BSWG-121 Block-2 (Basics of Socia PDF

BSW-121
Professional Social Work

Indira Gandhi
National Open University
and its Values
School of Social Work
Block
2
BASICS OF SOCIAL WORK
UNIT 1
Professional Social Work: Nature, Scope, Goals
and Functions 5
UNIT 2
Professional Social Work: Generic Principles and their
Application 17
UNIT 3
Voluntary Action and Social Work in India 33
UNIT 4
Social Work Ethics in Indian Context 50
Expert Committee
Prof. P.K. Gandhi Prof. Gracious Thomas Prof. Surendra Singh Dr. R.P. Singh
Jamia Millia Islamia IGNOU, New Delhi Vice Chancellor IGNOU, New Delhi
New Delhi M.G. Kashi Vidyapeeth
Prof. A.P. Barnabas (Retd.) Dr. Richa Chaudhary
Varanasi
Dr. D.K. Lal Das IIPA, New Delhi B.R. Ambedkar College
R.M. College of Social Work, Prof. A.B. Bose (Retd.) University of Delhi
Hyderabad Dr. Ranjana Sehgal SOCE, IGNOU, New Delhi New Delhi
Indore School of Social Work
Dr. P. D. Mathew Indore Prof. K.K. Mukhopadhyaya Prof. Prabha Chawla
Indian Social Institute University of Delhi IGNOU, New Delhi
Dr. Rama V. Baru
New Delhi New Delhi
JNU, New Delhi
Dr. Alex Vadakumthala Prof. A.R. Khan
CBCI Centre, New Delhi Dr. Jerry Thomas IGNOU, NEw Delhi
Don Bosco, Guwahati
Expert Committee (Revised)

Prof Sushma Batra, Dr. Beena Anthony Reji Prof. Gracious Thomas Dr. G. Mahesh
Department of Social Work Aditi Mahavidyalaya School of Social Work, IGNOU School of Social Work, IGNOU
University of Delhi University of Delhi
Prof. Rose Nembiakkim Dr. Sayantani Guin
Dr. R.R. Patil Dr. Sangeeta Sharma Dhaor School of Social Work, IGNOU School of Social Work, IGNOU
Department of Social Work Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar College
Jamia Millia Islamia University of Delhi Dr. Saumya
School of Social Work, IGNOU
Course Preparation Team

Unit Writers
1. Dr. Kanaka Durgaube, R.M. College of Social Work, Hyderabad
2. Dr. B.V. Jagadish, R.M. College of Social Work, Hyderabad
3. Mr. Sanjay Bhattacharya, BSSS, Bhopal
4. Mr. Joseph Varghese, Consultant, IGNOU, New Delhi
Content Editor Language Editor Block Editor Programme Co-ordinator

Prof. K.K. Jacob Dr. Bodh Prakash Prof. Gracious Thomas Prof. Gracious Thomas
Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi BSSS, Bhopal IGNOU, New Delhi IGNOU, New Delhi
Course Co-ordinators Unit Transformation
Prof. Gracious Thomas Mr. Joseph Varghese
Dr. R.P. Singh Consultant, IGNOU
Dr. Annu J. Thomas
Course Preparation Team (Revised)

Unit Writers
1. Dr. Kanak Durgaube, R.M. College of Social Work, Hyderabad
2. Dr. B.V. Jagadish, R.M. College of Social Work, Hyderabad
3. Mr. Sanjay Bhattacharya, BSSS, Bhopal
4. Mr. Joseph Varghese, Consultant, IGNOU, New Delhi
Content Editor Block & Language Editor Programme & Course

Dr. Francina PX Dr. Sayantani Guin, Co-ordinator
Loyola College of Social Sciences School of Social Work, IGNOU Dr. Sayantani Guin,
Kerala School of Social Work, IGNOU
Print Production
Mr. Kulwant Singh
Assistant Registrar (P)
SOSW, IGNOU
October, 2020
© Indira Gandhi National Open University, 2020
ISBN :
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Printed and published on behalf of the Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi by Director, School of Social Work.
Laser Typeset by : Graphic Printers, Mayur Vihar, New Delhi
INTRODUCTION TO BLOCK 2
The first block of this course clarified the important concepts related to the Social
Work and the Evolution of Social Work in India and abroad. In this block, you
will be introduced to the philosophy, principles, methods and ethics of social work
profession.
The first unit “Professional Social Work: Nature, Scope, Goals and Functions”
describes the place of social worker in the society. We also discuss about the
various tools that the social workers use in their profession. The variety of
approaches and ideologies of social work profession are also introduced to you in
this unit. The second unit “Professional Social Work: Generic Principles and their
Application”, further explores the areas of social work, methods, principles and
their application. The third unit “Voluntary Action and Social Work in India,”
describes the non-governmental initiatives being taken to improve the living
standards of people. The fourth unit “Social Work Ethics in Indian Context”, deals
with the need and importance of professional ethics in Social Work profession in
the Indian context.
These four units will help you understand social work profession, its need for
society, its functions, and the application of its methods. The study of these four
units will enable you to understand the basics of professional social work better.
4th Blank
UNIT 1 PROFESSIONAL SOCIAL WORK:
NATURE, SCOPE, GOALS AND
FUNCTIONS
* Kanaka Durgaube
Content
1.0 Objectives
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Nature of Social Work
1.3 Scope of Social Work
1.4 Functions of Social Work
1.5 Goals of Social Work
1.6 Personal Attitude of the Worker
1.7 Social Work and Ethics
1.8 Approaches of Professional Social Work
1.9 Let Us Sum Up
1.10 KeyWords
1.11 Suggested Readings
1.12 Answers to Check Your Progress
1.0 OBJECTIVES
The aim of this unit is to provide a basic understanding of the Philosophy of Social
Work i.e., to make the learner understand the nature of Social Work. This unit
studies the nature of social work, scope of social work, functions of social work,
the goals of social work, the ideologies of social work, and the spiritual nature of
social work.
The study of this unit is expected to enable you to understand the broad perspec-
tives of social work and the interlinking of the various aspects which together
indicate what social work is all about.
After studying this unit you will be able to understand:
 What is social work and misconceptions prevalent in the public.
 Nature of social work.
 Scope of social work.
 Functions of social work.
 Goals of social work.
 Personal attitudes of the worker.
 Social work and ethics.
 Ideologies of social work.
 Spirituality and social work.
* Dr. Kanaka Durgaube, R.M. College of Social Work, Hyderabad. 5
Basics of
Social Work 1.1 INTRODUCTION
Different people give different meanings to social work. Social work for some is
shramdan, for others it may be charity or disaster relief. Services like road
building or cleaning houses or surrounding places will come under shramdan.
But all these are not always social work. Social work helps people with behavioral
problems, marital problems and rehabilitation problems of chronic patients.
The reasons for misconceptions are :
1) Social workers are unable to separate western professional components and
traditional religious components of social work.
2) Terminology has not developed as social workers are preoccupied with solving
problem of day to day nature.
3) Precision and accuracy is lacking as most of the findings are drawn from
social sciences.
4) Social work deals with problems about which even a layman has some fixed
ideas.
5) Adding to this confusion politicians, film stars and cricketers describe some
of their promotional campaigns as social work. Since, trained social workers
who are paid and untrained social workers who are not paid and work
voluntarily, work side by side, layman often cannot understand the difference
between the kind of activities that come under the label of social work
carried on by a wide range of persons with differing backgrounds.
1.2 NATURE OF SOCIAL WORK

Some individuals have personal or family problems. Sometimes, they cannot solve
these by themselves. So they need help from outside. Such help comes from
trained people. The individual seeking help is known as a client and the trained
person helping him/her is known as a social worker. Such helping activities are
known as social case work.
The client should have some motivation for self improvement. Readiness to accept
help is a pre-requisite condition in social work. The social worker only adds to
the client’s own efforts to improve his/her situation. He/she does not impose his/
her advice or solution on the client, respecting the client's right to self-determina-
tion. Social workers should not feel superior to, or be contemptuous of the clients.
They should have empathy i.e. they should try to understand the client's situation
by placing themselves in his/her role. But at the same time, they should not feel
like the client. The social worker must understand and accept the feelings of the
client.
During disasters and natural calamities, hundred of people donate cash and kind
to help the victims. They will not have any direct contact with the victims. This is
generally known as social service as it involves providing some help to the help-
less. But in social work, face to face interaction of the worker and client is
important. In certain instances, in addition to temporary relief, the social worker
also helps in improving interpersonal relations and adjustment problerns related to
disaster and natural calamities. The kind of involvement needed to deal with
6 deeper issues and other relationship problems is called social work.
Scientific Base of Social Work Professional Social Work:
Nature, Scope, Goals
Social work practice has a strong scientific base. Social workers do not believe and Functions
is knowledge for its own sake. Social work has a basis, a scientific body of
knowledge, though borrowed from different disciplines of social and biological
sciences. Social work like any other discipline has three types of knowledge:
1) Tested knowledge.
2) Hypothetical knowledge that requires transformation to tested knowledge.
3) Assumptive knowledge which is practical wisdom that requires transformation
to hypothetical knowledge and from there to tested knowledge.
The knowledge is borrowed from sociology, psychology, anthropology, political
science, economics, biology, psychiatry, law, medicine, etc. All disciplines have
contributed much to the understanding of human nature. Social workers make use
of this knowledge to solve problems of their clients.
Social work is rooted in humanitarianism. It is "Scientific Humanizm" as it uses
scientific base. Social work is based on certain values which when organized
constitute the "Philosophy of Social Work". Social work is based on faith in the
essential worth and dignity of the individual. Man is an object of respect not
because he/she is rich or powerful but because he/she is a human being. Human
nature endows the individual with worth and dignity which, every other human
being has to respect.
Social work is against any kind of discrimination based on caste, colour, race, sex
or religion. This means that social work does not believe that only the strong will
survive in society and the weak will perish. Those who are weak, disabled and/
or need care are equally important for social workers. The individual is understood
as a whole with the same worth and dignity in spite of differing psychological,
social and economic aspects. The social worker believes in the capacity of the
individual and also recognizes individual differences. The individual's self-determination
is given importance. He/she should be understood from both domestic and cultural
points of view. Social work is a combination of "idealism and realizm". To a social
worker, an individual is important but society is equally important. The individual
is greatly moulded by social circumstances. But, ultimately the individual must bear
the responsibility for his/her conduct and behaviour. The worker has to solve the
problem on account of which the client is disturbed. Hence, social work is problem
solving in nature.
Check Your Progress I
Note: a) Use the space provided for your answer.
b) Check your answer with those provided at the end of this unit.
1) What are the reasons for the prevailing misconceptions in social work?
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Basics of 2) What is a professional relationship in social work?
Social Work
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1.3 SCOPE OF SOCIAL WORK

The concern of social work is to help people who are in need, so that they
develop the capacity to deal with their problems by themselves. It is both science
and an art. Social work is a science in the sense that the knowledge taken from
different disciplines form the body of knowledge for a social worker and she/he
uses this theoretical base for helping people i.e., for practice. What theory postulates
has to be put into practice. The required capacity to do it is known as skill.
Hence, professional social work with selected knowledge and the set of social
work values, has to be transformed into a professional service.
A social worker has to establish a positive relationship with the clients. She/he
should know how to interview and write reports. She/he should be able to diagnose
i.e., find out the cause for the problem and finally she/he should work out a
treatment plan. An Assessment of the problem, planning for its solution, implementing
the plan and evaluating the outcome are the four major steps involved in social
work. Social worker's keen interest in helping the client, alone will not solve the
problem. She/he should know how to help her/his clients. The methods of social
work will help him/her to understand ways of helping people. Social work methods
are:
1) Social case work
2) Social group work
3) Community organization
4) Social work research
5) Social welfare administration
6) Social Action
The first three are known as direct helping methods and the last three are secondary
methods or auxiliary methods. These six social work methods are systematic and
planned ways of helping people.
Social case work deals with individual problems- individual in the total environment
or as a part of it. An individual is involved in the problem as he/she is unable to
deal with it on his/her own, because of reasons beyond his/her control. His/her
anxiety sometimes temporarily makes him/her incapable of solving it. In any case,
his/her social functioning is disturbed. The case worker gets information regarding
the client's total environment, finds out the causes, prepares a treatment plan and
with professional relationship tries to bring about a change in the perception and
attitudes of the client.
8 Social group work is a social work service in which a professionally qualified

person helps individuals through group experience so as to help them move towards Professional Social Work:
improved relationships and social functioning. In group work, individuals are important Nature, Scope, Goals
and Functions
and they are helped to improve their social relationships, with flexible programmes,
giving importance to the personality development of the individual in group functioning
and relationships. The group is the medium and through it and in it, individuals are
helped to make necessary changes and adjustments.
Community Organization is another method of social work. Being made up of
groups, a community means an organized systems of relationships, but in reality
no community is perfectly organized. Community Organization is a process by
which a systematic attempt is made to improve relationships in a community.
Identifying the problems, finding out resources for solving community problems,
developing social relationships and necessary programmes to realize the objectives
of the community are all involved in community organization. In this way, the
community can become self reliant and develop a co-operative attitude among its
members.
Social Welfare Administration is a process through which social work services
both private and public, are organized and administered. Developing programmes,
mobilizing resources, involving selection and recruitment of personnel, proper
organization, coordination, providing skillful and sympathetic leadership, guidance
and supervision of the staff, dealing with financing and budgeting of the programmes
and evaluation are, some of the functions of a social worker in administration.
Social work research is a systematic investigation for finding out new facts, test
old hypotheses, verify existing theories and discover causal relationships of the
problems in which the social worker is interested. In order to scientifically initiate
any kind of social work programmes, a systematic study of the given situation is
necessary, through social work research and surveys.
Social action aims at bringing about desirable changes to ensure social progress.
Creating awareness about social problems, mobilizing resources, encouraging different
sections of people to raise their voice against undesirable practices, and also
creating pressure to bring about legislation are some of the activities of the social
workers using the method of social action. It seeks to achieve a proper balance
between community needs and solutions mainly through individual and group initiatives
and self-help activities.
1.4 FUNCTIONS OF SOCIAL WORK

The basic functions of social work are restoration, provision of resources and
prevention. These are interdependent and intertwined. Restoration of impaired
social functioning has two aspects-curative and rehabilitative. The curative aspect
eliminates the factors responsible for the individual's impaired social functioning.
That means disturbed interpersonal relations are corrected by removing the factors
responsible for it. After removing the factors responsible for the problem, the
individual has to adjust to the new remedy or device suggested. The individual is
helped to adjust to the needs of the new situation. That is what is known as
rehabilitative aspect. For example, a hearing aid is suggested as a curative measure
for a partially deaf child, whose social relations are impaired due to the problem.
That is the curative aspect. Getting oneself adjusted to the hearing aid is the
rehabilitative aspect.
Provision of resources has two aspects, the developmental and the educational. 9
Basics of The developmental aspect is designed to enhance effectiveness of the resources
Social Work
and to improve personality factors for effective social interaction. For example,
Mr & Mrs X are living happily in spite of some differences of opinion. They are
not going in for a divorce and there is no problem in their marriage. But with the
help of a family counselling agency, they can sort out their differences and improve
their relationship. This is what is known as the developmental aspect. The educational
spectrum is designed to acquaint the public with specific conditions and needs for
new or changing situations. For example, a talk given by a counsellor to alleviate
family and marriage problems is an educational process.
The third function of social work is prevention of social dysfunctioning. It includes
early discovery, control or elimination of conditions and situations that potentially
could hamper effective social functioning. For example, starting a youth club in
some areas for boys may help prevent juvenile delinquency. Pre-marital counselling
for youth may prevent marriage problems in future.
Check Your Progress II
1) What is the scope of social work?
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2) What are the functions of social work?
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1.5 GOAL OF SOCIAL WORK

The goal of social work is to reduce suffering by solving people's problems.
People have psycho-social problems with regard to their physical and mental
health. Apart from this, adjustment problems in children and adults can be dealt
with separately. In other words, social work enhances social functioning of individuals,
groups and families by providing recreational services to the public; and by a
judicious use of leisure time, can prevent delinquency and crime in the society. It
also links client system with the needed resources. Social work helps the individual
in bringing about a change in the environment in favour of his/her growth and
development.
Social work provides democratic ideas and encourage the development of good
10 interpersonal relations, resulting in proper adjustments with the family and neighborhood.
 The goals of the social work profession translate its general purpose into more Professional Social Work:
specific directions for action. Nature, Scope, Goals
and Functions
 These goals and objectives lead social workers to enhance clients' sense of com-
petence, link them with resources, and foster changes that make organizations and
social institutions more responsive to citizens' needs (NASW, 1981). Specifi-
cally, social work's goals and related activities include:
o Enhancing people's capacities to resolve problems, cope, and function ef-
fectively.
o Linking clients with needed resources.
o Improving the social service delivery network.
o Promoting social justice through the development of social policy.
Social work does not believe in 'Social Darwinism'. It does not accept the principle
of survival of the fittest. Hence, it works for social justice through legal aid. It also
promotes social justice through the development of social policy. Social work
improves the operation of social service delivery network as well.
1.6 PERSONAL ATTITUDE OF THE WORKER

The Social worker is also a human being. She/he will experience all the emotions
that a human being experiences. As she/he is in the position of helping others,
there is a tendency to feel superior. Sometimes, when the client is narrating his/
her sad, painful past experiences, the social worker will identify with her/him and
experience the same feeling as the client. Sometimes, the social worker may tend
to see the client as a mirror image of herself/himself. All this may have its roots
in the worker's early life and experiences. She/he has to understand her/his own
feelings and control them while being professionally involved in the helping role.
She/he must accept the feelings of the client as they are. She/he should not get
them mixed up with her/his own. She/he must focus on helping the client by
constructive and positive use of the client's emotions and resources.
1.7 SOCIAL WORK AND ETHICS

Any profession usually gives a lot of authority to its professional. A layman who
requires social work help may be knowing the intricacies of the problem. A social
worker's professional advice is valuable and his/her judgement may not be questioned.
But power, when it is not regulated by norms of behavior, is liable to degenerate
into tyranny. Social workers may charge a high price for their professional service
or make undesirable demands from the public. Hence, in order to regulate the
professional, a code of conduct is developed by professional organizations.
Philosophy of Ethics: The professional has an ethical responsibility towards the
clients, the employing agency and the colleagues. She/he has a responsibility towards
the community as well as his/her profession. The professional person's relationship
with his/her client is the basis for her/his service. The relationship should be
impartial and objective. The professional should not discriminate on the basis of
sex, caste, creed or colour. The professional has to keep the client's problem and
related information very confidential. He/she should have a healthy relationship
with colleagues based on equality, co-operation, helpfulness, and regulated competition.
11
Basics of The professional has a responsibility towards society, and should contribute all his/
Social Work
her ability and resources for the good of society. The responsibility towards the
profession are even greater for the professional. Formal and informal methods of
social control ensure that members conform to the code of ethics. A profession
exists when it is recognized. Recognition comes only by reserving jobs for people
with technical training, giving preference to qualification in jobs, providing awareness
for promotions, financial resources, etc.
Ethical Responsibilities of Social Work: A social worker has ethical responsibilities
towards his/her clients, the employing agencies, his/her colleagues, his/her community
and towards his/her profession.
A social worker's ethical responsibilities towards his/her clientele impose the welfare
of the individual as his/her primary obligation. The social worker should give
greater importance to professional responsibility rather than over personal interests.
She/he has to respect his/her client's (self determination) opinion. She/he should
keep confidential all matters related to the client. The social worker should respect
the individual differences among clients and should not have any discrimination on
a non-professional basis.
The social worker has an ethical responsibility towards his/her employers and
should be loyal to them. He/she should provide correct and accurate information
to his/her employer. The social worker should be held accountable for the quality
and extent of service, observing the regulations and procedures of the agency.
She/he should help his/her agency in increasing its public image even after termination
of his/her employment.
The social worker has to respect his/her collegues and should help in fulfilling their
responsibilities. The social worker should assume the responsibility of adding to
her/his knowledge. She/he should treat all without discrimination and should cooperate
with other research and practice.
The social worker has an ethical responsibility towards the community in protecting
it from unethical practices. She/he has to contribute knowledge and skills for the
betterment of the community.
Above all, the social worker has an ethical responsibility towards her/his own
profession. She/he should defend her/his profession from unjust criticism or
misinterpretation. She/he should sustain and enhance public confidence through
her/his self-discipline and personal behaviour. The social worker should always
support the view that professional practice requires professional education.
1.8 APPROACHES OF PROFESSIONAL SOCIAL

WORK
If the global historical background of social work is analyzed, we can understand
the following ideologies of social work.
Social Work as Charity: Religion encouraged individuals to help their neighbors
who were in need of help. The people who were in need of help were given alms.
Thus, western countries started their social work practice with charity mode. As
religion encouraged them to help their fellow-human beings who were poor, they
started giving alms in cash and kind. Soon they realized that they could not give
enough to the increasing poor and a way-out was required to overcome the
probem. At that time, the state (Government of UK) intervened by enacting legislation
12
and initiating state responsibility to take care of the poor. Professional Social Work:
Nature, Scope, Goals
Welfare Social Work Approach: The state started providing its share of service in and Functions
giving alms, and by passing the Elizabethan poor Law (1601) in UK to deal with
the poor. The Act divided the poor into three categories, the able bodied poor,
the impotent poor and the dependent children. The first category was forced to
work in the workhouses, whereas the other two categories were given alms in alm
houses. The Act, as well as subsequently passed enactments were unable to solve
the problem of poverty. The government realized that an individualized approach
was needed to understand the problem. The problem may be one, but different
individuals have different causes for the same problem. They realized that the
individual cause has to be investigated for its solution. Hence, charity organizations
were started to do that work.
Clinical Social Work Approach: In 1935, the Social Security Act was passed
recognizing the need for helping the poor. The Act was meant to handle the
problem that was a consequence of industrialization. The state took over some of
the financial problems of the people. A large number of volunteers were taken. As
volunteers were trained people who could employ case work practice, they also
supervised untrained people. Most people realized that money alone could not
solve problems and they turned to counselling roles. Counselling has drawn its
base from psychological sciences, particularly from Psychoanalytical theory.
Clinical social work is a specialized form of direct social work intervention with
individuals, groups and families, which mostly take place in the worker's office. In
this approach with the disciplined use of self, the worker facilitates interaction
between the individual and his/her or her social environment.
Ecological Social Work Approach: In ecological social work approach, problems
are seen as deficits in the environment and not as personal deficits of the individual.
Social work tradition emphasized social treatment and social reform which become
the basis for ecological approach. Professional social workers and their employing
agencies consider themselves as change agents aiming at systemic change. Identifying
the problem, identifying the clients and target system (which is causing the problem)
and identification of "action system" with which change agent can achieve goals for
change are the steps in ecological approach.
Radical Social Work Approach: Social workers are not satisfied only with care of
Social Services
System
Family System
Political System
Educational PERSON
System Employment
System
Goods and Religious System

Services System
Person in Environment Conceptualization

13
Basics of the disabled and the deviants. In 1970, due to influence of Marxism, they advocated
Social Work
oppression as the cause for many problems. They broadened their professional
responsibilities to include reform and development in order to bring about an
equitable social order.
Some radicals in the profession have gone beyond social reform and development.
The social workers aim is changing the system by bringing basic changes in the
social institutions and relationships instead of dealing with adjustment problems
and seeing individuals as victims of an unjust social order. This is called radical
social work and for various reasons it has also failed to deal with the problems.
Progressive Social Work: Progressive social workers may identify themselves with
radicals, activists, etc. They are unhappy about the injustice in the society. The
progressive social workers strive to alter the oppressive element in the society.
They help their clients heal their wounds and educate them to make proper choices
so as to build their future.
Feminist Social Work: Liberal feminism is the school of thought that emphasizes
equality of sexes and demands legal reforms and equal opportunities for suffrage,
education and employment to both men and women. Liberal feminists do not
analyze the roots of gender oppression in the society.
Marxist feminists view women's oppression as the outcome of capitalist mode of
production, where there is division between domestic work and wage work, only
the latter is productive.
Check Your Progress III
1) What are the ethical responsibilities of social worker?
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2) What are the different ideologies of social work ?
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1.9 LET US SUM UP

Social work aims at helping people to solve their problems. Mostly social work
deals with interpersonal problems, such as marital problems, parent-child problems,
rehabilitation of chronic patients, etc. It is different from social service. The presence
of professional relationship and face-to-face interaction makes social work different
from social service. Social work has a knowledge base borrowed from other
social and psychological sciences. Social work has methods such as social case
work, group work, community organization, social action, social welfare administration,
14 and social work research.
Social work has three important functions, restoration of impaired social functioning, Professional Social Work:
provision of resources and prevention of social dysfunctioning. Social work's goal Nature, Scope, Goals
and Functions
is problem solving. It deals with psycho-social problems of physical and mental
health, corrects the problems of interpersonal relations, and provides social justice.
The social worker's personal attitudes such as love and hostility should not interfere
with his/her professional work. A social worker like any other professional, is
guided by professional ethics. She/he has his/her ethical responsibility towards his/
her profession, client, colleagues and the community.
The social work history will give an account of different ideologies from charity,
welfare approach, clinical approach, ecological approach, radical approach to
progressive social work and feminism.
1.10 KEYWORDS
Professional relationship : Relationship of the worker and the client based
on the workers acceptance of the client and
client’s faith and respect for the worker.
Restoration : Bringing the client back to normalcy in case
of disturbed social relations.
Personal altitudes : The worker, as She/he is also a human being,
may have subjective feelings, which are known
as personal attitudes. These attitudes are to
be controlled.
Professional ethics : The social worker having a knowledge of theory,
training, specialization and professional
organization are controlled by professional
ethics. These ethics are rules of conduct.
Misconceptions : Wrong ideas which need corrections.
1.11 SUGGESTED READINGS

Brend Dubois and Karia Krogsrud Milay (1991), Social Work-An Empowering
Profession, Allyn and Bacon Publishers, New York.
Chhaya Patel (1999), Social Practice, Religion - Philosophy Foundation, Rawat
Publication, Jaipur.
Khinduka, S. K. (1965), Social Work in India, Kitab Mahal, Allahabad.
Skidmore & Thackeray (1976), Introduction to Social Work, Prentice Hall Inc.,
New York.
Murali Desai (2002), Ideologies and Social Work. Historical and Contemporary
Analyzis, Rawat Publication, Jaipur.
1.12 ANSWERS TO CHECK YOUR PROGRESS

1)  Social workers are unable to separate western professional components
and traditional religious components of social work.
 Terminology has not developed as social workers are pre-occupied with
solving problem of day to day nature. 15
Basics of  Precision and accuracy is lacking as most of findings are drawn from
Social Work
social sciences.
 Social work deals with problems about which even a layman has some
fixed ideas.
 Adding to this confusion politicians, film stars and cricketers are naming
their activities as social work. Since trained workers who are paid and
voluntary untrained workers who are not paid, both work side by side,
a layman cannot understand what is meant by social work.
2) The worker should accept the client as he/she is without any discrimination
and the client should be willing to take worker's help because of his/her
confidence in him/her and his/her agency.
1) Social work is a science in the sense that the knowledge taken from different
disciplines forms the body of knowledge for the social worker and they use
this theoretical base for helping people i.e., for practice. The methods of
social work will help him/her/her to understand ways of helping people. The
social work methods are: 1) Social case work, 2) Social group work, 3)
Community organization, 4) Social work research, 5) Social welfare
administration, 6) Social action.
2) The basic functions of social work are restoration, provision of resources and
prevention. These are interdependent and intertwined. Restoration of impaired
social functioning has two aspects - curative and rehabilitative. The curative
aspect eliminates the factors responsible for the individual’s impaired social
functioning. This means disturbed interpersonal relations are corrected by
removing the factors responsible for them. After removing the factors responsible
for the problem, the individual has to adjust to the new remedy or device
suggested. The individual is helped to get adjusted with the needs of the new
situations. This is what is known as the rehabilitative aspect. Provision of
resources has two aspects developmental and educational. The developmental
aspect is designed to enhance effectiveness of the existing resources and to
improve personality factors making them more equipped for effective social
interaction. The educational spectrum is designed to acquaint the public with
specific conditions and needs for new or changing resources. The third function
of social work is prevention of social dysfunctioning. This means early discovery,
control or elimination of conditions and situations that could potentially hamper
effective social functioning.
1) Social worker has his/her ethical responsibilities towards his/her clients, employing
agencies, his/her colleagues, his/her community and towards his/her profession.
2) If the global historical background of social work is analyzed, we can understand
following ideologies of social work-social work as charity, welfare social
work approach, clinical social work approach, ecological social work approach,
radical social work approach, progressive social work and feminist social
work.
16
UNIT 2 PROFESSIONAL SOCIAL WORK:
GENERIC PRINCIPLES AND THEIR
APPLICATION
* B.V. Jagadish
Contents
2.0 Objectives
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Generic Values of Social Work
2.3 Generic Principles of Social Work
2.4 Profession : A Response to Human Needs
2.5 Social Change for Humanization as the Goal
2.6 Interventions in the Basic Units of Society
2.7 Let Us Sum Up
2.8 Keywords
2.0 OBJECTIVES
This unit deals with important areas of social work. After studying the unit you
must be able to:
 understand the factors that influenced the emergence of professional social
work;
 understand the generic values and principles of social work; and
 know how social work intervenes in different levels of society.
2.1 INTRODUCTION
Over the years, social work has been transformed from a simple helping profession
into an empowering profession and in the process passed many a milestone. With
a well defined and established value system, principles, skills and techniques, it
occupies an important position in the society. Today, the social work profession
is shouldering the unprecedented responsibility of maintaining a social order that
promotes the good of everyone. It is playing an active role in bringing about
planned change with an emphasiz on humanization of social relationships and
transactions for the overall betterment of society.
2.2 GENERIC VALUES OF SOCIAL WORK

In this section, you will learn about the values of social work and their application.
Any professional activity is guided by a set of values. The body of knowledge of
social work has certain core values, evolved over a period of professional practice,
that are common to all social work practice situations, irrespective of the methods.
* Dr. B.V. Jagadish, R.M. College of Social Work, Hyderabad. 17

Basics of Before we dwell on these, let us understand the meaning of the term value. Every
Social Work
social group has its own set of expected behaviour patterns that all the members
in it strive to follow to accomplish a desired end state. In other words, values are
fundamental norms and preferred behaviour patterns, shared by members of a
society or a subgroup, which aim at integrating and channelling the organized
activities of the members. A value specifies whether to follow or not to follow a
particular behaviour. For example, truthfulness is a value every group upholds. The
value prescribes that people speak the truth and proscribes telling lies. People are
willing to expend certain effort and energy to realize a value; they are ready to
sacrifice to uphold a value, and impose sanctions if anyone threatens to deny or
defile the value. Some examples of values are honesty, truthfulness, integrity, patriotism,
respect for elders, etc.
The values of a profession are, therefore, its basic fundamental beliefs and preferred
behaviour patterns to be upheld by the professionals while practicing. Social work
as a profession dealing with people having problems of social adjustment and
social functioning has its own values that guide its practitioners. The social worker
has to follow the social values of the society to which he/she belongs and has to
have thorough understanding and appreciation for the social values prevalent in the
society. Many of the problems of the clients are related to a social value that they
are not able to uphold. For example, a person not taking proper care of his/her
family, has a problem in following the value of 'responsibility' as head of the family.
The problem may arise because the client might not have matured mentally or he/
she does not want to take up the responsibility because it is burdensome. In such
a situation, the social worker, having a fair understanding of the value of one's
responsibility towards the family, counsels and helps the client to take up his/her
responsibility as the head of the family. Thus, the social worker restores the social
functioning of the client.
As a member of society, social worker also adheres to these social values. Sometimes
the social worker may get into a dilemma whenever he/she has to deal with a client
who has violated social values which the social worker upholds in high esteem.
For example, a social worker, strongly subscribing to the value of honesty and
earning by rightful means, may find it difficult to work with an open mind with the
client who is an offender and who has caused damage to society. The values of
the profession come to the rescue of the social worker in these types of value
conflicts and dilemmas.
Social work values and basic philosophy are related. Philosophy analyzes the basic
principles and concepts of social life. It provides the significance and importance to the
values of social life and interprets the ideals and moral behaviors of individuals, society
and their relationships. The values when organized into a rational system, forms the
philosophical background of social work.
Social work values focus on three general areas: values about people, values
about social work in relation to society and values that inform professional behavior
(Dubois & Miley, 1999). Some of the fundamental values of social work are
discussed below:
The value is the conviction in the inherent worth, integrity and dignity of the
individual (Friedlander,1977). A person failing to perform or follow the social
functioning prescribed to him/her is considered an unworthy and undesirable element
18 by society. He/she is denied dignity and considered as a person with no integrity
and treated degradingly by the society. People are not so much concerned about Professional Social Work:
why the person has not been performing his/her social responsibilities properly. Generic Principles
and their Application
This value reminds the social worker that every client that comes (with a problem)
to him/her is not to be considered as a person having no value and no virtue
because he/she is in a disadvantageous situation. For a social worker the client is
as worthy as any other person and the client is in that situation because of many
other factors acting upon him/her. Given an opportunity to understand and analyze
the social situations better, the person may get out of the problem and may not
get into a similar problem situation again. Making a person feel worthy of himself/
herself and treating him/her with dignity, encourages the person to engage seriously
and overcome his/her problem and lead a purposeful life. The conviction in the
dignity, worth and the integrity of any individual, enables the social worker to deal
with any type of client with a positive frame of mind.
The second value is belief in democratic functioning. Social work relies on the
democratic process while dealing with the client system. This implies that decisions
are taken through consensus and nothing is imposed on the client. The worker, the
client and others, are all involved in the decision making process. While doing so,
the right of the client in choosing the solution, is given utmost importance.
The third value is the firm belief in equal opportunity for all, limited only by the
individual's capacities (Friedlander, 1977). This value expresses the need for social
justice. Social work fights against social injustices meted out to the disadvantaged
and vulnerable sections of society. Irrespective of caste, religion and economic
status, intelligence, etc., every one must have equal access to societal resources.
At the same time, social work also takes into consideration, the limitations of the
individual's capacity to access these resources and make use of them. For example,
if a disabled person wants to pursue mountain climbing as a passtime activity, he/
she should not be disallowed because he/she is disabled. But at the same time, if
he/she does not have the physical strength and capacity to climb mountains, then
he/she may be made to realize that mountaineering is not suitable for him/her and
he/she should choose some other activity which is more suitable for him/her.
The fourth value is social worker's social responsibility towards himself/herself,
his/her family, and his/her society (Friedlander, 1977). This value cautions the
social worker not to neglect himself/herself, his/her family and the society in which
he/she is living while discharging his/her professional duties. If he/she fails to
perform his/her responsibilities towards himself/herself and his/her family, then he/
she himself/herself or his/her family may fail to perform their social functioning and
may become failures needing social work intervention.
The fifth value is to transmit knowledge and skills to others (Sheafor & Morales
1989). This value instructs the social worker to provide the information that he/
she has, that would enable the client to take care of himself/herself, in case the
client faces similar problems in future. This is to ensure that the client does not
become dependent on the social worker throughout his/her life. Further, it also
suggests that sharing of information and skills among the co-professionals goes a
long way in promoting the competence of the professional practice.
The sixth value is separating personal feelings from professional relationships (Sheafor
& Morales 1989). This value reminds the social worker that he/she should not
allow personal feelings to intrude in a professional relationship, as this may make
him/her over concerned or develop a biased or prejudiced view about the client 19
Basics of and his/her problem situation. The social worker might have undergone similar
Social Work
experiences and been in similar social situations in his/her personal life. And there
is a possibility that he/she might relate these to the present client and may lose the
objectivity needed for social work intervention. Therefore, he/she should be watchful
about any of his/her personal feelings that are affecting his/her professional relationship.
The seventh value assumes high standards of personal and professional conduct
(Sheafor & Morales 1989). It emphasizes that the conduct of the social worker
should be exemplary at both personal and professional levels. As a professional,
he/she should follow the code of ethics outlined for the social work practitioner.
The success of any profession depends on the integrity and character of the
professionals practicing it. In social work practice situations, clients come with a
number of fears, hesitations, doubts and distrust about everything around them.
They have to confess a number of confidential and emotional information and
expect a lot of trust from the worker. Divulging the confidential information carelessly
or making fun of the clients plight or looking down upon the client does great
harm. Even his/her personal behaviour outside practice hours should not only be
acceptable to people but should also gain him/her respectability. The social worker
is a respectable member of society and he/she should not indulge in any conduct
that is considered bad or disapproved by society. Therefore, it is essential that a
social worker be a person of high integrity and of high ethical conduct.
1) Explain the term value? Discuss the need for a social worker to have a good
knowledge about social values prevailing in society.
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2) Explain any two values of social work.
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2.3 GENERIC PRINCIPLES OF SOCIAL WORK

Principles are statements of dos and don'ts to get best results-while practicing
social work. They are the guide- posts for the professional to carry out the work
20 in the field. Principles are elaboration of the values in the form of understandable
statements to practice a profession. For example, the value of dignity and worth Professional Social Work:
of an individual is expressed in the principle of belief in the self-determination of Generic Principles
an individual or group or a community. The principles are time tested and arrived
at out of vast experience and research.
A principle is a verbalised statement of an observed uniformity related to some
class of objects... Principles that is general rules or laws, concepts, fundamental
truths, generally accepted tenets are the means by which we proceed from one
situation to another.... (Barr, A.S. & Burton).
The most widely discussed generic principles of social work are as follows:
 Principle of Acceptance
 Principle of Individualisation
 Principle of Communication
 Principle of Self-determination
 Principle of Confidentiality
 Principle of Non-judgmental Attitude
 Principle of Controlled Emotional Involvement.
Now let us discuss these principles.
Principle of Acceptance: The client and the social work professional should both
accept each other for getting the best results. The client should accept the worker
because the worker is the one who is helping the client to overcome his/her
problem situation. In social work situations, the client may approach the social
worker directly or the social worker may be nominated by the agency or someone
might refer the client to the social worker. Unless the client feels that the social
worker has the potential to understand his/her predicament and is concerned
about helping him/her out of the problem, the client may not cooperate in the
relationship through which the social work intervention is to be planned. Any
doubt about the competence of the social worker by the client results in serious
complications in the helping process. Similarly, the worker should also accept the
client as a person with a problem who has come to him/her for help. Irrespective
of the appearance and background of the client, the worker should accept the
client as he/she is, without any reservations. Sometimes the personal experiences
of the worker may come in the way of accepting the client. For example, a worker
who was abused by his/her alcoholic father during his/her childhood may find it
difficult to accept an alcoholic client who has come for help in restoring his/her
family relationships. In this case, the social worker should not be influenced by his/
her childhood experience of being abused by his/her alcoholic father whom he/she
hated and rejected, and show hostility or indifference towards the client. Mutual
acceptance is the beginning of the process of establishing a strong professional
relationship towards working out a solution to the client's social dysfunctioning.
Principle of Individualisation: A belief in the uniqueness of the individual and
his/her inherent value lies at the heart of social work practice. Each person's
nature is capable of integrating and directing its own forces in a way that is
different from that of every other individual nature. Social worker views the problem
of each client as specific and helps the client move forward finding the most
satisfactory means for him/her to deal with his/her particular problem situation. 21
Basics of This principle reminds the social worker that while dealing with the client, it is to
Social Work
be kept in mind that the worker is not dealing with an inanimate object or inferior
being. Because the client could not find a way out of his/her problem, he/she need
not be looked down upon as a person without dignity, worth or value. This is a
general response the client gets from the community. And this makes the client feel
that he/she is a human being without any worth and develops a poor image of
himself/herself. The social worker, as a caring and helping professional should
believe that the client is an individual with dignity, worth and respect and has the
potential to come out of his/her undesirable situation with dignity and respect given
the right environment and encouragement. Further, the social worker should always
consider that each client is unique and distinct from other clients having a similar
problem as each person responds and reacts to the same stimuli differently and
gets into or gets out of different problem situations in different ways.
Principle of Communication: In social work, the communication between the
social worker and the client is of paramount importance. The communication
could be verbal, that is oral or written, or non-verbal where gestures, signs or
actions are used to send the message. Most of the problems concerning human
relations arise due to faulty communication. In communication, a message is sent
by the sender and received by the receiver. A true communication takes place
when the meanings of the terms and other symbols the sender and the receiver use
and act upon are shared and have the same meanings. If the message of the
sender is properly or correctly understood by the receiver then the communication
is smooth. But if the receiver fails to interpret the message correctly (the sender
wants to convey), then there is a break or misunderstanding in the communication
process, which results in confusion and problems. Sometimes, the sender is unable
to express the feelings or what he/she wants to communicate, that also leads to
miscommunication. In addition to these there are other barriers to the smooth flow
of messages, such as distance, noise, temperament, attitudes, past experiences,
mental capacity to comprehend and so on.
The social worker should have enough skills to grasp the verbal and nonverbal
communication of the client. Communication is stressed in social work relationship
because the backgrounds of the client and the worker may be different, the mental
state of the client and the worker may vary. The environment in which the
communication takes place may change from time to time giving enough scope for
miscommunication. Therefore, the worker should make all the efforts to see that
the communication between him/her and the client is proper. The function of social
worker is principally to create an environment in which the client feels comfortable
in giving expression to his/her feelings. The atmosphere includes the client's trust
and confidence in the worker and the worker's acceptance of the client. The client
should be assured that the worker understands correctly what he/she wants to
convey. For this,techniques such as clarifications and reclarifications, elaborating
what the client has said, questioning and reframing of what the client has said, can
be effectively used. Similarly, the worker has to make sure that the client understands
correctly what he/she is conveying to him/her. For this, the worker may ask the
client to repeat what he/she is saying. In this way, miscommunication between the
worker and client can be reduced and it can be ensured that the worker client
relationship is well established and strengthened.
Principle of Confidentiality: This principle provides a strong base for effective
22
use of social work intervention. It helps in building a strong worker-client relationship.
In social work, it is most important to provide information to the worker. This Professional Social Work:
ranges from simple factual information to what may be very confidential. A person Generic Principles
may not be willing to share certain information about his/her personal details with
anyone unless the person with whom it is shared is trustworthy. He/she must have
confidence that worker will not misuse it to cause discomfort, or to ridicule or to
cause damage to his/her reputation. In social work, unless the client provides all
the information that is necessary for the worker, it is not possible to help the client.
For this to happen, the client should have absolute faith in the worker that the
information passed on to the worker will be kept confidential and will be used only
for assessing and working out possible solutions to the client's problem. That is
why the worker should assure the client that the confidential information about the
client is not divulged to others to the disadvantage of the client.
To follow this principle the worker faces certain dilemmas. Firstly, should the
confidential information be shared with other agency personnel who are associated
with the case and fellow professional social workers who too can assist the
worker in resolving the problem of the client. Secondly, what should he/she do
about some information concerning the criminal activities of the client, wherein as
a responsible citizen he/she may be required to pass it on to the investigation
agencies whenever he/she is asked? In the case of the former the social worker
may share the information in the best interest of the client. But in the case of the
later, it is really tough for the social worker to withhold information as it has been
received under the promise of keeping it confidential. In such circumstances, the
decision is to be left to the client whether to disclose it to the social worker or
not. And the social worker shall make it clear to the client that he/she cannot give
any guarantee of non-disclosure to the concerned authorities, where legal requirements
compel ordinary citizens to make disclosure of information received by him/her.
Failure to maintain confidentiality, seriously affects the worker client relationship.
Therefore, the worker has to show discretion while securing and sharing information
about the client with others. Information that is needed should only be gathered
from the client. Prior consent of the client is to be taken before sharing the
information with even those who are concerned about the client.
Principle of Self-determination: This principle emphasizes the client's right to
self-determination. Every individual has the right to assess what is good for him/
her and decide the ways and means to realize it. In other words, it points out that
the social worker should not impose decisions or solutions on the client simply
because the client has come to him/her for help. No doubt, the client has come
to social worker because he/she could not solve the problem by himself/herself.
The social worker should support and guide the client to develop insights into his/
her social situation in the correct perspective and encourage and involve him/her
to take decisions that are good and acceptable to him/her. In this way, the client
is helped not only to realize his/her potentialities but also to feel independent and
like a person with worth and dignity. Social responsibility, emotional adjustment
and personality development are possible only when the person exercises his/her
freedom of choice and decision.
Principle of Non-judgmental Attitude: The principle of non-judgmental attitude
presumes that the social worker should begin the professional relationship without
any bias. That is, he/she should not form opinions about the client, good or bad,
worthy or unworthy. He/she has to treat the client as somebody who has come
to him/her for help and he/she should be willing to help the client without being 23
Basics of influenced by the opinions of others about the client or his/her situation. This
Social Work
enables the worker to build the professional relationship on a sound footing as
both the worker and the client feel free to their understanding of each other.
However, it is to be noted that a non-judgmental attitude does not mean not
making professional judgments about the problem situation and the various options
being considered in order to tackle the problem.
Principle of Controlled Emotional Involvement: The principle of controlled
emotional involvement guards social worker from either getting too personally
involved in the client's predicament or being too objective. In the case of the
former, the worker may over-identify with the client because he/she finds a lot of
similarities between the problem situation of the client and over life situation/s or
with the personality of the client. This may interfere with the professional relationship
and judgments about the client's problem. The worker may start sympathising by
over indulging in the client's life and this may interfere with the client's right to self-
determination and independence.
In the case of the latter, by being too objective and detached, the client may feel
that worker is not interested in him/her and his/her predicament. This may inhibit
the client from coming out with all the confidential information. The feelings of
worthlessness and helplessness may be reinforced in the client. All this may result
in a premature end to the professional relationship. Therefore, the social worker
should maintain a reasonable emotional distance even while sympathasising with
the client. He/she should indicate the understanding of the predicament of the
client without showing pity or appearing to be indifferent.
1) Explain the principle of individualisation with examples.
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2) Discuss the principle of non-judgmental attitude.
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2.4 PROFESSION: A RESPONSE TO HUMAN

NEEDS
24
Each individual has a wide array of needs requiring satisfaction (Stroup, 1965).
Human needs can be broadly classified as physical needs and psychological needs. Professional Social Work:
Physical needs revolve around physical comforts that protect us and enable us to Generic Principles
perform efficiently in society while psychological needs refer to emotional and
mental states such as the desire for love and affection, social recognition, spiritual
fulfillment, etc. Every individual strives and struggles to meet these needs. Needs
are met in complex interactions between the individual and the social environment.
Sometimes, individuals fail to meet some of these needs due to certain reasons.
In earlier societies, the unmet needs of people were taken care of mostly by family
or by occupational groups such as merchant guilds or by religion or by the political
group in authority - clan, king or the government. As societies evolved, needs
became more and more complex and helping activities had to be organized in
systematic manner. The ingenuity and compassion in man enabled him/her to satisfy
those unmet needs, that are causing misery to people, in more innovative ways
with a human touch and a scientific temperament. This, in turn, resulted in the
evolution of various professions such as medicine, nursing, engineering, law, etc.
Social work is no exception to this. Social work profession exclusively evolved
to give relief to human society by finding permanent solutions to these unmet
human needs.
Poverty is a serious obstacle to meeting these needs. During the period upto the
18th century, the attitude of the society from the point of the king and the aristocracy
as well as the church towards unmet needs owing to poverty of people were
mainly due to the failure of the individual or due to the sins or wrath of the God.
Therefore, there was no need to come to the rescue of such people and they were
left to fend for themselves. But with the advent of great philosophers and social
thinkers, the understanding of human suffering, mostly manifested in poverty and
pauperism underwent a change.
The scientific inquiry into the causes of poverty indicated that (i) social and economic
conditions rather than individual failure are the causes of poverty and the pathetic
and utterly inhuman living conditions of the poor (ii) poverty cause various other
social problems in society (iii) alms giving and temporary relief measures are of no
use (iv) permanent solutions have to worked out to deal with the problem of
poverty and thereby the other needs of the people, and (v) people want to come
out of poverty and they can be helped to come out of it.
The charity organization society and settlement house movements, the YMCA and
YWCA organizations developed in response to the needs of the poor, the destitute,
the illegitimate and orphaned children and unmarried mothers on one hand and on
the other the disabled, the mentally disturbed, immigrant workers living in the
neighbourhood communities, almshouses, reformatories, and asylums. Charity was
provided on scientific lines by undertaking a thorough investigation into the state
of dependence and the factors responsible for it. The needy were encouraged to
find resources within the family and the community and become independent. A
scientific approach to charity and philanthropy replaced untrained volunteers by
trained paid workers. The final outcome was the birth of the profession of social
work by the late 19th century, to cater to the physical, social and emotional needs
of people. Social work as a profession responds to people's needs in ways that
no other profession does. Social work brings out the full potentialities of the clients
and enables them to stand on their own in meeting their needs.
25
Basics of
Social Work 2.5 SOCIAL CHANGE FOR HUMANIZATION AS
THE GOAL
Social change is inevitable and many forces of change are acting upon various
social institutions. Sometimes the changes are slow while at other times these are
rapid. Whenever sudden and violent changes take place, people are taken off
guard and fail to cope with the disruption and disorganization caused by these
changes. The changes before and during the medieval periods were slow, but
since the industrial revolution, changes have occurred very rapidly and traditional
institutions and ways of living received a jolt. This has caused great misery and
suffering. In the process of social change certain sections gain at the cost of
others. This in turn causes social tensions and disorder. It is always desirable that
social change be planned so as to minimize its ill consequences and maximize its
benefits. Social work emerged in an attempt to shoulder this responsibility.
The goal of social work is to bring about humanization of the society through a
process of planned change. Social work is strongly committed to the most fundamental
human values and principles-human dignity, equality, democratic way of functioning,
right to self determination, and right to privacy. Only these values and principles
can establish a society with a human face.
The social work profession with commitment to social betterment, intervenes at
individual, group, community and societal levels to tackle and guide the forces of
change for the good of society.
Professional social workers, practicing in public or private settings, or social work
educators at the schools of social work, who are in constant touch with those
needs of the people which demand changes in social situations can foresee the
forces that are likely to effect change and initiate steps to manoeuver change for
social betterment. The areas of social change are prevention, reform, re-socialisation,
rehabilitation and planning (Pierce, 1989).
Practitioners experiment with the desired change situations at the micro level.
Social work educators undertake research to analyze the social conditions and
factors of change. For example, to change the position of women and empower
them in society, social workers may initiate the formation of small groups of
women and give them information, training and support to take decisions in key
areas of their life such as education, career, marriage, etc., thereby empowering
them. The results of such experiments are passed on to the policy framers who
in turn incorporate desired changes in the relevant policy areas and effect the
change at the macro level. Thus, social work contributes to social change in a
planned way and for the betterment of society.
1) What are different types of human needs?
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26
................................................................................................................ Professional Social Work:
Generic Principles
................................................................................................................ and their Application
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2) How does social work process brings about planned change?
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2.6 INTERVENTIONS IN THE BASIC UNITS OF THE

SOCIETY
Social work practice is carried out at different levels of society. Social work
intervention takes place at the level of the individual, family, group, community and
society at large. The interventions at each level are more or less independent and
sometimes inter-dependent depending on the nature and demands of the case in
point. Social work practice has developed methodical ways to intervene, and
these have crystalized into different methods of social work to deal with various
units of society. Casework method deals with individual and family levels, group
work method with small groups and also at the family level, community organization
method at the community level and social action method at the societal level.
The individual level intervention attempts to restore the social functioning of the
individual. The intervention is done at two levels. At the first level, work revolves
around the client alone and helps him/her to overcome his/her problem situation
by bringing about the changes in his/her behaviour, approaches, attitudes and
perceptions towards his/her life situations. In some cases the problem is not with
the individual but with the environment in which he/she is living and it is not
sufficient to work at the individual's level only. Therefore, work at the second level
includes both the individual and his/her environment, be it the family, or peer group
or the community or social organizations such as school, the work organization or
a social club.
The family being the basic social unit to which every person belongs has a great
influence on the well being of not only the individual but of the entire social system.
The family becomes the unit for social work intervention while providing help to
the individual member of a family or the entire family. Stroup (1965) has outlined
three types of needs that call for family work. They are- firstly those due to
external factors, secondly those due to internal factors and lastly, a combination
of internal and external factors. These factors result in malfunctioning and marital
discord due to miscommunications or a serious difference on attitudes and opinions
among family members. Sudden calamities may disintegrate the family such as the
sudden death of the earning member of the family, separation of the spouses due
to occupational demands, serious illnesses, etc. Failure of the members, particularly
the spouses to perform their roles leading to the neglect of children, elders and
sick members in the family may be due to lack of understanding, pressures of 27
Basics of work and other social commitments.
Social Work
The group as a unit of intervention is envisaged when a group of people have a
common problem or need. The groups may either be already formed or they may
be formed by the social worker. Growth and developmental problems, such as
problems in the performance of social roles, decision-making processes, leadership
styles and the communication patterns can be better resolved through a group
experience rather than by an individual approach. Here the group, constitutes the
client system. At the group level intervention, the focus may be on a particular
member of the group or a specific number of members or the whole group itself.
The community as a unit of social work intervention seeks to tackle the problems/
needs affecting a large number of people living in a community. At the community
level, social work bridges the gap between social welfare needs and social welfare
resources. It promotes cooperative and collaborative attitudes among the different
groups in the community. It campaigns for the involvement of people in the community
affected by the problem/need. Social work intervention aims at the empowerment
and capacity building of the community. It enables the communities to present their
case assertively and effectively before the local authorities and other agencies;
builds up leadership among the different groups in the community; enhances the
community's decision making capabilities and the mobilization of various resources
for improving the living conditions.
Social work is practiced in social welfare organizations being run under government
and private auspices. The social worker as an administrator has to plan, organize,
direct, and coordinate the delivery of services, has to prepare budgets for meeting
the costs, has to supervize the staff and finally, report to the higher levels about
the performance of the organization. Social work knowledge is required in
administering these functions. Knowledge of group work comes in very handy to
the administrator for forming task groups/teams for improving efficiency and
effectiveness of the service delivery and for conducting and overseeing the deliberations
of such groups/teams.
Check Your Progress IV
1) Discuss the intervention of social work at family level.
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2) Discuss the need for intervention of social work at group level.
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28
................................................................................................................ Professional Social Work:
Generic Principles
................................................................................................................ and their Application
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
2.7 LET US SUM UP

In this unit, we have learnt about the meaning of the term value and the different
professional values of social work, such as inherent dignity and worth of the
individual, commitment to democratic functioning and social justice. We have also
learnt about the generic principles of social work such as acceptance, individualisation,
self-determination, confidentiality and so on. We also looked into the types of
human needs and the development of the social work profession to meet these
needs with reference to poverty. We have also examined how social change can
be brought about through planned intervention by social work process. Finally, we
have information about how social work intervenes at different levels of basic
social units such as family, group and community.
2.8 KEYWORDS
Charity Organization : An organized and scientific way of delivering
Society services and assistance to urban poor.
Generic : General or common.
Confidentiality : To maintain the secrecy of information given.
Individualisation : Asserting the uniqueness of a person.
Principle : Statements directing ways to be followed to
accomplish a goal.
Settlement House : A movement to improve the living and working
Movement conditions of immigrant workers settled in urban
neighbourhoods.
Social work intervention : The action or change efforts undertaken by a
professional social worker to deal with the
client's problem.
Value : Higher order of social norm that prescribes
and/ or prohibits a behaviour.

Compton R.H. (1980), Introduction to Social Welfare and Social Work: Structure,
Function and Process, The Dorsey Press Homewood, Illinois.
Dubois, B. & Miley, K.K. (1992), Social Work: An Empowering Profession,
Allyvn & Bacon, London.
Friedlander, W.A. (1955), Introduction to Social Welfare, Prentice Hall Inc.,
New York.
29
Basics of Friedlander, W.A.(ed) (1977), Concepts and Methods of Social Work, Prentice
Social Work
Hall of India Pvt, Ltd., New Delhi.
Morales.A., & Sheafor B.W. (1989), Social Work: A Profession with Many
Faces, Allyn & Bacon, Boston.
Misra, P.D. (1994), Social Work: Philosophy and Methods, Inter-India Publications,
New Delhi.
Pierce. D. (1989), Social Work and Society: An Introduction, Longman, New
York.
Stroup, H.H. (1965), Social Work: An Introduction to the Field, Eurasia Publishing
House (Pvt) Ltd, New Delhi.

Check your progress I
1) Values are fundamental norms and preferred behaviour patterns shared by
members of a society or a sub-group which aim at integrating and channeling
the organized activities of the members. A value specifies whether to follow
or not to follow a particular kind of behaviour.
A social worker should have good grasp of the values of society because
many of the problems of the clients are related to a social value /s that they
are not able to uphold. For example, a person not taking proper care of his/
her family has a problem in following the value of 'responsibility' as head of
the family. The problem may arise because the client might not have matured
mentally or he/she does not want to take up the responsibility because it is
burdensome. In such a situation the social worker, having a fair understanding
of this value of responsibility towards the family, counsels and helps the client
to take up his/her responsibity as the head of the family. Thus, the social
worker restores the social functioning of the client.
2) Social work profession has a number of values to guide the professional while
practicing social work. Two such values are the inherent worth, integrity and
dignity of the individual and the firm belief in equal opportunity for all, limited
only by the individuals capacities. The first value reminds the social worker
that every client who comes to him/her with a problem is not to be considered
as a person having no value and no virtue because he/she is in a difficult
situation. For a social worker, the client is as worthy as any other person and
the client is in that situation because of many other factors acting upon him/
her. Given an opportunity to understand and analyze the social situations
better the person may get out of the problem and may not get into a similar
problem situation again.
The second value is the firm belief in equal opportunity for all, limited only
by the individuals capacities. This value expresses the need for social justice.
Social work fights against social injustices meted out to the disadvantaged
and vulnerable sections of society. It emphasizes that every person should get
his/her due share in society and works in that direction. Therefore, irrespective
of a person's gender, age, race, caste, religion and economic status, intelligence,
etc., everyone must have equal access to societal resources. At the same
30
time, social work also takes into consideration the limitations of the individual Professional Social Work:
in his/her capacity to access these resources and make use of them. For Generic Principles
example, if a disabled person wants to pursue a career in mountaineering he/
she should not be disallowed because he/she is disabled. But at the same
time, if he/she does not have the physical strength and capacity to climb
mountains then he/she may not be allowed to opt for mountaineering as his/
her capacities do not permit him/her to do so.
1) This principle reminds the social worker that while dealing with the client it
is to be kept in mind that the wrorker is not dealing with an inanimate object
or inferior being. Because the client could not find a way out of his/her
problem, he/she need not be looked down upon as a person without dignity,
worth or value. This is a general response the client gets from the community.
And this makes the client feel that he/she is a human being without any worth
and develops a poor image of himself/herself. The social worker as a caring
and helping professional should believe that the client is an individual with
dignity, worth and respect and has the potential to come out of his/her undesirable
situation with dignity and respect, given the right environment and encouragement.
Further, the social worker should always consider that each client is unique
and distinct from other clients having a similar problem as each person responds
and reacts to the same stimuli differently and gets into or out of the problem
situation in different ways.
2) The principle of non-judgmental attitude presumes that the social worker
should begin the professional relationship without any bias. That is, he/she
should not form opinions about client, good or bad, worthy or unworthy. He/
she has to treat the client as somebody who has come to him/her for help and
he/she should be willing to help the client without being influenced by the
opinions of others about the client and his/her situation. This enables the
worker to build a professional relationship on a sound footing as both the
worker and the client feel free and open to share their understanding of each
other. However, it is to be noted that a non-judgmental attitude does not
mean not making professional judgments about the problem situation and the
various options to tackle the problem.
1) Human needs can be broadly classified as physical needs and psychological
needs. Physical needs revolve around physical comforts that protect us and
enable us to perform efficiently in the society while psychological needs are
related to emotional needs such as the desire for love and affection, social
recognition and spiritual fulfillment.
Professional social workers practicing in public or private settings or social
work educators at the schools of social work who are in constant touch with
those needs of the people which demand changes in social situations, can
foresee the forces that are likely to effect change and initiate steps to maneuver
change for social betterment. Practitioners experiment with the desired change
situations at the micro level. Social work educators undertake research to
analyze the social conditions and factors of change. For example, to change
the position of women and empower them in society, social workers may
31
initiate the formation of small groups of women and give them information,
Basics of training and support to take decisions in key areas of their life such as
Social Work
pursuing education, career, marriage, etc., thereby empowering them. The
results of such experiments are informed to others and passed on to the
policy framers, who in turn, incorporate desired changes in the relevant policy
areas and effect the change at the macro level. Thus, social work contributes
to the social change in a planned way for the betterment of society.
1) The family being the basic social unit to which every person belongs has a
great influence on the well-being of not only the individual but of the entire
social system. The family becomes the unit for social work intervention while
providing help to the individual member of a family or the entire family.
According to Stroup, there are three factors that cause problems at the level
of the family. They are- firstly those that arise due to external factors, secondly
those due to internal factors and lastly, a combination of internal and external
factors. These factors result in malfunctioning and marital discord due to
miscommunication or a serious difference in attitudes and opinions among
family members. Sudden calamities disintegrate the family, such as the sudden
death of the earning member of the family, separation of the spouses due to
occupational demands, serious illnesses, etc. The failure of the members,
particularly the spouses to perform their roles, will lead to neglect of children,
old and sick in the family due to lack of understanding, pressures of work and
other social commitments.
2) The group as a unit of intervention is envisaged when a group of people have
a common problem or need. The groups may either be already formed or
they may be formed by the social worker. Growth and developmental problems/
needs, the performance of social roles, decision-making processes, leadership
styles and the communication patterns can be better resolved through a group
experience rather than by individual approach. Here, the group constitutes the
client. At the group level intervention, the focus may be on a particular
member of the group or a specific number of members or the whole group
itself.
32
UNIT 3 VOLUNTARY ACTION AND SOCIAL
WORK IN INDIA
Contents * Sanjay Bhattacharya
3.0 Objectives
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Conceptual Clarity Between Voluntary Action and Social Work
3.3 Areas of Intervention and Implications of Voluntary Action
3.4 Relevance of Voluntary Action and Social Work
3.5 Government and Voluntary Action
3.6 Let Us Sum Up
3.7 Key Words
3.0 OBJECTIVES
In this unit we shall discuss about the concept of voluntary action and its correlation
with the profession of social work.
Voluntary action is inseparable from social science and social work theories, values,
ethics and practice. Social work, from its inception has been a profession based
on humanitarian philosophy having as its basic tenet the intrinsic value of every
human being. One of its main aim is the promotion of equitable social structures,
which can offer people security and development, while upholding their dignity.
After studying this unit you will be able to know:
 the nature of voluntary action;
 factors motivating voluntary action;
 voluntary service in India;
 voluntary organizations at a glance;
 role of voluntary organizations in social welfare;
 role of social worker in voluntary action;
 government and voluntary action; and
 emerging trends in voluntary action.
3.1 INTRODUCTION
The term voluntary action refers to the initiatives undertaken by people independently
towards the achievement of common goals and objectives. Lord Beveridge describes
voluntary action as that action which is not directed or controlled by the state. He/
she calls it a private enterprise for social progress. Thus, a voluntary organization
or agency is one, which is not initiated and governed by any external control but
* Mr. Sanjay Bhattacharya, BSSS, Bhopal. 33

Basics of by its own members. Voluntary action presupposes the perception of the need of
Social Work
the community, or a section of the society, its assessment that the need can be
met, and its readiness to regard it a duty to mobilize itself to meet the need. For
the healthy functioning of democracy, voluntary action of this nature is of the
highest significance.
It serves as a training ground for the potential leadership of the community and
helps to continually broaden the concepts of social justice. Voluntary action also
helps in continually focusing the attention of the members of a community on its
problems and needs. It promotes the acceptance by the individual citizens of their
social and civic responsibilities and it gives them an opportunity to learn to work
co-operatively. Let us now consider some of the advantages and disadvantages of
voluntary action. Pioneering has been a major function of voluntary agencies that
allows experimentation. Also they have the freedom to initiate work in controversial
areas. Even in our country it was voluntary action that worked for the cause of
the needy and persisted in it until the statuary agencies were established to undertake
the particular services. Another important aspect is the relative degree of freedom
from particular political trends, something which is not available for statutory
organizations. Voluntary action is also found to be more flexible and free from
bureaucratic rigidity. It also has the advantage of ensuring public cooperation. The
operational costs of such agencies are minimal due to the fact that the volunteers
do the greater proportion of work.
Probably the most common limitation arises out of the limited resources that
voluntary agencies have at their disposal. The sporadic character of voluntary
action leads to instability. Financially, the private agencies are not sound as they
depend on the public contribution, state grants and assistance; social workers
engaged in voluntary agencies are paid low in most cases in India.
3.2 CONCEPTUAL CLARITY BETWEEN

VOLUNTARY ACTION AND SOCIAL WORK
The term voluntary action is generally used for that action which is concerned
primarily with what the individual should do, independent of the state.
Definition of Voluntary Action
According to Lord Beveridge: " The term voluntary action as used here, means
private action, that is to say, action not under the directions of any authority
wielding the power of the state." However, as viewed above, the scope of voluntary
action becomes very wide and therefore, he/she confines its limit to that action
which is for a public purpose for social advancement. Its theme is voluntary action
outside one's home for improving the conditions of life for him/her and for his/her
fellows; it is independent of public control. This is private enterprise, not in business
but in the service of mankind, not for gain but under the influence of a social
conscience.
Nature of Voluntary Action
As regards a voluntary worker, Lord Beveridge points out that a voluntary worker
is someone who gave unpaid service to a good cause, and the group, which was
formed to run this good cause, came to be known as a voluntary organization. He/
she further adds that in recent years there has been a significant shift of meaning
34
in these concepts. Nowadays, many of the most active voluntary organizations are Voluntary Action and
staffed entirely by highly trained and fairly well paid professional workers. The Social Work in India
distinctively voluntary character of such bodies is the product not of the kind of
workers they employ but of the manner of their origin and method of government.
Social Work and Voluntary Action
Social work has also ensured the protection of human rights through various social
legislations. This enhances the happiness of the entire community by protecting
from injustice and by punishing those who do not conform to the social interest.
Besides, social legislations tackle social problems like untouchability, child marriage,
the dowry system, sati, the devadasi system and various other social problems,
thus helping to build a wholesome community. The emerging new notion of social
service as a force and instrument in the promotion of planned social change and
development enlarges the scope of professional social work activity, which traditionally,
has been associated with such fields of practice as child and family welfare,
medical and psychiatric social work, school social work, correctional and group
services. Social work has also taken up new responsibilities by tying up with other
disciplines to fight poverty and the problems of modern society.
Voluntary Organization
A voluntary organization, properly speaking, is an organization which whether its
workers are paid or unpaid is initiated and governed by its own members without
external control. The independence of voluntary action does not however mean a
lack of co-operation between it and public action. But the term voluntary action
means that the agency undertaking it has a will and a life of its own. As defined
by the National Council of Social Service, a voluntary social service is interpreted
generally as the organization and activities of a self-governing body of people who
have joined together voluntarily to study or act for betterment of the community.
Social Workers and People
Social workers work with clients at various levels: the micro-level of individual
and family; the meso-level of community; and the macro-level of national and
international community. Concern for human rights must be manifested by social
workers at all levels. At all times social work is concerned with the protection of
individual and group needs. It is often forced to mediate between the people and
the state and other authorities, to champion particular causes and to provide
support, when state action threatens or neglects the right and freedom to individuals
and/or groups. More than other professionals, social work educators and practitioners
are conscious that their concerns are closely linked with respect for human rights.
They accept the premise that human rights and fundamental freedoms are indivisible,
and the full realization of civil and political rights are impossible without enjoyment
of economic, social and cultural rights.
1) Explain the concept of voluntary action in relation to social work.
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35
Basics of ................................................................................................................
Social Work
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3.3 AREAS OF INTERVENTIONS AND

IMPLICATIONS OF VOLUNTARY ACTION
Here we shall discuss the intervention and implications of voluntary action by
understanding the factors that motivate voluntary action, the present scenario of
voluntary organizations and their objectives, and voluntary services in the Indian
context.
Factors Motivating Voluntary Action
The factors, that motivate people to take voluntary action or the sources of
voluntarism, may be identified as religion, government, business, philanthropy and
mutual aid. The missionary zeal of religious organizations, the commitment of
government for public interest, the profit-making urge in business, the altruism of
the 'social superiors' and the motive of self-help among fellowmen are also reflected
in voluntarism. Bourdillon and William Beveridge viewed mutual aid and philanthropy
as two main sources from which voluntary social service organizations would have
developed. They spring from the individual and social conscience respectively. The
other factors may be personal interest, seeking benefit such as experience, recognition,
knowledge and prestige, commitment to certain values, etc.
Further, a variety of impulses are responsible for the formation of voluntary associations
with the purpose of serving their fellowmen or the unfortunate lot of society.
Voluntary organizations are strong agents of political socialization in a democracy,
and educate their members about social norms and values and help combat loneliness.
Psychological impulses lead people to join voluntary action for security, self-
expression and for satisfaction of interests. Thus, the psychological joining motivation
for voluntary association is a complex phenomenon. It may vary from one individual
to another and one group of individuals to another depending upon their culture,
social milieu and political environment.
Voluntary Organizations at a Glance
By and large, voluntary action is generated through social, religious and cultural
organizations. This is made possible by organizations appealing to people for help.
But this does not mean that volunteers always work through or in a particular
organization.
The sphere of social service is still very largely the domain of voluntary workers
and voluntary organizations. No complete or reliable data is available about the
total number of voluntary organizations in the country, as many of them are not
receiving government aid and are working with their own resources. Some of
these are all-India organizations concerned with a wide range of activities; others
are state or district level organizations. At present in India quite a large number
of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are working for various causes. They
help groups and individuals with diverse political and other interests, contribute to
36 the strengthening of a feeling of national solidarity and promote the participative
character of democracy. They have a role to play not only in areas which are Voluntary Action and
accepted as state responsibilities, they can also venture into new fields, work in Social Work in India
new areas, unveil social evils and give attention to any unattended or unmet needs.
Many of the NGOs act as a stabilizing force by welding together people into
groups that are not politically motivated and are not concerned about the fortunes
of any political party or in capturing political power, but are above party politics
and are interested in other areas of nation-building and thus contribute to national
integration and a focus on non-political issues. Caritas India, NBA, voluntary
organizations working for women and children, etc., are few examples of such
agencies fighting for human rights.
There are also government-organized NGOs such as Mahila Mandal, Youth Clubs,
Co-operative Societies, National Service Scheme, Nehru Yuva Kendras and
government sponsored organizations in the form of Trusts setup in the name of
deceased leaders, for example, the Kasturba Gandhi Trust, Gandhi Smarak Nidhi,
Nehru and Kamla Nehru Trust, Indira Gandhi Trust, and the recent Rajiv Gandhi
Foundation. There are several examples of the Indian NGOs protesting against
certain development projects and successfully stopping them. The "Chipko" movement
in the Himalayas, the "Appiko" movement in Karnataka, West Ghat and Save
Silent Valley movement in Kerala, The ‘Narmada Bachao Andolan’, etc., are
excellent examples of this kind. There are several places where there is environmental
degradation as a result of industrial activity and there are a number of organizations
working on this task. These NGOs face a lot of difficulties as most of them are
working individually. Thus, there is a need to activate the existing environmental
groups at each district headquarters and set-up a federation of these NGOs at the
state or regional level so as to create a collective consciousness and fight jointly
for a common cause. The Environment Society of Chandigarh, a regional NGO,
has been able to activate the few existing groups and has been instrumental in
setting up several such societies in Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh and Jammu
and Kashmir. Thus, with the involvement of more and more NGOs, the collective
action will help the efforts to harmonize environmental and developmental issues
to a great extent.
Objectives of Voluntary Organizations
The following are the main objectives for which various organizations are working:
 Protection and development of children.
 Welfare of women in the rural areas.
 Services for youth.
 Community welfare.
 Promotion of educational facilities.
 Promotion of public conscience on social problems.
 Promotion of moral standards and family welfare.
 Prevention of disease, health care, etc.
 Protection and welfare of the handicapped.
 Eradication of social handicaps for certain groups.
37
Basics of  Spiritual upliftment
Social Work
 Promotion of international brotherhood.
 Promotion of natural interests through voluntary effort.
 Training of workers for fieldwork.
 Protection of nature, animals, etc.
Voluntary Services in India
It is generally claimed that like our culture, Indian voluntary institutions were
known in ancient India. The history and development of social welfare in India is
primarily the history of voluntary action. The roots of this can be traced to the
nature, social milieu and ethos of Indian people who believe in acts of the charity
of various kinds.
Voluntary Services, Pre-19th Century
In the pre-19th century, "it was mainly during the emergencies such as famine,
flood, etc., that giving on a large scale as voluntary action took place outside the
religious channels", according to Dr. P. V. Kane. The Chinese traveler Huein Tsang
observes the Indian people voluntarily planted trees to give shade to the weary
travellers, and, in groups, dug tanks and wells for the community. In medieval
India, communities organized educational institutions, boardings, libraries for students
by collecting funds and distributed grants to hospitals, colleges and poor homes.
Late in the sixteenth and seventeenth century, severe famine resulted in large-scale
poverty and the kings responded generously, but there was no insurgency. Throughout
the 18th century, poverty was dealt by traditional means, that is individual philanthropy
and religious charity.
Voluntary Services, Post-19th Century
In the 19th century there were three directions in which voluntary services were
manifested. These were:
 Area of religious and spiritual tenets, religious reforms.
 Area of customary practices, social and ritualistic social reforms.
 Area of new problems and needs that demanded a solution as a result of
urbanization of voluntary social work.
In the latter part of the century, enlightened religious and social leaders organized
voluntary movements such as Arya Samaj, Rama Krishna Mission, Theosophical
Movement and Anjuman-Himayat-I-Islam. Voluntary action got a boost in the
early twentieth century when it organized itself through a formal organization and
structure in the form of registered societies. With Mahatma Gandhi in the political
realm fighting against the Britishers for the emancipation of the motherland as well
as for reforms in socio-economic areas, voluntary action gained unprecedented
momentum. Gandhi reinforced voluntarism in the life by decentralization of political
authority and the empowerment of gram panchayats, which were to be completely
independent of the central government. For him/her, voluntarism was the key to
the reconstruction of India's economic and political organization.
38 During the last 20 years a large number of voluntary agencies have come up in
India. It is estimated that in addition to those which existed in the pre-independence Voluntary Action and
period, the number of such agencies would run to around 20,000, spread through Social Work in India
the length and breadth of the country. But mostly these organizations are located
and functioning in the urban areas. However, it is difficult to number the voluntary
agencies and to classify them into groups based on their objectives. In the post-
independence period, due to the breakdown of traditional institutions, the spread
of education, social reforms, inadequacy of welfares services to the needy, rehabilitation
problems, minority problems, the welfare of SC/ST/OBC etc., a phenomenal rise
in the number of voluntary organizations is observed.
Voluntary Services in the Present Century
India appears to be at the threshold of affecting speedy basic socio-economic
changes for the betterment of its people in the new millennium. Not only is there
a need to strengthen existing democratic elements and processes, natural and
social resources need to be harnessed sooner rather than later to produce more
wealth and contribute to social welfare. It is imperative that the tradition of voluntary
action developed during the last 200 years be further analyzed in order to provide
guidelines for further action. This is necessary to cleanse the national climate for
constructive and productive voluntary action. There are always new horizons opening
before voluntary action. In order to deal with the complex conditions of modern
life there is far wider scope for collective action, both statuary and voluntary.
Voluntary action is experimental, flexible, and progressive. It can adjust more
easily than the statutory authority with its machinery and methods, to deal with
changing conditions and with the diversity of cases. This capacity for experiment,
for trial and error, is one of the most valuable qualities in community life. Voluntary
actions have not only pioneered the way for state action, but when a service has
been taken over by a statutory authority, in many cases voluntary agencies continue
to provide a valuable supplementary agency with the help and the full consent and/
co-operation of the statutory authority. The twentieth century gives abundant evidence
of this in the fields of education, public health, and moral welfare and in the many
spheres of social assistance where personal attention and good casework are
essential.
1) List any five areas of intervention of voluntary action.
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39
Basics of
Social Work 3.4 RELEVANCE OF VOLUNTARY ACTION AND
SOCIAL WORK
The contribution made by the professional social worker in the planning and
development of welfare services has been quite considerable at the center and in
the states. The emergence of the professional group has of course raised all the
usual problems of the relationship between the professional and non-professional.
The situation is further complicated by the fact that the non-professional is not only
"non-socialized" in professional values and skills, but is usually a person who,
since he/she does not derive his/her livelihood from this vocation, considers himself/
herself to be the professional superior in status. The contribution of the professional
social worker in the non-governmental sector is limited. The salaries available in
the non-governmental sector do not attract the best persons in the field and
besides, in this period of transition, it is difficult for the professional to function
with any decisiveness without seeming to take over the functions of the volunteer
executive.
Professional Social Worker and Voluntary Social Worker
A professional Social Worker, however well equipped, cannot be a substitute for
the lay-leader. The former are equipped with knowledge and skills to handle
problems of institutional management and interpersonal and inter-group relations.
At worst, they are people doing a job only to earn a living; at best they are
persons with a sense of pride in their profession and social purpose. Being paid
for their work, they are in a position to efficiently do a job that, a community feels
a need for. But they cannot easily move a community to accept wholly new ideas
which affect its value system. They cannot in this sense become pioneers and
leaders of movements; they cannot acquire the moral right to preach or to admonish
a group.
However, both the professional and the voluntary social worker have something
specific to contribute to social work. The volunteer brings to social work the
interest and confidence of the community. A Social Worker is an institution, which
promotes a full and effective functioning of the other institutions of society. The
role of the Social Worker is to achieve this goal using his/her skills and knowledge.
This implies a total acceptance from the worker, of the client or community and
a suspension of moral judgment on the part of the worker, a genuine concern for
the well being of the client or community and the willingness to offer such professional
assistance, as he/she is capable of. This professional assistance may consists at
times of material help, but in a more important way this assistance is directed at
the ability of the community to develop and utilize its own resources. The object
of professional service is not only relief but also rehabilitation. Thus, the social
worker emerges as a separate functionary who is specialized in his/her area of
work.
The role of a social worker in voluntary action depends upon the training she/he/
she has received to be scientific in his/her outlook, skills and a knowledge of
human relationships, his/her special contribution in this field is the discovery and
the interpretation of social sciences as he/she is equipped to undertake this task
for the benefit of the community. It is the function of the professionals to seek the
volunteers' help, interest and participation and to enable him/her/her to find
40
opportunities for his/her creative work. The professionals can also make a contribution Voluntary Action and
in the formation of the social policies. Besides having discussed these issues of Social Work in India
human rights very broadly, we can say, the professional social workers can effectively
protect and safeguard the human rights from violations of every kind as they are
trained personnel with a respect for human dignity, liberty and have a humanitarian
outlook. Therefore, they can have a better outlook on these human right issues
than the non-professional workers and can thus extend their services based on
their knowledge and professional skills.
Role of Voluntary Organizations in Social Welfare
The development of voluntary organizations in India, in its historical perspective,
has been dealt with earlier in this chapter. We will now focus on the role of
voluntary organizations in social welfare and planned development. In fact, the
social and economic development programme, enunciated in the fourteen point
constructive programme of Gandhiji, was used as a spring-board to accelerate the
process of political struggle for independence and a way to activate the underprivileged
and down-trodden masses to develop themselves economically and socially, on a
"self-help through mutual help" basis. A network of voluntary agencies was created
to promote different constructive programmes like village industries, Khadi, Nai
Talim, Leprosy Work, Harijan Seva, etc., with the help of thousands of selfless
and dedicated workers. This was the basis of social welfare programmes by the
voluntary organizations in the post-independence period.
The main objective of planned development is to mobilize the known as well as
the hidden, material and human resources in such a way as to improve the socio-
economic living conditions of the people to the maximum at a given time. In
general, voluntary organizations have a role to play in the economic and industrial
development of the country and also to motivate people to eliminate the evil
influences of the industrialisation. Though the voluntary organizations do not have
much of a role to play in transport and communication, they did play an important
role in the construction and maintenance on village roads.
Impact of Voluntary Services in Social welfare
Voluntary organizations play an important role in social welfare through the
development of education, health, housing and providing welfare services for the
weak, underprivileged and handicapped sections of the population and through
efforts aimed at the social development of people, in terms of a change in their
physical, intellectual, emotional, social and moral composition. Social development
increases peoples’ capacity to provide and contribute in greater degrees for the
own well being as well as for the good of society. It is here that voluntary
organizations have played and will have to still play an even more effective role
in pushing the programmes of social development forward. While voluntary
organizations have traditionally worked in the field of social welfare certain state
welfare organizations have also supplemented voluntary efforts, particularly in the
field of beggary, prostitution, juvenile delinquency, etc.. However, in all the fields,
voluntary organizations emphasize the welfare aspect, particularly because state
policy focuses primarily on giving financial and legislative assistance to the state
welfare organizations.
Generally, the voluntary organizations render their services in all fields of social
welfare. Their complexion and orientation also undergo changes with the change
41
Basics of in time and situations. A major and successful voluntary action started by Acharya
Social Work
Vinoba Bhave in the form of Bhudan, Gramdan, Shramdan, Jeevandan, (gift of
land, village, labour and life), so successfully to bring about a sort of revolution
in the thinking process of people to share their assets with the less fortunate
people, has lost its vigor. Voluntary organizations have taken on new roles to meet
the challenges emerging in a complex society with the advancement of science and
technology. The examples are the 100% literacy, which was achieved by voluntary
efforts in Kerala, the services for the welfare of drug addicts, prostitutes, migrants,
victims of terrorist activities, etc. In India, there are about 1000 voluntary agencies
working for environmental protection apart from those working to safeguard human
rights.
Mahatma Gandhi, Vinoba Bhave, Jayaprakash Narayan and many such leaders
have often expressed their faith in voluntary action in social development and have
been duly recognized in the official documents in the post-independence era. The
Balwant Rai Mehta Committee (1957) observed: "Today in the implementation of
various schemes of community development, more and more emphasiz is laid on
non-governmental organizations and on the principle that ultimately people's own
local organizations should take over the entire work". The Fifth and Seventh Five
Year Plans relied heavily on voluntary agencies for social welfare programmes and
assistance from the State was given to them for this task. Thus, voluntary agencies,
equipped with necessary technical expertise, can be useful agencies of social and
economic development.
In short, voluntary organizations have played a magnificent role in providing welfare
services in the past, and recognized and appreciated as it is by the public and
government. They will be encouraged to assume a still more glorious role for
themselves in future. It is rightly said that there is no paradise except where people
work together for the welfare of all mankind and hell is where no one even thinks
of service to humanity. Voluntarism in India subscribes to and opts for the first half
of this statement and proves it by undertaking various programmes for the welfare
of the destitute, the down-trodden, the disadvantaged and the under-privileged
and complementing the state in its effort to achieve the ideals of a welfare state.
1) Voluntary organizations have an important role in imparting social welfare.
Comment.
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
42
Voluntary Action and
3.5 GOVERNMENT AND VOLUNTARY ACTION Social Work in India
Though any external agents do not control voluntary action, the government has
accepted it as a major means of social welfare and is providing financial assistance
without directly being involved in the functioning of voluntary organizations. The
Government of India has recognized that voluntary organizations are not able to
carry out the welfare programmes to a great extent and moreover the government
bureaucracy being rule bound and essentially conservative, it may not be advisable
to entrust development work to the bureaucracy. So, a discernable shift has come
about in government thinking regarding involvement of NGOs in development
since the Sixth Plan period.
While the voluntary agencies have been involved in the government's welfare
programmes for a long time, the idea that the scope of this co-operation should
be widened has been gaining ground for a few decades. In October 1982, Prime
Minister Indira Gandhi wrote to all the Chief Ministers that consultative groups of
voluntary agencies must be established at the state level. Significant for the voluntary
social services, is the constitution of the Central Social Welfare Board. Finally, of
the greatest potential significance is the constitution of a Division of Social Security
in the Central Government.
The problem of coordinating the activities of government and non-governmental
agencies is in some ways more difficult than the problem of coordinating the
activities of central and state governments. The need as well as the difficulty of
coordinating government and NGOs are much greater, particularly within the field
of Social Welfare. The Planning Commission attempts to establish a liaison between
these two efforts in three ways:
1) By associating NGOs in the process of planning.
2) By entrusting some government sponsored programmes to NGOs for
implementation.
3) By promoting the growth of NGOs through a programme of grants-in-aid.
There are two ways by which the government could help the existing agencies to
function effectively and grow in response to changing situations. One is by offering
direct help in terms of finances and equipment. Another way is in the manner in
which the existing agencies may continually be associated with statutory action.
Yet another important way in which the government can help the voluntary agencies
is through legislation. Voluntary agencies, if they are worth the name, must be born
of voluntary endeavor. However, it is possible for the government to create conditions
under which people may be encouraged to organize new voluntary agencies.
Emerging Trends in Voluntary Action
So far the discussion has focussed on the theoretical aspects of voluntary action.
It has now become an irrefutable fact that voluntary action is necessary for social
welfare and development, though there are scores of statutory organizations and
governmental planning. In the modern times, voluntary organizations have realized
new spheres of work, moving away the traditional outlook and this has encouraged
and enlarged the scope of voluntary action. At present, numbers of voluntary
organizations are working in India and at the international level for the development
of the nation and the people. The main areas of their work include education, 43
Basics of health and medicines, child and women welfare, human rights issues, abolition of
Social Work
social evils, national integrity, international peace, etc. More recently, all the researches
of social sciences have undertaken large scale measures to alleviate poverty and
promote nutrition and self-sufficiency of material needs to all, with the help of
national and international voluntary organizations and the developed, rich countries.
Even India as a developing country is expected to be self-sufficient by the year
2020.
The violation of human rights, particularly in the case of children, women and
bonded labourers, has become a major issue. The ongoing Narmada Bachao
Andolan, the forest protection movements and the feminist organizations that are
working for the rights of women and for justice against their exploitation are recent
example in this case. The problems of social welfare and development have become
an integral concern in the process of planning and development. Many new agencies
and institutions have come into existence. In many parts of the country, there have
been numerous innovative social efforts through the initiative of voluntary organizations
and voluntary leaders as well as public agencies. In every field, every earlier
assumptions are being questioned and the gaps in policy and implementation have
come to be identified more precisely. Social challenges, especially the insecurity
of the minorities and the international peace problem are looming larger than
before. The texture has become increasingly complex and every aspect of social
welfare takes on a multi-disciplinary dimension.
1) Indicate if the following statements are true or false. Circle the relevant
answer. Check your answers with the ones given at the end of the unit.
a) Voluntary action is generated through social, religious and cultural
organizations.
True False
b) In voluntary organizations, workers are governed by external control.
True False
c) A Professional social worker cannot be substituted for the lay-leader.
True False
d) In modern times voluntary organizations are yet to realize new spheres
of work and move away from the traditional outlook.
True False
e) It is now an accepted fact that voluntary organizations are more successful
in reaching out to the poor.
True False
3.6 LET US SUM UP

From this discussion, we know that voluntary action is a process of carrying out
the implementation of activities towards the achievement of common goals and
objectives.
44
Therefore, voluntary actions need to be adapted to the changing scenario and in Voluntary Action and
fact voluntary organizations are changing their outlook and mode of functioning. Social Work in India
Today, voluntary action is not a mere charity but a profession as far as the
workers are concerned, as they are being paid handsomely. Nowadays many of
the most active voluntary organizations are staffed entirely by highly trained and
also fairly well paid professional workers.
We have seen in the earlier part of this unit that voluntary action emerged up in
the areas of education and social security in the form of societies, homes for the
destitute, the disabled, etc. Though some of these functions have been taken up
by the state because of their heavy financial responsibility and other reasons, new
needs have come up with industrialization and urbanization and some of these can
be best met for certain reasons by the voluntary organizations. In fact, with the
development of the concept of the Welfare State, the state will seek to do more
for the citizens in the future, than it did in the past, whatever may be the political
colour of the government. The future of voluntary action must be considered in the
light of the above conclusion. With the development of science and technology, in
this computer era, the internet is becoming the ideal medium of communication, as
it is much faster, cost-effective and environment friendly. It is now accepted by all
concerned that voluntary organizations are more successful in reaching out to the
poor and in poverty alleviation due to their being small, flexible, innovative, participatory
and cost effective in their style of functioning.
Voluntary organizations in India, going by the number of registrations in all the
states and the Union Territories, exceed one million in number, and are increasingly
getting aware of the potential of the internet. A survey in 1998 by CAP covering
4508 prominent voluntary organizations revealed that 3.5% of all respondents had
already developed their websites. The web presents new potential for working,
information sharing and resource opportunities for voluntary organizations. The
information super highway can prove to be the new path to self-sufficiency for
voluntary organizations in the fields of health, development and welfare. It is
hoped that voluntary organizations and charities involved in implementation of
socio-economic development programmes would use and fully harness the convenience
and speed of the internet and information technology to help the poor and thereby
accelerate the pace of socio-economic development in India.
3.7 KEYWORDS
Voluntary action : Voluntary action is that action which helps in
continually focussing the attention of the
members of community on its problems and
needs.
Voluntary organization : Voluntary organizations are those agencies of
political socialization in a democracy which
educate their members about social norms and
values and helping them in achieving common
goals and objectives.
Social Work : Social work is that branch of study which
deals with human problems in society and
assists in understanding democratic principles
oriented towards securing for all people a
decent standard of living, acceptability, 45
Basics of affiliation, recognition and status. It is a process
Social Work
to help the people to help themselves.
Professional social worker : Professional social workers are people who
render a professional service by assisting
individuals, groups and communities. On the
one hand, they attempt to help the individuals
in the social milieu and on the other hand they
remove the barriers, which obstruct people
from achieving the best that they are capable
of. Being paid for their work, they are only in
a position to efficiently do a job that, a
community feels, needs to be done.

Bisno, Herbert (1982), The Philosophy of Social Work, Washington D.C, Public
Affairs Bureau.
Bhattacharya, Sanjay (2003), Social Work: An Integrated Approach, Deep &

Deep Publications (P) Ltd, New Delhi.
Clark C. Asquith, S. (1985), Social Work and Social Philosophy, Roulhedge and
Keg and Paul, London.
Chaudhary, D.P. (1981), Profile of Voluntary Action in Social Welfare Development,

Sidhartha, New Delhi.
Dasguptas (1981), Towards Post Development Era, Mital Publication, New Delhi.
Diwakar V.D. (Ed.) (1991), Social Reform Movements in India: A Historical

Perspective, Popular Prakshan, Bombay.
Eva, Schindlen& Lippit, Ronald (1977), The Volunteer Community, University

Revinoan & Associates Inc., California.
Frenda, M. (1985), Voluntary Association and Local Development, Young India

Foundation, New Delhi.
Haw & Jones (1975), Towards a New Social Work, Routledge & Kegan Paul,
London.
Kulkarni P.D. & M.C.Nanavatti (1998), NGOs in a Changing Scenario, Uppal

Publishing House, New Delhi.
Mukherjee K.K. and Mukherjee Sutpa (1988), Voluntary Organizations: Some

Perspectives, Gandhi Peace Centre, Hyderabad.
Pathak, S.(1981), Social Welfare: An Evolutionary Development Perspective,

Macmillan India, New Delhi.
Ranade, S.N. (1974), Voluntary Action and Social Welfare in India,.Voluntary

Action Research, David Horton Smith, Zexinton Books, London, 1973.
46
Voluntary Action and
3.9 ANSWERS TO CHECK YOUR PROGRESS Social Work in India

1) The term voluntary action, means "private action" that is to say, action not
under the direction of any authority wielding the power of the state. Voluntary
action is that action which helps in continually focusing the attention of the members
of a community on its problems and needs. However, the scope of voluntary
action can become very wide and therefore, it confines itself to that action which
is for a public purpose for social advancement. Its theme is voluntary action
outside one's home for improving the conditions of life for the individual and the
community. It is independent of public control. This is private enterprise, not in
business but in the service of mankind, not for gain but under the influence of a
social conscience. On the other hand, social work is that branch of study which
deals with human problems in society and assists in understanding democratic
principles oriented towards securing for all people a decent standard of living,
acceptability, affiliation, recognition and status. It is a process to help the people
to help themselves. Social work has also ensured the protection of human rights
through various social legislations. This enhances the happiness of the entire community
by protecting it from injustice and by punishing those who do not conform to the
social interest. Besides legislation, it tackles social problems like untouchability,
child marriage, dowry system, sati, devadasi system, etc., thus helping to build a
wholesome community. The emerging new notion of social service as a force and
instrument in the promotion of planned social change and development enlarges
the scope of professional social work activity, which traditionally, has been associated
with such fields of practice as child and family welfare, medical and psychiatric
social work, school social work, correctional and group services. Social work has
taken up new responsibilities by tying up with other disciplines to fight poverty and
the problems of modern society.
1) a) Protection and development of children
b) Welfare of women in the rural areas.
c) Services for youth.
d) Community welfare.
e) Promotion of educational facilities.
1) Voluntary organizations are those agencies of political socialization in a democracy,
which educate their members about social norms and values and help them
achieve common goals and objectives. We can understand the role of voluntary
organization in social welfare and planned development from earlier times in
Indian. In fact, the social and economic development programme, enunciated
in the fourteen point constructive programme of Gandhiji, was used as a
springboard to accelerate the process of political struggle for independence
and a way to activate the under-privileged and down-trodden masses to
develop themselves economically and socially, on a "self-help through mutual
help" basis. A network of voluntary agencies was created to promote different
47
constructive programmes like village industries, Khadi, Nai Talim, Leprosy
Basics of Work, Harijan Seva, etc., with the help of thousands of selfless and dedicated
Social Work
workers. This was the basis of social welfare programmes by the voluntary
organizations in the post-independence period.
In general, voluntary organizations have a role to play in the economic and
industrial development of the country and also to motivate people to eliminate
the evil influences of industrialization, and this ultimately leads to social welfare
in general.
Voluntary organizations play an important role in social welfare through the
development of education, health, housing and providing welfare services for
the weak, underprivileged and handicapped sections of the populations, and
through efforts aimed at the social development of people, in terms of a
change in their physical, intellectual, emotional, social and moral composition.
Social development increases people's capacity to provide and contribute in
greater degrees for the own well being as well as for the good of society. It
is here that the voluntary organizations have played and will have to still play
an even more effective role in pushing the programmes of social development
forward. Certain state welfare organizations have also supplemented voluntary
efforts, particularly in the field of beggary, prostitution, juvenile delinquency,
etc. However, in all the fields voluntary organizations emphasize the welfare
aspect, particularly because state policy, focusses primarily on giving financial
and legislative assistance to the state welfare organizations.
Generally, the voluntary organizations render their services in all fields of
social welfare. Their complexion and orientation also undergo changes with
the change in time and situations. A major and successful voluntary action
started by Acharya Vinoba Bhave in the form of Bhudan, Gramdan, Shramdan,
Jeevandan (gift of land, village, labour and life), to bring about a sort of
revolution in the thinking process of people to share their assets with the less
fortunate people, has lost its vigor. Voluntary organizations have taken on
new roles to meet the challenges emerging in a complex society with the
advance of science and technology. The examples are the 100% literacy,
which was achieved by voluntary efforts in Kerala, the services for the welfare
of drug addicts, prostitutes, migrants, victims of terrorist activities, etc. In
India, there are about 1000 voluntary agencies working for environment
protection apart from those working to safeguard human rights.
Mahatma Gandhi, Vinoba Bhave, Jayaprakash Narayan and many such leaders
have often expressed their faith in voluntary action in social development and
have been duly recognized in the official documents in the post-independence
era. The Balwant Rai Mehta Committee (1957) observed : "Today in the
implementation of various schemes of community development, more and
more emphasiz is laid on non-governmental organizations and on the principle
that ultimately people's own local organizations should take over the entire
work". The Fifth and Seventh Five Year Plans relied heavily on voluntary
agencies for social welfare programmes and assistance from the State was
given to them for this task. Thus, voluntary agencies, equipped with necessary
technical expertise, can be useful agencies of social and economic development.
In short, voluntary organizations have played a magnificent role in providing
welfare services in the past which has been recognized and appreciated as it
48 is by the public and government. They will be encouraged to assume a still
more glorious role for themselves in future. It is rightly said that there is no Voluntary Action and
paradise except where people work together for the welfare of all mankind Social Work in India
and hell is where no one even thinks of service to others. Voluntarism in India
subscribes to and opts for the first half of this statement and proves it by
undertaking various programmes for the welfare of the destitute, the downtrodden,
the disadvantaged and the underprivileged and complementing the state in its
effort to achieve the ideals of a welfare state. Hence voluntary organizations
have an important role to play in imparting social welfare.
1) a) True b) False c) True d) False e) True
49
UNIT 4 SOCIAL WORK ETHICS IN INDIAN
CONTEXT
Contents * Joseph Varghese
4.0 Objectives
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Case Situations
4.3 Ethics - An Introduction
4.4 Need for the Ethical Behaviour in Social Work
4.5 Purpose of a Code of Ethics
4.6 A Model of Code of Ethics for Indian Social Workers
4.7 Problems Faced by Social Workers in Ethical Decision Making
4.8 Lets Us Sum Up
4.9 Key Words
4.0 OBJECTIVES
This unit will enable you to understand the ethical aspects of social work practice.
A social workers primary function is problem solving in human relationships. These
situations are often complex and delicate in nature. Therefore, ethical decision-
making is important in these situations and in this unit you will be given an introduction
to ethics and its relevance in social work.
At the end of the unit you will be able to:
 understand what ethics is;
 discuss the importance of ethics in social work;
 familiarize yourself with the code of ethics of social work; and
 understand its application in social work situations.
4.1 INTRODUCTION
Among the major problems Indian society faces are those of abuse of authority,
corruption and social discrimination. Social workers are part of this society as
much as anybody else. They will, no doubt, be influenced by these values. Their
personalities would have internalized these values and consciously or unconsciously
their behaivour reflects these values. But social work advocates values radically
different from these values.
A sound understanding of social work values is needed so that professional behaviour
is guided by these values rather than any other values. Another issue related to
ethics is that most of them are based on western experience and there applicability
in the Indian situation is often questioned. In this unit we will discuss these issues
briefly.
50 * Mr. Joseph Varghese, Visva Bharati, Sriniketan.
Social Work Ethics
4.2 CASE SITUATIONS in Indian Context
Before we start our discussion we offer you few brief case situations to clarify the
importance of values and ethics in social work practice. Try to place yourself in
the situations and make your judgments. Assume that you have the power to make
decisions and implement them.
1) You are the administrator of an agency and you are sending applications of
poor families to the government agencies asking for financial aid. Your subordinate
wants you to reduce the annual income of the families shown in the documents
as he/she feels that it will improve their chances of getting the aid. Besides
he/she says that all other agencies do the same and if your agency does not
do that, households of your community will be at a disadvantage. Will you
agree to knowingly misrepresent information to help the families?
2) A woman buys female babies from poor families and offers them for adoption
to well to do families. She claims that she is not making money in the process
and is only interested in helping the female babies as well as the families. She
says that if the babies are not removed from the families they will most likely
be killed or ill-treated which also will most likely result in death. (She quotes
certain statistics to prove her point). She says that she is breaking the law but
compares it to Gandhi's breaking of the law during freedom struggle. The aim
is the greater good of society with no loss to anyone in the process. Is she
doing the right thing?
3) A man is infected with HIV/AIDS during a blood transfusion after an accident.
He/she says that his/her family members should not be informed as he/she will
be thrown out of the house and he/she has nowhere to go. At the same time,
there is a risk of other members of the family getting infected particularly his/
her wife. Should you keep the information confidential or disclose the person's
health status to his/her wife/family members?
4) Your colleagues in the counseling centre discuss the problems of the clients
and make fun of their problems. When you ask them why they do so, they
say that the information does not go out of the group and that the clients will
never come to know of this. When you say that you will report this to your
superior they threaten to break up their relationship with you if you proceed.
Will you be willing to be ostracized by the group, to resolve a problem on
account of which nobody seems to be affected?
5) Your superior conducts a programme on heath in the community but misreports
them as educational programmes. When you ask why he/she does so, he/she
says that the bureaucratic system in the agency has lead to a wrong understanding
of the problem and the community needs heath awareness not education. Is
he/she right in manipulating the records?
6) An unwed woman comes to seek assistance from you to abort her foetus.
She says that she has no choice as the father of the unborn child has refused
to marry her. Her parents have arranged her marriage with someone else. But
if they come to know of this they will certainly cancel the marriage. The
pregnancy has reached a stage where it can not be legally aborted. The
woman has not informed her parents about her condition and does not intend
to do so. Will you help her to abort even though it is illegal? 51
Basics of 7) A policeman tortures a criminal saying that he/she is guilty and deserves the
Social Work
punishment. Do you think that the policeman is right in doing so?
8) Your client (opposite sex) proposes marriage to you. He/she says that you
both have the same social background and therefore should get married. She
points out that there are a number of instances where professional relationships
have become personal. For example, colleagues working in the same office
get married; doctors marry nurses and so on. Will you accept the proposal
if you feel that he/she fits the requirement of your life partner?
As you may have noticed most of the above cases deal with situations in which
all options available seem to be right from one or the other perspective. In real
life also most of the time social workers are often confronted with such situations.
An understanding of the ethical dimensions of decision-making thus becomes important.
We have instances reported in the press about misappropriation of funds, sexual
abuse of clients under their care and abuse and torture of children and so on.
These are clearly wrong in the eyes of law as well as according to the ethics of
the profession. Since these actions are clearly wrong we have not given examples
of such situations. We have chosen to focus on those actions, which are 'gray' or
ambiguous in nature.
4.3 ETHICS - AN INTRODUCTION

The word "Ethics" is derived from Greek - meaning "custom" which is the branch
of axiology, one of the four major branches of philosophy, which attempts to
understand the nature of morality; to distinguish that which is right from that which
is wrong. Ethics also called moral philosophy is concerned about what is right and
what is wrong. Ethics involves "making decisions of a moral nature about people
and their interaction in society" (Kitchener, 1986). Ethics is generally defined as
philosophical discipline that is concerned with human contact and moral decision
making (Van Hoose & Kottler, 1985). Ethics can be divided into two sections -
normative ethics and metaethics. Normative ethics deals with the principles we live
by. Metaethics has a larger concern and it deals with the nature and methodology
of moral judgments. In other words, it deals with the basis on which decisions
should be made. Should the ultimate consequences of the decision, for example
be promoting happiness or promoting perfectionism in society? Religious people
base their decisions on what they believe to be the will of God and on God's
word. As social workers we are interested in ethics so that our relationships with
clients, our colleagues, our superiors and our subordinates are within the framework
of social work values.
Social work rejects Social Darwinism and utilitarianism. Social Darwinism is a
modern name given to various theories of society that emerged in the United
Kingdom, North America, and Western Europe in the 1870s, which claim to apply
biological concepts of natural selection and survival of the fittest to sociology and
politics. Utilitarianism is a system of ethics according to which the rightness or
wrongness of an action should be judged by its consequences. The goal of utilitarian
ethics is to promote the greatest happiness for the greatest number. Social work
initially emerged in the Western countries including U. S. A. and was therefore
influenced by Judeo Christian values. As the profession began to spread to Gulf
and other parts of Asia, the religious traditions of these countries also influenced
52 the social work profession in these regions. Social workers are trying to incorporate
indigenous values into the profession so that the profession gets better recognition Social Work Ethics
and acceptance from the people. This process will be an extended one, as most in Indian Context
post-colonial societies are yet to recover, intellectually and academically, from the
colonial experience.
Scientific values and methods have also influenced the practice of social work. It
may seem strange that social work is influenced by two seemingly contrary values
of science and religion. Social work rejects those religious values that advocate
that an individual suffers due to other worldly reasons like God's anger or
predestination. It believes that every individual has the capacity to solve his/her
problems if he/she is provided with the necessary resources. Consequently, factors
that cause an individual's problem or a social problem are identified using scientific
methods namely observation, description, classification and explanation. Solutions
based on rationality are identified and formulated. The following values are the
basis of social work profession - social justice, the dignity and worth of the
individual, importance of human relationships, integrity and competence.
You must have noticed that professionals who deal with the human body, human
psyche and human relationships always have a code of conduct. Doctors have a
code of conduct which they have to follow while they are practicing. Doctors
pledge to prescribe only beneficial treatment, according to their abilities and judgment;
to refrain from causing harm or hurt; and to live an exemplary personal and
professional life. Lawyers have their own code, which they have to follow when
they are interacting with clients, pleading before a judge and questioning witnesses.
These codes have evolved over time during which these professions emerged in
society. As these professions emerged there were several instances of misuse of
these positions by unscrupulous individuals who harmed the professions. The codes
were formulated so that behaivour of these professionals are controlled and society's
trust in them is not lost.
Professions that have ethical codes generally have a body of fellow professionals
who are elected by the professional organization to oversee their implementation.
In advanced countries these bodies have wide ranging powers. These include the
power to censure the offending member; impose a fine on the member and even
revoke the member's license to practice. When one former American President
was found guilty of perjury the Bar Association of his/her home state revoked his/
her license to practice in the court and now he/she is not allowed to practice law
in that state. In India, the license of a doctor-actor was revoked by the Medical
Council after it was alleged that he/she had advertised a medicine which did not
meet the standards set by the Council. Of course in both these high profile cases
there existed a political angle to the problem which lead the respective associations
to take such drastic steps. But these examples do show that the ethical codes of
professions are a serious matter and that professional bodies are powerful organizations.
We shall now specifically take up the social work code of ethics.
4.4 NEED FOR THE ETHICAL BEHAVIOUR IN

SOCIAL WORK
Social work is a problem solving profession. The social worker comes across
varied and complex situations. Ethics help professionals to act morally in difficult
situations. The need for such behaviour in social work is important due to the
following reasons: 53
Basics of Social workers during their interaction with clients and their significant
Social Work
others have sensitive information: The purpose of the client to share information
is to enable the social worker to get better insight into the problem and then help
the client to solve the problem. But if the social worker reveals this sensitive
information inadvertently or purposely to others, he/she will be damaging the
client's cause and further complicate the problem. Strict observance of the principle
of confidentiality is necessary in this situation.
Social workers are often in situations where their decisions can cause
serious damage to the client: Social workers often deal with clients who are
facing serious problems. Their personalities are often disintegrated and they may
be vulnerable to emotional and physical abuse. Even otherwise there is a power
relation between the social worker and the client. The case worker has more
knowledge and is in greater control of his/her emotions than the client. This power
should not be used to the disadvantage of the client. In some cases the caseworker
may unconsciously commit an error which causes damage to the client. The chances
for such errors are minimized when the social worker has internalized the social
work ethics.
Social workers occupy positions of authority in governmental and non
governmental organizations: Any position of authority has an element of
accountability attached to it. Accountability means 'to give count of'. You have
been entrusted with certain goods and after use you have to account for what you
have used, for what purpose, how and to what effect. Social workers, unlike
others have an additional responsibility - they have to see that the human dignity
and human self is preserved.
Probably no other profession deals with these aspects as directly as social work.
A policeman has to only think whether his/her action would reduce the crime rate
and whether he/she is following the due process of law when he/she is acting. The
lawyer has to only think whether his/her client's interests will be served by his/her
actions. A priest has to only worry whether his/her actions will help fulfill the
individual's religious needs. But the social worker's decisions should express concern
for human dignity and human self.
Social workers are often in positions where they can allocate resources: In
most cases, allocating resources to one party means not allocating it to others who
are also needy. This is true of a country like India where scarcity exists almost
everywhere. In an adoption center, a social worker may be asked whether a
particular couple can be allowed to adopt a child. The social worker's opinion will
have a bearing on the lives of at least three individuals.
Social workers have to preserve professional autonomy: In a democratic
country the government is the ultimate authority and it plays an important role in
regulating other institutions. But some times this regulation becomes an intrusion
into the internal affairs of the professions which is not desirable. If the professionals
themselves regulate their affairs, government action becomes unnecessary and
their professional autonomy can be preserved.
54
1) List some reasons why social workers should have a code of ethics. Social Work Ethics
in Indian Context
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4.5 PURPOSE OF A CODE OF ETHICS

We have seen the importance of ethical behaivour in social work. Those countries,
in which social work has been fully accepted as a profession by the society, have
a code of ethics. A code is a systematic collection of regulations and rules of
procedure or conduct. Code of ethics in social work can thus be defined as a set
of rules and regulations that should govern the conduct of the social worker inhis/
her relationships withhis/her clients, fellow professionals, colleagues, the agency
and society in general.
According to the National Association of Social Workers, USA (NASW) Code
of Ethics serves six purposes:
1) The Code identifies core values on which social work's mission is based.
2) The Code summarizes broad ethical principles that reflect the profession's
core values and establishes a set of specific ethical standards that should be
used to guide social work practice.
3) The Code is designed to help social workers identify relevant considerations
when professional obligations, conflictual or ethical uncertainties arise.
4) The Code provides ethical standards to which the general public can hold the
social work profession accountable.
5) The Code socializes practitioners new to the field, to social work's mission,
values, ethical principles and ethical standards.
6) The Code articulates standards that the social work profession itself can use
to assess whether social workers have engaged in unethical conduct.
These codes have been formulated by experts in the profession and presented
before the general assembly of the social work association of that country. In the
general assembly, the issues are discussed word by word. Different points of view
are expressed and debated upon. After such wide ranging discussions and several
revisions, the final draft of the code is put to vote and accepted. The broad
participation of social workers and the democratic procedure followed by the
assembly ensures that the codes receive wide acceptance. It has a substantial
influence on the social worker's practice in these countries. If anyone is found
breaking the code, action is taken after a formal inquiry.
In India, however, there exists no association, which commands such authority
among the social workers. Some associations, which are basically regional based,
have developed a code of ethics of their own. However as these associations have
limited selected members and exclude a majority of the social workers of the 55
Basics of country, their influence on social work practice is limited. The government has also
Social Work
not recognized any body and has not entrusted anyone with the authority to
regulate social work. Efforts were made to formulate a Professional Social Workers'
Bill that is aimed at regulating the social work practice in the country. However
no results have been achieved.
Here we have tried to present a model of a code of ethics, which can be used
in social work practice in the Indian context. The social workers are encouraged
to adhere to these codes even during their training period. As one goes through
the code it will be noticed that ultimately it is the responsibility of the individual
who has to maintain these standards in his/her or her behaivour. External agencies
can only regulate the social worker's behaviour up to a certain extent. Therefore
it is necessary that we internalize these values and make them a part of our
personality.
4.6 A MODEL OF CODE OF ETHICS FOR INDIAN

SOCIAL WORKERS
(Since there is no code of ethics available in India, the following code of
ethics is based on the code of ethics of different associations of different
countries. In the discussion that follows, the code is developed by us and
keeps in mind the Indian conditions.)
The mission of the social work profession is rooted in a set of core values. These
core values, embraced by social workers throughout the profession's history, are
the foundation of social work's unique purpose and perspective. The core values
are:
 service
 social justice
 dignity and worth of the person
 importance of human relationships
 integrity
 competence
1) The Social Worker's Conduct and Behaviour as a Social Worker
The social worker should act in accordance with the highest standards of
personal conduct as a social worker: The social worker should maintain high
standards of personal conduct when he/she is dealing with others. High standards
of conduct would mean that the social worker should not engage in dishonest acts,
cheating and deceit. Usually a person's life is 'divided' into two - professional and
personal. The individual's professional life is supposed to be open to public whereas
in his/her personal life he/she has the freedom to do as he/she pleases without
breaking the law. But the social worker has great responsibility even in his/her
personal life. For example, it is unlikely that a social worker can be bigamous and
still maintain the community's respect as a guide or leader.
The social worker should strive to achieve a high level of competence and
proficiency in the practice of the profession: Pursuit of excellence is a desired
56
goal of every committed professional, no matter what the field is. Social workers Social Work Ethics
are not different from others in this aspect. A social worker should, in various in Indian Context
ways, updatehis/her knowledge about the areas related tohis/her practice.
The social worker should take only those cases which he/she can handle withhis/
her level of competence. The decision to take up the case should be made after
a thorough and impartial study of the facts and circumstances related to the case.
After taking up the case, if the social worker at any stage feels that the case is
beyondhis/her competence, he/she should make arrangements to transfer the case
to a more competent professional.
In some cases the social worker may himself/herself or herself undergo stressful
situations which may affecthis/her performance. The social worker should take
professional help and make alternative arrangements forhis/her clients. Even, otherwise
the social worker should ensure that his/her / her problems do not interfere withhis/
her behaivour with the client and consequently affect the client adversely. The
social worker should not misrepresenthis/her qualification, and experience in order
to get a job or a promotion. When generally recognized standards do not exist
with respect to an emerging area of practice, social workers should exercise
careful judgment and take responsible steps (including appropriate education, research,
training, consultation, and supervision) to ensure the competence of their work and
to protect clients from harm.
The social worker regards as primary the service obligation of the social
work profession: Social work as a profession legitimizes its existence by providing
effective service to the clients. The social worker is allowed to intervene in the
private life of the individual provided that he/she takes responsibility for the same.
Acceptance of the client regardless of his/her personal qualities is important in the
relationship. The professional should ensure that discriminatory and inhumane actions
are not allowed inhis/her practice and withinhis/her sphere of authority.
The social worker should act in accordance with the highest standards of
professional integrity and impartiality: The social worker should take care to
ensure that social work values and principles are applied in its practice. He/she
should be able to resist all harmful influences, the sources of which are within the
agency or outside the agency; from colleagues, subordinates or superiors; from
bureaucrats, politicians or anybody else who is in a position to do so.
The social worker engaged in study and research should be guided by the
conventions of scholarly inquiry: Research in social work is related to human
problems and people who are experiencing these problems are more often than
not, experiencing severe trauma. The researcher, while collecting information from
these sources should take into account the sensitivity of the problem, the impact
the process will make on the individual and the impact on the service delivery of
the agency on the whole. The researcher should not coerce anybody to participate
in the research process. Further care should be taken to ensure that no harm is
done to the respondents as a consequence of their participation in the research
work.
II) The Social Worker's Ethical Responsibility to Clients
The social worker's primary responsibility is towards the best interests of
the client: The social worker is expected to serve the client with full loyalty and
to the best ofhis/her abilities. The phrase 'best interest' is easy to say but difficult 57
Basics of to practice in real life situations. In the Indian situation many aspects related to the
Social Work
client's welfare may have to be compromised as the choices available are very
limited. Social welfare programmes and social welfare institutions have their limitations
and so does the bureaucracy who manages and implements these programmes.
Further, the severity of the social control mechanisms at different levels prevalent
in the society limits the scope for independent action by individuals. For example,
a woman who is facing harassment by her husband's family for more dowry is
most likely to be sent back to her parental home as there are hardly any options.
Her parents may not want to keep her in their house for the fear of humiliation
and apprehension about her future. In these cases, social workers also have to
accept the choices available and act accordingly. But the social worker can do
regular follow up visits to check the condition of the woman and prevent further
harassment. The social worker should not under any circumstances use the relationship
with the client for private benefit.
The social worker should collaborate and consult with fellow social workers and
professionals of other disciplines if it serves the interest of the client. In some
cases, when other professionals will not be as cooperative as one may want them
to be, the social worker should remember that he/she has to take a holistic view
of the client and also protecthis/her dignity. Hence he/she can set asidehis/her ego
in the interest of the client.
In the Indian situation, the social worker should see that the client is not discriminated
against on the basis of sex, caste, religion, language, ethnicity, marital status, or
sexual preference. The social worker's relationship with the client is a professional
one and therefore has specific objectives. It would be wrong on the part of the
social worker to interfere in those areas of the client's life which are not related
to the problem. For example, a social worker may be a moralist who believes that
homosexuality is a sin, but his/her / her client who has come to him/her/her for
HIV / AIDS counselling may be a homosexual. In such a situation, one should not
condemn the patient. It is always advisable to understand the client's problem from
his/her perspective.
Rights and Prerogatives of Clients: The social worker should make every
effort to foster maximum self-determination on the part of clients. Self determination
means giving the client the necessary opportunities, support, confidence and knowledge
to make decisions that will affecthis/her life. The social worker when confronted
with situations where the client cannot make decisions should keep in mind the
rights of the clients,his/her socio-cultural situation and other relevant facts that
affect the client while making decisions for the client.
Confidentiality and Privacy: The social worker should respect the privacy of
the client and hold in confidence all information obtained during the course of
professional service. Information regarding the client can be given to those individuals
who need to be informed with the knowledge and consent of the client. Information
kept in records should be carefully maintained and access to these records should
be restricted.
When information has to be shared with others, the social worker should tell the
client about it and seek his/her consent. The client's feelings and emotions regarding
this should be respected and action may be taken accordingly.
58
Fees: When setting fees, the social worker should ensure that they are fair, Social Work Ethics
reasonable, considerate, and commensurate with the service performed and with in Indian Context
due regard for the clients' ability to pay.
The social worker is not in the profession solely to make money. Social workers
should not make their endeavours, merely money making activities. Therefore the
social worker should charge fees that are fair and reasonable, taking into consideration
the time and expertise he/she has used in course of the service delivery.
It may be noted that unlike in the West, social work practice in India is yet to gain
professional status. There is no accrediting body or regulatory body. The common
man is not adequately educated or informed about the social work profession and
the benefits one can seek from them. As on date, social worker are only employed
and paid by agencies and private practice for monetary gain hardly exists.
III) The Social Worker's Ethical Responsibility to Colleagues
Respect, Fairness, and Courtesy: The social worker should treat colleagues
with respect, courtesy, fairness, and good faith. This is applicable to colleagues
who are social workers as well as those who belong to other professions.
Dealing with Colleagues' Clients: The social worker has the responsibility to
relate to the clients of colleagues with full professional consideration. In case of
the absence of the colleagues, the social worker should deal with the clients as he/
she deals withhis/her own. The social worker should not steal colleague's client,
influence them outside the formal channels or try to mar the reputation of the
colleague. A colleague’s client can be transferred only with the full knowledge and
consent of the colleague. However, a client is free to change his/her facilitator on
his/her own free will.
IV) The Social Worker's Ethical Responsibility to Employers and Employing
Organizations
Social worker as an employee: The social worker should adhere to rules and
regulations of the employing agencies. Most agencies have a hierarchy and will
assign the social worker a position in an agency. The social worker should try to
follow all the legitimate instructions of his/her superiors. The social worker's response
to unethical practices in the agency will have to be dealt according to the seriousness
of the offense, its adverse effect on the clients and on with society. In no circumstances
should the social worker be part of any wrong- doings done by the agency even
if he/she is employed by that agency.
V) The Social Worker's Ethical Responsibility to the Social Work Profession
Maintaining the Integrity of the Profession: The social worker should uphold
and advance the values, ethics, knowledge and mission of the profession. The
social worker should remember that he/she is part of a larger community of
professionals and his/her actions will positively or negatively affect the profession
and its professionals. The social worker should take to the appropriate agency any
instances of serious wrong-doing by members of the social work profession.
The social worker should not misrepresent his/her professional qualifications and
abilities. For example, a social worker should not claim that he/she is a medical
doctor even though that may increasehis/her credibility with the community and
make them more responsive tohis/her message.
59
Basics of The social worker should not misrepresent facts regarding the clients even when
Social Work
it seems to benefit them. The profession's credibility and the social worker's
credibility will be affected if the impression is given that facts are distorted for that
purpose.
The social worker should assist the profession in making social services
available to the general public: The social worker's involvement in providing
social services does not end withhis/her working hours. The social worker should
make availablehis/her time and expertise for efforts which seek improvement in
society.
The social worker should take responsibility for identifying, developing,
and fully utilizing knowledge for professional practice: The pursuit of new
knowledge and clarifying issues pertaining to existing knowledge is an important
aim in any profession. The social worker should participate in the continuous
process of updating knowledge and skills and keep himself/herself informed about
the latest developments in the discipline.
VI) The Social Worker's Ethical Responsibility to Society
Promoting the General Welfare: The social worker should promote the general
welfare of society. The social work should participate in all efforts which seek to
eradicate social problems of discrimination and exclusion, violation of human rights
and promotion of equality.
1) What should be the conduct of the social workers towards other professionals
working with him/her/her?
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................................................................................................................
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4.7 PROBLEMS FACED BY SOCIAL WORKERS IN

ETHICAL DECISION MAKING
Ethical decision-making is difficult in any society as it can result in adverse
consequences for the social worker. She/he/she may have to suffer losses because
her/ his/her decisions more often than not harm the interests of some individuals
or groups that intend to benefit from the situation.
Crisis of Values in Indian Society
Many social scientists have commented on the crises of values in Indian society.
Values of honesty, propriety, concern for others, accountability among government
60 officials and corporates, are seen as lacking in Indian society. According to some,
the crises are caused because we have forgotten our ancient values. For others, Social Work Ethics
crises of value have been caused because Indian society is still undergoing the in Indian Context
modernization process. Social workers have to live and work in such situations
and are naturally affected.
Voluntary Associations as a Money-making Venture
The availability of large funds from international and national donors as well as
local and government sources have lead to the setting up of numerous voluntary
agencies. Many of these agencies claim to work for the people but the real
purpose seems to be to make money. Corruption, misappropriation of funds, lack
of accountability and improper accounting procedures are some of the allegations
that are made against these agencies. In the process, the very purpose and ideals
of setting up VOs and NGOs get defeated.
Lack of Common Perspectives in Social Work Related Issues
In many ways, Indian society is in a state of transition. Certain issues related to
individual autonomy, collective orientation, individual rights and responsibilities are
difficult to resolve in any society. Indian society, caught between traditional and
modern forces, faces a number of problems related to such issues. Also different
groups are influenced by Westernization to varying degrees. All these cause problems
for social workers in interpersonal relationships.
Powerlessness of the Social Worker
The social worker, in many cases, intends to do the work with propriety but lacks
the power to do so. There are other institutions and authorities on which the social
worker has to depend on while facing difficult situations. Their methods of functioning
are very often found to be different from that of the social worker. Sometimes
there are problems of lack of accountability, the negligence of staff, vested interests
and even the presence of criminals in welfare institutions. The social worker has
no choice but to go along with these as he/she has no power to change the
situation. At best, he/she can achieve minimal changes. Anything beyond this involves
risk and not every one can afford to go to that extent.
Lack of Support from the Civil Society
In India the social work profession has not gained much recognition from the
government and the society at large. The misdeeds of a few social workers, many
of them not even professionals, (sadly, Indian society does not distinguish between
professional and voluntary social workers) have contributed to the loss of image
and the moral authority of social workers. People suspect social workers of
having ulterior motives when they take up social issues. All these have resulted in
lack of public support for the social worker and weakenedhis/her power to achieve
social change.
Lack of Professional Bodies and Professional Support
The existence of a professional body can give the much needed training and
support for social work professionals. Secondly, if any social worker is being
harassed for legitimately raising relevant issues the professional body can give him/
her/her support. This will enable social workers to take up public causes without
fear.
61
Basics of Lack of Importance Given to Studying and Discussing Professional Ethics
Social Work
While all social work educators consider social work ethics to be important, it is
given secondary importance in the curriculum. Students frequently consider it to
be idealistic, rather than something, which should be practiced in the field. In fact,
social work syllabuses of many universities in India do not have ethics as a
component for classroom teaching.
1) Mention two reasons which make ethical decision-making difficult in Indian
context.
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................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
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4.8 LET US SUM UP

In this unit we have discussed social work ethics, its importance in practice and
some of the problems associated with ethical decision-making in the Indian context.
Ethics deals with 'what ought to be'. It helps the social worker to simplify the
complex situations in which he/she will often find himself/herself. The social
worker has to meet the high standards the codes recommend. In the process it
is not only the social worker's personal credibility which is affected when a social
worker misbehaves, but the credibility of the whole profession.
There are many problems regarding ethical decision-making and we have discussed
some of them here. These problems show that the social worker should be extremely
careful while making decisions which affect powerful people. Unless social workers
get adequate recognition from society and the government, it would be difficult to
bring about any basic changes in society. Till this happens, the social work discipline
will remain a secondary profession in society.
As mentioned earlier, one necessary step in gaining social recognition, is the formation
of a professional social work association which has the sanction of the government
and which will have adequate authority to control the members' professional practice
and conduct. The association will have as its members only professionals who are
qualified social workers and the office bearers will be elected on the basis of
popular vote.
4.9 KEY WORDS

Utilitarianism : Utilitarianism says that what is morally right is
whatever produces the greatest overall pleasure
or happiness. Consequently, it can allow an
62
action, which results in the suffering of a few Social Work Ethics
people if the total effect on society is positive. in Indian Context
Other actions which utilitarian can support are
abortion and euthanasia if it results in happiness
for the individual concerned.
Civil society : Civil society has been defined differently by
different writers. Here it refers to all forms of
associations in the society that are outside the
government and which are voluntary in nature.
Civil society will include agencies like mass media
agencies, voluntary organizations, trade unions,
development agencies and professional
organizations.
Social Darwinism : Darwin gave the theory of the 'survival of the
fittest' which said that some members of a species
survived and others became extinct because the
former had some innate qualities which enabled
them to win over the weaker ones. Drawing a
analogy for human society, Social Darwinism
believes that the people who have the necessary
qualities will triumph over others and the losers
deserve to be eliminated, not physically but
socially.

British Association of Social Work, (2003), Code of Ethics.
Gensler, Harry J, (1988), Ethics. A Contemporary Introduction, Routledge,
London.
National Association of Social Work (USA), (2003), Code of Ethics, US.

1) Social workers deal with problem-solving in human relationships. In the process
the social worker gains information about the client which can be used to the
client's disadvantage. Secondly, clients are often found to be in an emotionally
weak state which a social worker can exploit for personal gains. These two
consequences should be avoided. Three, social workers have to maintain
their credibility in society.
1) The social worker should treat other professionals with courtesy, understanding
and respect. They must obey the legitimate orders of their superiors. With
fellow social workers, they must have a good working relationship. They
must always keep in mind the welfare of the client.
63
Basics of Check You Progress III
Social Work
1) Social workers in India do not have professional bodies which can support
them in difficult circumstances and secondly Indian society is undergoing a
crises of values as values are being questioned. This has affected every
section of the society including social workers.
64

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BSW-121

Professional Social Work

Expert Committee (Revised)

Course Preparation Team

Content Editor Language Editor Block Editor Programme Co-ordinator

Course Preparation Team (Revised)

Content Editor Block & Language Editor Programme & Course

1.2 NATURE OF SOCIAL WORK

1.3 SCOPE OF SOCIAL WORK

8 Social group work is a social work service in which a professionally qualified

1.4 FUNCTIONS OF SOCIAL WORK

1.5 GOAL OF SOCIAL WORK

1.6 PERSONAL ATTITUDE OF THE WORKER

1.7 SOCIAL WORK AND ETHICS

1.8 APPROACHES OF PROFESSIONAL SOCIAL

Goods and Religious System

Person in Environment Conceptualization

1.9 LET US SUM UP

1.11 SUGGESTED READINGS

1.12 ANSWERS TO CHECK YOUR PROGRESS

2.2 GENERIC VALUES OF SOCIAL WORK

* Dr. B.V. Jagadish, R.M. College of Social Work, Hyderabad. 17

2.3 GENERIC PRINCIPLES OF SOCIAL WORK

2.4 PROFESSION: A RESPONSE TO HUMAN

2.6 INTERVENTIONS IN THE BASIC UNITS OF THE

2.7 LET US SUM UP

2.9 SUGGESTED READINGS

2.10 ANSWERS TO CHECK YOUR PROGRESS

* Mr. Sanjay Bhattacharya, BSSS, Bhopal. 33

3.2 CONCEPTUAL CLARITY BETWEEN

3.3 AREAS OF INTERVENTIONS AND

3.6 LET US SUM UP

3.8 SUGGESTED READINGS

Bhattacharya, Sanjay (2003), Social Work: An Integrated Approach, Deep &

Chaudhary, D.P. (1981), Profile of Voluntary Action in Social Welfare Development,

Diwakar V.D. (Ed.) (1991), Social Reform Movements in India: A Historical

Eva, Schindlen& Lippit, Ronald (1977), The Volunteer Community, University

Frenda, M. (1985), Voluntary Association and Local Development, Young India

Kulkarni P.D. & M.C.Nanavatti (1998), NGOs in a Changing Scenario, Uppal

Mukherjee K.K. and Mukherjee Sutpa (1988), Voluntary Organizations: Some

Pathak, S.(1981), Social Welfare: An Evolutionary Development Perspective,

Ranade, S.N. (1974), Voluntary Action and Social Welfare in India,.Voluntary

Check Your Progress I

4.3 ETHICS - AN INTRODUCTION

4.4 NEED FOR THE ETHICAL BEHAVIOUR IN

4.5 PURPOSE OF A CODE OF ETHICS

4.6 A MODEL OF CODE OF ETHICS FOR INDIAN

4.7 PROBLEMS FACED BY SOCIAL WORKERS IN

4.8 LET US SUM UP

4.9 KEY WORDS

4.10 SUGGESTED READINGS

4.11 ANSWERS TO CHECK YOUR PROGRESS

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