
Muslims under the command of Hazrat Abu Bakr rallied and in a counter attack defeated the tribes.
Driven away from Madina, the tribes gathered at Dhu Qissa which was at little distance from
Madina.
Hazrat Abu Bakr marched there as the head of a Muslim force and launched an attack against
them. After some resistance, the tribes broke rank and retreated to Abraq. When the main Muslim
army under Usama returned from the Syria Hazrat Abu bakr marched at its head and
proceeded to Abraq. The tribes were defeated, and their lands were confiscated by the Muslims.
This was a significant moment in the caliphate of Hazrat Abu Bakr as after this victory the tribes
sent their delegates to Madina and not only offered allegiance to the caliph but expressed their
willingness to pay Zakat as well.
Apostasy Movement
The short Khilafat of Abu Bakr was mostly occupied with the so called Ridda (Apostasy) Wars. After
the death of the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) some people rebelled against the authorities at Madina
and renounced or apostatized Islam.
Abu Bakr faced the situation calmly. Without any delay, He launched a campaign against this
movement. He collected the troops at Madina and divided them into eleven battalions. He placed
each of the Battalion under the command of an experienced commander and sent each into eleven
different part of Arabia to fight against the false prophets and the tribes that were helping them in
these wars against the Muslims.
He instructed the commander; first two invite the revolting tribes to Islam. But if they failed to
comply, they were to be attacked. Some of the tribes submitted to Islam without fighting, while
others remained adamant. So wars were waged against them. Within a year, the control of Islam
was established throughout the peninsula.
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False Prophets:
After becoming caliph he had to deal with many difficulties but the most important was the rise of
the false prophets which resulted in apostasy movement and caused a threat to Islam.
(i) Al-Aswad al-‘Ansi: His name was Abhal ibn kaab al-Ansi He was the leader of
the ‘Ansi tribe in Yemen. His dark complexion earned him the title al-Aswad i.e. the black
man, and he was also known as the veiled prophet as he covered his face to hide his
ughliness and to create a mystery about himself. Before claiming prophethood, al Aswad
al-Ansi had tried his hand at sooth saying and magic and claimed that he had knowledge
of the unknown. In the later years of the Prophet’s (S.A.W) life, al-Aswad claimed to have
received divine guidance and inspiration, and he used tricks to convince the people of his
‘miracles’. After collecting a large army, he rose in open opposition to Islam and invaded
Najran and most of Yemen. killing Shahr the muslim ruler of Yemen, he forcibly married
his widow and declared himself ruler of Yemen and the leader of the Ans tribe. An
expedition was organized and led by Firuz-al-Dhalaymi, a Persian Muslim, who succeeded
in killing al-Aswad a day before Prophet’s death . However, learning of the Prophet’s
death, al-Aswad’s followers regrouped and revolted under a man called Qais ibn ‘Abd
Yaghus; they were defeated by Firuz and subsequently surrendered along with their
leader.
(ii) Tulayha ibn Khuwaylid ibn Nawfal al-Asadi: He was the wealthy
leader of the Bani Asad and Ghatafan tribes in north Arabia, and was a renowned warrior
who initially opposed the Muslims. In 630 he converted to Islam, but shortly afterwards
he rebelled and proclaimed himself as a prophet. Many tribes accepted his ‘prophethood’
and combined to raise a strong force against Islam. Khalid ibn al-Walid was sent to quell
this revolt and at the Battle of Buzakha in September 632, Tulayha was defeated and
escaped to Syria while most of his followers submitted and accepted Islam. Later, when
Syria was conquered by the Muslim, he converted to Islam once again, and subsequently
fought alongside the Muslims in the battles of Jalula, Qadisiyah, and Nihawand against
the Persians during Hazrat Umar’s caliphate.
(iii) Sajah bint-al Harith: She was an Arab Christian from the tribe of Taghlib and
first enjoyed their protection; following a split within the Banu Tamim, she had the
protection of the Banu Hanifa. Sajah had a following as a sooth- sayer, and after the death
of Hazrat Muhammad (S.A.W), when many of her tribesmen rejected Islam, she declared
herself as a prophetess. She collected a force of 4000 to march on Madina, but learning
of Tulayha’s defeat by Khalid ibn al-Walid, Sajah dropped her plans. She then sought the
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help of Musailimah, another self-proclaimed prophet, and reached an agreement with

him to face Khalid. Subsequently, Sajah married Musailimah and accepted his
prophethood. Meanwhile, Khalid ibn al-Walid crushed Sajah’s forces and then moved
against Musailimah who was killed in the Battle of Yamama. After Musailimah’s death,
Sajah became a Muslim.
(iv) Musailimah al-Kadhdab (The Liar): Known as Musailimah ibn
Habib al-Hanafi, he belonged to the large and influential tribe, Banu Hanifa, in the Yamama
region to the east of the Arabian Peninsula. Musailimah was also wealthy and powerful and he
used his influence to misguide people and declared himself a prophet during Hazrat Muhammad
(S.A.W) lifetime. In fact, he had visited the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) in Madina and spent time in
his company.
Upon his return from Madina , Musalimah declared his prophethood and claimed to have
received divine revelation. He founded a new religion in which he reduced the number of daily
prayers, relieved his followers from fasting and giving zakat and made drinking and adultery
permissible.
He even wrote to the Holy Prophet (S.A.W) declaring himself a ‘messenger of Allah’ and that he
had been given a share with him in prophethood. Of course, his claims were firmly and clearly
rejected by Hazrat Muhammad (S.A.W), who addressed him as an ‘arch-lair’.
After the death of the Holy Prophet (S.A.W) Musailimah challenged Hazrat Abu Bakr’s caliphate.
The battle of Yamama in December 632, was the significant event that decided Musailimah’s
fate. He was in command of an army of 40000. Hazrat Abu Baker had first sent Ikrimah and
shurabil ibn Hasanah and then sent a large force under the command of Khalid ibn al-Walid to
Yamama. The Muslims, numbering 13000, fought a long drawn out battle with many casualties
as Musailimah’s forces put up a strong resistance. Eventually, Musailimah was killed by Washi
al-Harb---who had killed Hazrat Hamza in the battle of Uhud before his conversion to Islam.
Musailimah’s army scattered and many were killed as they fled. Many prominent Muslims and
huffaz (those who had memorized the Qu’ran) also lost their lives in this battle.
Battle of Yamama
After Prophet’s (pbuh) death, several false prophets arose in different parts of the Islamic state.
Musailimah ibn Habib al-Hanafi was the most dangerous one. He belonged to the large and
influential tribe, Banu Hanifa, in the Yamama region to the east of the Arabian Peninsula. Abu
Bakr appointed Ikrimah as the commander of one of the corps. Ikrimah's orders were to advance
and make contact with the forces of Musaylimah at Yamamah, but not to get involved in battle with
him. Khalid ibn al-Walid was chosen to command the forces apposing Musaylima after he dealt
with other smaller apostates. Ikrimah advanced with his corps and established a camp somewhere
in the region of Yamamah.
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The next development that Ikrimah heard of was that Shurahbil bin Hasanah was marching to join
him. Shurahbil too had been given a corps by the Caliph with orders to follow Ikrimah, and await
further instructions. In a few days Shurahbil would be with him. Ikrimah could wait no longer, and
he set his corps in motion. This happened at the end of October 632 (end of Rajab, 11 Hijri). He was
defeated by Musaylimah. Shurahbil remained in the region of Yamamah. To ensure that he did not
fall into the error of Ikrimah, Abu Bakr wrote to him: "Stay where you are and await further
instructions."
A few days before Khalid's arrival Shurahbil had given in to the same temptation as Ikrimah; he had
advanced and clashed with Musaylimah, but was defeated. Khalid got news that Musaylimah was
encamped in the plain of Aqraba with an army of 40,000 warriors. The two successful actions fought
by them against Ikrimah and Shurahbil had increased their confidence in themselves and created
an aura of invincibility around Musailimah.
Khalid marched south from Bhtaha to the valley of Yamama with the force of 13000 men and was
met by Musailmah on the plain of Aqraba. After a fierce fight the Muslims forces had to retreat and
there was much jubilation in Musalimah’s camp. Though Khalid had been forced to withdraw, he
refused to admit defeat. He regrouped the army under tribal commanders. He created a reserved
force of the one thousand cavalry and kept them under his personal command.
The next day the two armies faced each other in headlong attack.
While the front rank of two armies grappled with each other in single combat, Khalid led the cavalry
reserve to the mounds where Musailmah was camped. The boldness of Khalid’s move took the
opposition completely by surprise. Musailmah’s bodyguards fought bravely but they could not hold
guard for long. As Khalid increased his pressure Musalimah lost his nerve and retreated into a
neighboring fortified garden.
With the withdrawal of Musalimah, his army lost the will to fight and they too found safety in
seeking refuge in the garden. The garden was surrounded by a huge wall and the fugitives closed
the gate thus shutting access to the perusing Muslims. The Muslims were anxious to get into the
garden and finish the job.
Soon a Muslim soldier Al Baraa ibn Malik asked his fellow men to let him climb the wall so that he
could open the gate by killing the guards there. The soldier jumped in to the garden and opened
the gate. The Muslims entered the garden and the last phase of the Battle of Yamamah had begun.
The Muslim army engaged in a fierce battle with Musalimah’s troops. So bloody was the battle of
Garden that in Arab annals it came to be known as The Battle of Death.
When Musailmah was finally killed by Wahshi al Harb who had killed Hazrat Hamza in the battle of
Uhad the Banu Hanifa surrendered and accepted the offered terms and were readmitted to the
fold of Islam. Many prominent Muslims and huffaz also lost their lives in this battle. Hazrat Abu
Bakr after defeating the false Prophets turned his attention to the uprising in Bahrain, Oman,
Mahrah and Hadramaut.
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Compilation of Quran
During the time of the Prophet (pbuh) the Qur’an was written on pieces of animal skin and on
parts of bone but was mainly memorised by the companions. At the time of the Prophet (P.B.U.H)
death no official copy of the Quran existed.
• After becoming caliph, Hazrat Abu Bakr waged a war against the false prophet Musailima
and many companions who had committed the Holy Quran to memory were martyred in that battle
known as the battle of Yamamah.
• Hazrat Umar suggested to Hazrat Abu Bakr that the Quran should be compiled. Hazrat Abu
Bakr, however, hesitated and said that he would not do the job left unfinished by the Holy Prophet
(P.B.U.H). According to Hazrat Abu Bakr, “Umar went on persuading me to accept his suggestion
till I was convinced that he was right so I accepted his suggestion.”
• Hazrat Abu Bakr asked Zaid bin Sabit, one of scribes of Divine revelation to collect the
Quranic verses from every part of the Islamic empire and compile them in book form. He was also
reluctant but Abu Bakr persuaded him. Zaid later remarked, “It would have been easier to carry a
mountain on my shoulders, than to compile the Quran.”
• A commission was appointed headed by Zaid Bin Sabit and its members comprised at least
twenty or twenty five companions who had committed the Quran to memory. Zaid Bin sabit traced
out and collected the chapters of the Quran from every person who had it in their possession. He
collected it from palm leaves, stones, and pieces of wood and people who had committed it to
memory.
• Zaid Bin Sabit was not content just finding a written piece of the Quran.
• He also verified it from those people who had heard it from the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H).
• Though he himself was a hafiz of Quran, he always tried to find a verse in writing before
including it in his manuscript,
• He did not accept any part without two witnesses to it.
• He only accepted those verses which were written in the dialect of Quraish, as it was the
original dialect.
• The verses were written in the order that the Prophet (pbuh) had given, but the surahs were
written on separate sheets.
so that version of the Quran he compiled, was exactly the one, received and arranged by the
Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H).
The script prepared by Zaid Bin Sabit was named “Mushaf” by Abdullah bin Masood. It remained
with Abu Bakr and after his death it was given to Hazrat Umar, who gave it to his daughter and
the Prophet’s widow, Hazrat Hafsa. She kept the Mushaf for many year. Thus it came to be known
as Mushaf al Hafsa i.e Hafsa copy of the Holy Book.
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Administration:
Hazrat Abu Bakr laid the foundation of a truly democratic state following the teachings of the Quran
and the traditions of the Prophet (P.B.U.H).
• Abu Bakr conducted affairs of the Government by consultation. He used to consult eminent
companions in all important matters.
• For the purpose of administration, Arabia was divided into provinces each under a governor,
who was required to lead the prayers, superintended the army, collect taxes, administer
justice, and maintain law and order. He was aided by an Amil who collected revenues and a
Qazi who administered justice.
• There was no regular police department at that time, but whenever any crime came into
his notice, he took strict action against in the light of Quran and the Hadith.
• Abu Bakr selected all his officers, commanders and governors on their merit and not because
of family or tribal consideration.
• He set up a strict standard of accounting of public money. He also gave proper shape to the
public treasury, the Bait-ul-Maal.
• He established military cantonments and maintained a reserve force. He dispatched
expeditionary forces to Iran, Syria and Palestine. As a result, vast territories were added to
Muslim Empire.
• He safeguarded and protected the rights of non-Muslim subjects who were granted
religious and cultural freedom. They were allowed to manage their affairs themselves.
• By his efficient administration he preserved the integrity of Islam by suppressing rebellions
and making sure that the Pillar of zakat was enforced.
• Hazrat Abu Bakr’s caliphate was also significant for the preservation of the Quran.

Main events/ Achievements of Caliphate:

Abu Bakr was elected as the first caliph of the Islamic state after a meeting in Saqifa Bani
saida and with the general bayyat of Muslims in Masjid e Nabwi in 11A.H/632A.D. He addressed
the community and pledged that the state will be governed according to Islamic principles.
He continued Prophet’s intention of sending expeditions to North and sent Usama bin Zayd
to Syria in 632AD despite all the opposition and threats. It shows that he was obedient to the
Prophet’s command and he continued the policy of the expansion of the Islamic state. Later
another force under Khalid bin Walid advanced into Iraq and then turned west into Palestine to
defeat the Byzantines at the battle of Ajnadain 13 AH/634AD. In this way Abu Bakr began Muslim
advance into Syria and Iraq.
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He fought against tribes who withheld zakat and apostatized Islam. At that time many
hostile tribes such as Banu Asad, Banu Ghatafan, Banu Murrah and Banu Abbas sent their
delegates to Madina and demanded that they should be exempted from the payment of Zakat. Abu
Bakr remained firm and rejected their demand. These tribes attacked Madina in 632 AD but
eventually they were defeated and agreed to pay Zakat.
Under the influence of the false prophets many tribes renounced Islam. Abu Bakr collected
the army in Madina and divided it into eleven battalions and sent them to different parts of Arabia
in order to crush the apostasy movement. Within a year the control of Islam was reestablished.
After Prophet’s death several false prophets arose in different parts of the Islamic state.
• Of these Aswad al Ansi from Ansi tribe, was first to rise in Yemen. He was killed during
Prophet’s lifetime. Later, his followers grouped and revolted under a man called Qais bin
Abd Yaghus, but eventually they were defeated.
• Tulayha from the tribes of Banu Asad and Banu Ghatafan in Northern Arabia. In 630 AD he
converted to Islam but shortly afterwards he rebelled and proclaimed himself as a prophet.
Khalid bin Waleed defeated him at the battle of Buzaka in September 632 AD.
• Sajjah from Banu Tamim tribe in Iraq she claimed to be a prophetess and collected a force of
4,000 to march on Madina. Khalid bin Waleed crushed her forces. She then joined Musailma
and after his death accepted Islam.
• And the most dangerous one Musailma from Banu Hanifa tribe in central Arabia. he was in
command of an army of 40,000. In December 632 AD Abu Bakr first sent Ikrmah and Shurabil.
when they were defeated then he sent Khalid bin Waleed with an army of 13,000 men . A
hot contest followed in which Muslims were victorious. It came to be known as the battle of
Garden of Death. This battle led to the compilation of Quran.
Hazrat Abu Bakr laid the foundation of a truly democratic state following the teachings of the Quran
and the traditions of the Prophet (P.B.U.H).
Abu Bakr conducted affairs of the Government by consultation. He used to consult eminent
companions in all important matters.
For the purpose of administration, Arabia was divided into provinces each under a governor,
who was required to lead the prayers, superintended the army, collect taxes, administer justice,
and maintain law and order. He was aided by an Amil who collected revenues and a Qazi who
administered justice.
There was no regular police department at that time, but whenever any crime came into his
notice, he took strict action against in the light of Quran and the Hadith.
Abu Bakr selected all his officers, commanders and governors on their merit and not because of
family or tribal consideration.
He set up a strict standard of accounting of public money. He also gave proper shape to the
public treasury, the Bait-ul-Maal.
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He safeguarded and protected the rights of non-Muslim subjects who were granted religious
and cultural freedom. They were allowed to manage their affairs themselves.
By his efficient administration he preserved the integrity of Islam by suppressing rebellions and
making sure that the Pillar of zakat was enforced.
He arranged for a compilation of Quran at the suggestion of Hazrat Umar when many memorisers
of Quran were martyred in the battle of Yamama against Musailima and appointed Zaid bin Sabit
along with 20 to 25 scribes to accomplish this task. First copy was named Mushaf by Abullah bin
Masood.
He died in 13 AH/634 AD.
 Questions from Past Papers
 O/N 2009
3. (a) Describe Abu Bakr's activities against the false prophets and apostate tribes. [10]
 O/N2011
3. (a) Describe the main events of the caliphate of Hazrat Abu Bakr. [10]
 O/N 2012
4. (a) Write about the election of Abu Bakr as caliph and how he dealt with the false prophets
during his reign. [10]
 M/J 2014
3. (a) Write a detailed account of the four false prophets, and how the caliph Abu Bakr defeated
them. [10]
 O/N 2014
3 (a)Write an account of the Battle of Yamama fought during the caliphate of Abu Bakr. [10]
 M/J 2015
5(a)Write about any two major events that took place during the caliphate of Abu Bakr.[10]
 M/J 2016
3. (a) Write a detailed account of the battle of Yamama, and of the compilation of the Qur’an
during the caliphate of Abu Bakr. [10]
 O/N 2017
3(a) Write a detailed account about the election and administration of Abu Bakr. [10]
 M/J 2018, O/N 2019
3(a) Write a detailed account of Abu Bakr’s achievements as Caliph. [10]
 O/N 2018
4(a). Write an account of the campaign led by Abu Bakr against the tribes refusing to pay Zakat.
[10]
 O/N2020
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3(a). Write an account of how Abu Bakr led the Islamic empire when he became the first caliph.
[10]
 M/J 2021(21)
3(a) Write an account of the false prophet Musailimah and the battle fought against him in
632.[10]
 M/J 2021(22)
3(a) Give an account of the election of Abu Bakr and the expedition he sent to Syria soon after
becoming caliph.[10]

Unseen Topics
3 (a) Trace the expansion of the Islamic empire under the rule of the caliph
‘Abu Bakr. [10]
The Islamic state under Hazrat Abu Bakr was surrounded by the two great Empires. On its
northeastern side was the Border of Persian Empire while the Northern part of the peninsula was
bordered by the Byzantine Empire (the Eastern Roman Empire). It consisted of Syria, Palestine and
Egypt.
The Persian Empire wanted to wipe out the Muslims who in turn felt endangered by the Persian
threat. Hazrat Abu Bakr also wanted to spread Islam and so taking advantage of the unrest in Persia.
Muslims made raids on various part of Persian Empire.
In 632 AD, the Kindi tribe in Hadramount broke into revolt and refused to pay taxes. Hazrat Abu
Bakr directed an army to Hadramount. The apostates were killed and others surrendered. In the
same year the Battle of Kazima took place in Eastern Iraq.Hazrat Abu Bakr sent an army under
Khalid Bin Waleed. Four other columns under different commanders also proceeded to reinforce
the Muslim Army. Khalid Bin waleed invited Hurmuz, the Persian commander to accept islam, pay
Jizya or engage in combat. He agreed to fight and set out from Uballa to Kazima. The Persians were
linked in chains and because of the heavy Muslim attack, they retreated. Due to the chains they
were trapped and suffered defeat.
After the Battle of chains (Kazima), some other small Skirmishes took place to Mazar, Walaja,
Ullies, Anbar, and Enat-Tamar in which the Muslims defeated the Persians one after the other.
After these Conquest, Khalid Bin waleed conquered Hira, Damat-Ul-Jandal and Firadalso. After the
fall of Hira, thae whole of South and most of North Iraq was conquered and the Persians subdued.
Byzantines began to conspire against the Muslims in co-operation of Bedouin tribes on the Syrian
border. Hazrat Abu Bakr raised a big army and divided into four corps each comprising of 7000 men.
They were given under command of Amr Bin Aas, Yazeed Bin Abu Sufyan, Shurabil Bin Hasanah
and Abu Ubaidah bin Jarrah. The first encounter of Muslims took place at Basra in which Muslims
were victorious. Then the Battle of Ajnadein took place. The byzantine Emperor, Heraclius sent an
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army of 250,000 men against the Muslims army of forty thousands. Again the Romans were badly
defeated.
After this success, Muslims advanced towards Damascus and laid siege to it. In the meantime.
Hazrat Abu Bakr fell ill and died in August 634 AD. This campaign was left incomplete

Apostasy Wars:
Campaign in Bahrain:
During the lifetime of the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) Mundhir the ruler of the Bahrain had accepted
his invitation to Islam and converted under his influence most of the people of Bahrain also
accepted Islam. Mundhir died soon after the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) and his death led to anarchy
and chaos the people of Bahrain apostatized except for Jarud, the leader of Bahrain, from the
tribe of Banu Abdul Qais , who remained firm in the allegiance to Islam and dissuaded his tribe
from apostasy . However Munhiz a descendant of Arab kings of Hirah took over and pledged to
fight against Islam.
Al-Hadrami the Muslim envoy to Bahrain left for Madina to seek help from Hazrat Abu
Bakar and returned to Bahrain with Muslim force. He had a ditch dug around his camp and waited
for a suitable opportunity to overpower the enemy. One night there was considerable noise from
non-Muslim camp where they were celebrating their national festival and were heavily
intoxicated. Al-Hadrami ordered his forces to take up arms and cross the ditch and pounce upon
the enemy. The surprise attack unnerved the rebel who fell into disarray and were subdued by
the pursuing Muslim forces. Munhiz’s men laid down their arms and along people of the Bahrain
were admitted into the fold of Islam.
Campaign in Oman, Marah and Hadramaut
In Oman a false Prophet Laquit bin Malik rose to prominence and capture political power. A
Muslim force under Hudaifah was sent to Oman. In battle of Daba, Laquit and ten thousand of his
followers were killed. The Oman forces surrendered and people of Oman joined the fold of Islam.
In Mahrah the people had apostatised but instead of fighting against Muslims they fought
among themselves for political power. The Muslim allied with minority and fought against the
majority who were subsequently defeated. The people of Mahrah repented and were
reconverted to Islam
In Hudramaut there was revolt led by the tribe of Ash’as. When Muslims forced defeated
them. They retreated to the fortified city of Nujair. The Muslim army laid siege to the city which
was finally captured in February 633.
Persians
The Battle of Chains:
khalid ibn al-Waleed was ordered by Hazrat Abu Bakar to proceed to the Persian border and four
more battalions were sent to reinforce the Muslim army. Upon reaching the border Khalid sent a
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letter to Hurmuz the Persian commander giving him three options: accept Islam, pay jizya, or be
prepared for war. Hurmuz an ambitious and confident commander accepted the third option and
collected his forces to meet Muslim army at Kazima. Upon arrival the Persian army had to
immediately engage in battle as Muslim army was already there, prepared to face Persians. The
Persian soldiers are linked with chains to encourage them to fight with unity and to prevent any
soldier from retreating this was what gave battle its name. However the chains had one
drawback; in case of defeat the men could not retreat as chain acted as fetters. The Muslim
attack was ferocious and Persian were left with no choice but to retreat. Here their chains
became a death trap for them. Tabari also writes about the chains restricting the Persian escape
for whom this battle was humiliating defeat. Hurmuz along with thousands of his soldiers was
killed and the Muslims took many others as prisoners of war.
Following on from the battle of chains the Muslims forces defeated the Persians at Mazar, Walaja
and Ulleis. After the victory at Ulleis the Muslim army advanced to Hira where upon hearing of
Khalid and his army, the governor with his men abandoned the city and fled to Madina. With Hira
under Muslim control the whole of Central Iraq came under the rule of Caliphate.
Khalid Ibn al-Waleed now turned to Anbar, an important commercial center in Western Iraq.
Walls and deep ditch protected the city. khalid chose a narrow point to cross the ditch and then
went on to slaughter the old and weak camels of the army and filled with the ditch with their
carcasses. Muslim army crossed over the pile of carcasses and attacked Anbar, whose governor
surrendered on the condition that the Muslim would allow them to withdraw in safety. After
Anbar, another fortified town, Enat-ul-Tamar was taken by the Muslim after a few days siege and
the region came under Muslim rule.
Byzantines
Fall of Bostra
Hazrat Abu Bakr in February 634, called for a jihad to confront the Byzantines who were conspiring
against the Muslims with the Bedouin tribes on the Syrian border. A large army assembled in
Madina response to Caliph Call. Hazrat Abu Bakar divided the army into four units each consisting
of 7000 men under Amr ibn al-Aas, Yazid ibn Abu Sufyan, Shurahbil ibn al-Hasanah and Abu
Ubaydah ibn al -Jarrah. These army fought successfully but when Heraclius came to know of his
conflict he despatched a large force under the command of his brother Theodorous. When Hazrat
Abu Bakr heard of his development he asked Khalid ibn al-Waleed who was then at Iraq border to
join and lead the Syrian campaign khalid marched from Hira with 9000 of his best men and reached
Syrian in 18 days a swift march in those time across an unrelenting desert terrain.
Instead of advancing to Damascus Khalid met the Muslim army under Shurahbil’s command at
Basra and sent word to Abu Ubaydah to join him there. When the Muslim army met the
Byzantines khalid invited his commander Romanus to fold of Islam; after discussing and
understanding the different aspects of the faith Romanus accepted Islam. After this turn of
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events, the Byzantine army lost courage they withdraw into city and locked the gates. Romanus
then guided the Muslims into the city through underground passage in the darkness of night. The
Byzantine were killed in large number and the surviving ones surrendered. The Battle of Basra
was the first and most significant victory of the Muslims in Syria.
Battle of Ajnadayn
The Byzantine Emperor Heraclius in reaction to the defeat of Basra mobilised a huge force against
Muslims in Ajnadayn. Khalid ibn al-Waleed also ordered all the Muslim armies to assembled at
Ajnadayn. The 40,000 strong Muslim drove wedges in the Byzantine army once the fighting
started; their commander was killed and Byzantine army retreated from the battlefield .The
Muslim pursued the fleeing army and killed a large number of them.
After their success in Ajnadayn, the Muslim army marched towards Damascus and were met by
Byzantine forces a few miles away. The Muslims were once again victorious and the remaining
Byzantine force fled back into city. The Muslim army laid siege to Damascus but did not proceed
further as they received the sad news of Hazrat Abu Bakar passing away. Damascus was finally
conquered during the Caliphate of Hazrat Umar the second Caliph.
3.(b) The Prophet called Abu Bakr ‘al-Siddiq’ (Testifier of the Truth). How did Abu
Bakr live up to his title during his caliphate? [4]
• During his caliphate, Abu Bakr fought to uphold the finality of the Prophet (pbuh) in the wars
against the false prophets;
• he refused to give in to the demands of those who wanted to be exempted from paying
zakat and fought battles with them, and
• he preserved the word of God by having the Qur’an compiled.
• Abu Bakr always stood by the truth and fought to maintain it, by which he lived up to the
title of ‘al-Siddiq’ (Testifier of the Truth) which the Prophet (pbuh) had given him when he
was the first to believe the Prophet’s (pbuh) account of mi’raj
(b). Why did Abu Bakr think it of great importance to defeat the false prophets? [4]
If the false prophets were not defeated by Abu Bakr, the teachings of Islam could have been
corrupted; the purity of the religion would have been lost and many who called themselves
Muslims in reality would be following a man made faith. The first pillar of Islam would have been
challenged as the second part of the Shahada which deals with risala (prophethood) and finality of
the Prophet Muhammad would be contradicted if one believed in the so called prophets after
Muhammad so the existence of the false prophets was a great threat to survival of Islam. The
apostasy wars confirmed that the Muslim state was one under the leadership of one Caliph.

(b). Why is Abu Bakr called the Saviour of Islam? [4]

He was called the Saviour of Islam because he fought to prevent the break-up of Islam. The false
prophets and apostates threatened the uniqueness and unity of Islam and could not be allowed to
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continue their activities. Hence when he became Caliph he not only gave new heart to the Muslims
after the Prophet (P.B.U.H) passed away but helped the community of Muslims against its many
enemies. In his short term as caliph he defeated the tribes who withdrew from Islam and made
them stay Muslim and he fought and won against tribes who refused to pay Zakat. He also defeated
the false prophets and thus kept the unity of Islam when there was much danger. His arrangements
for the first compilation of Quran for the guidance of future generations also make him the saviour
of Islam.

3(b) What was the importance of this battle to future generations of Muslims?[4]
• Battle of Yamama marked the end of the false prophets and Abu Bakr could now establish
the Islamic empire on a firm footing.
• Musailimah was changing the key principles of Islam and with this battle the core teachings
of Islam were saved from being altered and corrupted.
• The first pillar of Islam would have been challenged as the second part of the Shahada which
deals with risala (prophethood) and finality of the Prophet Muhammad would be
contradicted if one believed in the so called prophets after Muhammad so the existence of
the false prophets was a great threat to survival of Islam.
• Post-Yamama the Muslims were united as one and could go on to deal with other forces that
were against Islam.
• The battle also led to the compilation of the Qur’an.