ST.

LOUIS COLLEGE OF EDUCATION

PROJECT WORK

CLASS: LE1O

GROUP EIGHT (8)

NAMES REFRENCE NUMBERS

Question

Research and Write Notes On

 Fractions
 Integers &
 Real Numbers
 Solution

Fractions:

A fraction is a number express as a quotient in which a numerator is divided by a

denominator. a fraction has two part, that is the numerator and the denominator. The

numerator is the number on top and the denominator is the down number. e.g 1⁄2, 4⁄8, 235 etc

Types of fractions

There are three (3) major types of fractions: these include

Proper fraction

Improper fraction

Mixed fraction

Proper Fraction is a type of fraction in which the numerator is less/smaller than the

denominator. E..g 2⁄3, 3⁄6, 5⁄7 etc

Improper fraction in also a type of fraction whose numerator is greater/more than the

denominator e.g 11⁄4, 7⁄5, 2⁄3 etc

Mixed fraction is a fraction represented with its quotient and another fraction (remainder).

e/g 235 , 217 , 337 etc

Addition and subtraction of fractions

Steps:

 Find the lowest common multiple between the two denominators (L.C.M)

 Divide the L.C.M by each denominator and

 Multiply the answer by the numerator

Add and subtract the ff Simplify the new fractions

7⁄ + 4⁄ - 2⁄ e.g
12 6 4

4 3
Solution X
8 6

LCM = 12 12
42
12 6 4
7 × (12) + 4 × ( 12) − 2 × (12)
1
12 4

(7 x 1) + (4 x 2) – (2 x 3)
Division of fractions
12

Steps:
7 + 8– 6
12
 Find the reciprocal of the second
15 – 6
fraction
12
 Multiply the two numerators
9
 Simplify the fractions if there is the
12
need
3
4
e.g

Multiplication of fractions
2 9
÷ 10
3

Steps:
2 10
X
3 9
Multiply the two numerators
20
Multiply the denominators 27
 Materials for learning fractions

REAL NUMBERS

Real numbers are simply the combination of rational and irrational number, in the number

system . All the arithmetic operations can be performed on the numbers and they can be

repenting in the number line. At the same time the imaginary numbers are the unreal numbers

which cannot be express on the number line. It is commonly use to represent a complex

number. Examples of a real numbers are: 23,-12, 6.99 and 6/2.

Real numbers can be defined as the union of both the rational and irrational numbers. They

can be both positive and negative and are denoted by the symbol (R). All the natural

numbers, decimals and fraction come under this category.

SET OF REAL NUMBERS

The set of real numbers consist of different categories such as natural and whole numbers,

integers, rational and irrational numbers.

THE CATEGORY OF REAL NUMBERS

1. Natural numbers : They contain all counting numbers which starts from 1

e.g all numbers such as 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 etc

2. Whole numbers: Is a collection of zero and natural numbers. W = 0, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,

9, etc

e.g all numbers including zero such as 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9

𝑝
3. Rational Numbers: They are numbers that can be written in the form 𝑞 where q is

not equal o (q=0)

1 2 5
, , 4, etc
2 9

4. Integers: The collective result of whole numbers and negative of all natural n-umbers.

e.g

-infinity (-to) ... -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 etc

e.g irrational numbers are non-terminating and non-repeating in nature like √2

PROPERTIES OF REAL NUMBERS

 Commutative property

If m and n are the numbers under the operation (*) which is define as m*n = m + n, then the

general formula will be m + n=n + m for addition and m x n=n x m for multiplication.

For examples

If m * n = m + n, then

5*3 = 5 + 3 = 3 + 5 and

M*n = m x n then

5*3= 5 x 3=3 x 5

 Associative property

If m, n and r are the numbers under the operation (*) where m*n * r = m + (n + r) = (m +n) +

r, then the general formula will be m + (n + r) = (m +n) + r for addition, and (mn) r = m (nr)

for multiplication.

For addition, the general formula will m + (n + r) = (m + n) + r

e.g 10 + (3+2) = (10+3) + 2

Multiplication e.g
(m n) r = m (n r) e.g

(2x3)4=2(3x4)

 Distributive property

For three numbers m, n and r, which are real in nature, the distributive property is represented

as m(n + r)=m n + m r and (m + n) r = m r + nr

E.g 5 (6 + 2) = 5 x 6 + 5 x 2

 Closure property

Is where the operation can always be completed with the elements in the set. Etc

Materials for learning real numbers include:

INTEGERS

An integer is a number with no decimal or fractional part from the set of negative and

positive whole numbers.

Examples of integers are -5, l-4, -3, -2, -1 ,0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

 Positive integers: an integer is positive if it is greater than zero e.g 1, 2, 3 etc

 Negative integer: an integer is negative if it is less than zero. e.g -1, -2,-3, etc

Rules of integers

o Rules defined for integers are:

o Sum of two positive is an integer.

o Sum of two negative integers is an integer

o Product of two positive integers in an integer

o Product of two negative integers is an integer

Properties of integers

 Closure property

 Associative property

 Commutative property

 Distributive property

 Additive inverse property

 Multiplicative inverse property

 Identity property

Operation of integers

There are four operations of integers

1. Addition of integers

2. Subtraction of integers

3. Multiplication of integers
 4. Division ;of integers

Addition of integers

Adding integers is considered the process of finding the sum of two or more integers where

the value might increase or decrease depending on the integer being positive or negative.

While adding two integers, we come across the following cases:

Both integers have the same signs: add the absolute values of integers. Here the absolute

value of 7 and -10 are 7 and 10 respectively. Their difference (larger number – smaller

number) is 10-7 = 3 also, adding -2 and 5, is adding the absolute value of -2 and 5, that is

2 + 5=7.

Subtraction of integers

Subtracting integers is the process of finding the difference between two or more integers

where the final value might increase or decrease depending on the integer being positive or

negative. To carry out the substation of integers:

Convert the operation into an addition problem by changing the sign of the subtrahend.

Apply the same rules of addition of integers and solve the problem thus obtained in the above

step.

For example:

Subtracting two integers: calculate the value of 7 – 10

Sotn
Converting the given expression into an addition problem, we get: 7 + (-10). Apply the rules

of addition to continue and their difference will be (larger number – smaller number) that’s

10-7=3.

Multiplication of integers

Multiplication of integers is a similar process of repetitive of addition where an integer is

added a specific number of times. To carry out the multiplication of two integers:

Multiply their signs and get the resultant sign.

Multiply the numbers and add the resultant sign to the answer.

2 x 5 = 10 -2 x -5 = 10

Division of integers

Division of integers means equal grouping or dividing an integer into a specific number of

groups. To carry out the division operation between two integers:

Divide the signs of the two operands and get the resultant sign.

Divide the numbers and the resultant sign to the quotient. For example

12 ÷ 6 = 2 and 12 ÷ -6 = -2 -12 ÷ -6 = 2 -12 ÷ 6 = -2

Materials for learning integers