Chinese Herbal Medicines 13 (2021) 243–249

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Chinese Herbal Medicines

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Original Article

Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic property of ethanolic

extract of Clitoria ternatea
K.P. Swathi a, Saravanan Jayaram b,⇑, Deepa Sugumar b, Emdormi Rymbai b
a
Department of Pharmacology, KMCH College of Pharmacy, Tamil Nadu Dr. M. G. R. Medical University, Coimbatore 641048, India
b
Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Ooty 643001, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Objective: Clitoria ternatea is a well-known bioactive plant used to treat several inflammatory ailments in
Received 16 March 2020 Ayurvedic system of medicine in India. The present investigation aimed to determine the anti-
Revised 5 May 2020 inflammatory and anti-arthritic activity of ethanolic extract of Clitoria ternatea roots (EECT) in animal
Accepted 25 May 2020
models.
Available online 1 December 2020
Methods: The anti-inflammatory activity of the EECT was evaluated by carrageenan and histamine-
induced paw edema.
Keywords:
Results: EECT showed a significant reduction in mean paw edema volume in both carrageenan and
antioxidants
Clitoria ternatea Linn.
histamine-induced inflammation. The efficacy of EECT in rheumatoid arthritis was tested against
inflammation Freund’s complete adjuvant (CFA) induced arthritic model in Wistar rats. The anti-arthritic effect of
rheumatoid arthritis EECT was determined by systematic scoring of arthritis symptoms and measuring paw edema. A consid-
erable decrease in paw diameter was observed in the EECT (200 and 400 mg/kg) and diclofenac (10 mg/
kg) treated groups after day 7. Diclofenac (10 mg/kg) and EECT (400 mg/kg) showed a significant reduc-
tion in paw diameter from day 14 compared with CFA control (P < 0.001). The anti-arthritic activity was
also confirmed from the altered biochemical, haematological (Hb, RBC and WBC) and anti-oxidant param-
eters (SOD, MDA, CAT, and GSH). EECT (400 and 200 mg/kg) also showed a marked inhibition of joint
destruction.
Conclusion: This study provides a pharmacological rationale for the traditional use of C. ternatea against
inflammation and rheumatoid arthritis in India.
Ó 2020 Tianjin Press of Chinese Herbal Medicines. Published by ELSEVIER B.V. This is an open access
article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

1. Introduction RA is unknown, the interaction of genetic and environmental fac-

tors is believed to trigger an autoimmune response in the body.
Inflammation is defined as the local response of living mam- The condition is most likely triggered by a combination of factors
malian tissues to injury due to any foreign agent, in order to elim- including genetics (Kochi, Suzuki, & Yamamoto, 2014), age, injury,
inate the spread of injurious agent, followed by removal of the environmental triggers which includes infections (Fortunato,
necropsied cells and tissue (Mohan, 2013). Rheumatoid arthritis 1996), smoking and hormones. Common symptom of RA includes,
(RA) is a chronic systemic inflammatory autoimmune disorder that joint pain and swelling, stiffness, fatigue, depression, anaemia, flu
principally attacks the joints producing a nonsuppurative prolifer- like symptoms, such as fever, sweating. Less common symptoms
ative inflammatory synovitis which often progress to destruction include weight loss, rheumatoid nodules and inflammation of
of articular cartilage and ankylosis of the joint. RA may also affect other parts of the body.
many tissues and organs like skin, heart, lung, blood vessels and Clitoria ternatea Linn. is a perennial, twining herb that belongs
muscles. Major pathological lesions are detected in the joints, ten- to the family Fabaceae. C. ternatea consists of bioactive compounds
dons and less often extra-articular lesions are encountered (Kumar, such as alkaloids, tannins, glycosides, resins, steroids, saponins, fla-
Abbas, Fausto, & Aster, 2005). About 1% of the world population is vonoids and phenols. The major phytoconstituents found are the
affected by RA, women are two to three times more often affected pentacyclic triterpenoids such as taraxerol and taraxerone. Phyto-
than men (Silman & Pearson, 2002.). Although the exact cause of chemical investigations of C. ternatea have revealed the presence of
flavonoid glycosides such as rutin, delphidin, kaempferol, querce-
⇑ Corresponding author. tin and malvidin. C. ternatea is being used in traditional medicine
E-mail address: [email protected] (S. Jayaram). for the treatment of severe bronchitis, asthma, indigestion, consti-

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chmed.2020.11.004
1674-6384/Ó 2020 Tianjin Press of Chinese Herbal Medicines. Published by ELSEVIER B.V.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
K.P. Swathi, S. Jayaram, D. Sugumar et al. Chinese Herbal Medicines 13 (2021) 243–249

pation, fever, arthritis, eye ailments, sore throat and skin diseases. 2.4. Pharmacological study
It is commonly used in the Ayurvedic medicine, as a memory
enhancer, anxiolytic, antidepressant, tranquilizing and sedative 2.4.1. Animals
agent. The root, stem and flower are recommended for the treat- Female Wistar rats of 6–8 weeks old and 160–180 g body
ment of snakebite and scorpion sting in India. The decoction or weight were offered by KMCH College of pharmacy, Coimbatore,
powder of root of C. ternatea is given in rheumatism, and ear- India. All rats were housed and maintained under standard condi-
diseases. Ranaweera et al. assessed the anti-rheumatoid arthritic tions of temperature (25 °C ± 5 °C), relative humidity (55 ± 10%),
potential of an aqueous root extract (ARE) of C. ternatea using a and 12/12 h light/dark cycle. Animals were fed with commercial
well-recognised in vitro bioassay model: inhibition of heat denatu- pellet diet and water ad libitum freely throughout the study. Proto-
ration of albumin protein, which is claimed to act as an index of cols for the study were approved by the Institutional Animal Ethi-
anti-arthritic activity and concluded for the first time, that C. ter- cal Committee (IAEC) for Animal Care (Proposal number: KMCRET/
natea has marked antirheumatoid arthritic properties in vitro M. Pharm/13/2015–16).
(Ranaweera, Pathirana, Ambalanduwa, Jayakody, & Ratnasooriya,
2014). However, no in vivo studies have been performed so far to 2.4.2. Carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats
further validate the anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic property Wistar albino rats, 150–250 g were divided into four groups
of C. ternatea. Therefore, this study was carried out to evaluate with six animals for each. The group II was treated with diclofenac
the anti-arthritic and anti-inflammatory property of C. ternatea. (20 mg/kg) i.p and group III and IV were treated with 200 and
400 mg/kg of EECT respectively and group I served as control.
Treatments were given 30 min before the administration of car-
2. Materials and methods rageenan. The rats were then challenged with subcutaneous injec-
tion of 0.1 mL of 1% solution of carrageenan into the sub plantar
2.1. Plant collection and authentication region of left paw. The paw volume was measured before (0 h)
and after carrageenan injection at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 h by plethys-
The roots of plant C. ternatea were collected from Thrissur dis- mometer (Vetal, Bodhankar, Mohan, & Thakurdesai, 2013;
trict of Kerala and authenticated from the Botanical survey of India Meshram, Kumar, Rizvi, Tripathi, & Khan, 2016).
(BSI), southern circle, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu. The authentication
certificate number is No. BSI/SRC/5/23/2015/Tech/2551.
2.4.3. Histamine-induced rat paw edema
One hour after the drug treatment, inflammation was induced
2.2. Extraction of plant materials by injection of 0.1 mL of freshly prepared histamine (1%) in normal
saline underneath the plantar tissue of the right hind paw of rats.
Dried and coarse powder of C. ternatea roots (800 g) was Paw volume, measured using a plethysmometer before histamine
extracted successively with ethanol in Soxhlet extractor. Extract administration and at 90 and 180 min after histamine injection
was concentrated to dryness in rotary evaporator under reduced (Sowemimo, Samuel, & Fageyinbo, 2013).
pressure to yield a dark brown mass of ethanol extract of C. ter-
natea roots (EECT) (Taur & Patil, 2010). The extract was subjected 2.4.4. Anti-arthritic activity of EECT
to phytochemical analysis and estimation of phenolic and flavo- Anti-arthritic activity of EECT was evaluated in arthritis rats
noid content. model induced by Complete Freund’s Adjuvant (CFA). Diclofenac
was used as standard drug. The drug was dissolved in 1% Na
CMC and administered orally at a dose of 10 mg/kg daily for 28
2.3. In vitro antioxidant studies
d. EECT was dissolved in distilled water and administered orally
to the rats at a dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg/d. Rats were divided
2.3.1. DPPH free radical scavenging assay
into five groups of six animals for each. Arthritis rat model was
The antioxidant activity of the extract was measured in terms of
established in all the groups except normal control. After induction
hydrogen donating or radical scavenging ability using the stable
of arthritis, the animals were treated as follows: Group-I was trea-
DPPH radical (Blois method). The solution of DPPH (0.3 mmol/L)
ted with solvent alone; Group-II was treated with Complete Fre-
in methanol was prepared and 1 mL of this solution was added
und’s Adjuvant (CFA) 0.1 mL on the left hind paw; Group-III was
to 1 mL of various concentrations of sample and the reference com-
treated with CFA + Diclofenac (10 mg/kg), p.o; Group-IV was trea-
pound, quercetin. The sample was shaken vigorously and left to
ted with CFA + EECT (200 mg/kg), p.o. Drug treatment was started
stand in the dark at room temperature for 30 min and then absor-
on day 1 and continued till 21st day. On day 21, the animals were
bance was measured at 517 nm. The percentage of inhibition was
anaesthetized and radiographs of the adjuvant injected hind paws
calculated by comparing the absorbance values of the control and
were taken using X-ray. The animals were then sacrificed and ter-
test samples (Alam, Bristi, & Rafiquzzaman, 2013). Percentage inhi-
minal blood collection was done at the end of the study.
bition (I %) = (Abs control Abs sample/Abs control)  100

2.4.5. Evaluation of anti-arthritic activity

2.3.2. ABTS free radical scavenging assay Paw thickness was measured by Digital Vernier on days 1, 3, 5,
ABTS radical scavenging activity of the extract was measured by 7, 14 and 21. The rats were assessed every three days for signs of
Rice-Evans method. ABTS solution was diluted with phosphate arthritis for 21 d post CFA, using scoring system developed to eval-
buffer saline pH 7.4 (PBS) to an absorbance of 0.70 ± 0.02 at uate the severity of AA. Paws were examined for severity and loci
734 nm and equilibrated at 30 °C. After addition of 1 mL of diluted of Erythema, swelling and indurations using a 5-point scale. 0 = no
ABTS solution to various concentrations of sample or reference signs of disease; 1 = signs involving the ankle/wrist; 2 = signs
compound, the reaction mixture was incubated for 6 min and then involving the ankle plus tarsal of the hind paw and/or wrist plus
absorbance was measured at 734 nm against a blank. The percent- carpals of the forepaw; 3 = signs extending to the metatarsals or
age inhibition was calculated according to the formula: metacarpals; 4 = severe disease involving the entire hind or fore
Percentage inhibition (I %) = (Abs control Abs sample /Abs paw. The maximum arthritic score per rat was set at 16 (4
control)  100. points  4 paws) (Zhang et al., 2009).
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K.P. Swathi, S. Jayaram, D. Sugumar et al. Chinese Herbal Medicines 13 (2021) 243–249

2.4.6. Estimation of catalase (CAT) was found to be 27.79 mg/g of extract calculated as quercetin
Hydrogen peroxide (4 mL) and phosphate buffer (5 mL) were equivalent.
added to 1 mL of tissue homogenate and mixed well. From this,
1 mL of solution was mixed with dichromate acetic acid reagent 3.2. In vitro antioxidant activity
and was allowed to incubate for 30 min at room temperature.
The absorbance was measured at 570 nm. The activity of catalase The IC50 value of EECT and quercetin was found to be 34.71 mg/
was expressed as lmol of H2O2 consumed /mg protein. mL and 6.040 mg/mL respectively. IC50 value of quercetin and EECT
was found to be 0.1794 mg/mL and 3.82 mg/mL respectively.
2.4.7. Estimation of superoxide dismutase (SOD)
The 5% of tissue homogenate was mixed with 75 mmol/L Tris- 3.3. Carrageenan-induced paw oedema in rats
HCL (pH 8.2), 30 mmol/L EDTA, and 2 mmol/L pyrogallol respec-
tively. Then, the absorbance was measured at 420 nm. The percent- A significant anti oedematous activity at both doses (200 and
age of inhibition was calculated depending on the ability of 400 mg/kg) of EECT was observed during the second phase of
enzyme to inhibit oxidation (Marklund & Marklund, 1974; Li, inflammation. The maximal percentage inhibition was observed
2012). at 3rd and 4th h (Table 1). The Potency of EECT was found similar
to that of diclofenac (20 mg/kg).
2.4.8. Estimation of reduced glutathione (GSH)
TCA solution (1 mL) was added to 1 mL of the homogenate and 3.4. Histamine-induced rat paw oedema method
centrifuged. The supernatant was collected and the precipitate
formed was removed. To 0.5 mL of supernatant 2 mL of DTNB The two doses of extract (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg) exerted a
was added, the volume was made up to 3 mL with phosphate buf- significant inhibition of 41.66% and 54.16% at 90 min and 69.76%
fer. The absorbance was read at 412 nm. The amount of glutathione and 81.39% at 180 min respectively in the histamine-induced rat
was expressed as lg/mg protein. paw edema model (Table 2).

2.4.9. Determination of lipid peroxidation (LPO) 3.5. Antiarthritic activity of EECT

The 2 mL of TBA-TCA-HCL reagent (ratio of 1:1:1) was added to
0.1 mL of the sample, mixed well and kept in a boiling water bath There was a significant increase in paw diameter of rats of all
for 15 min. The solution was cooled and supernatant was removed. the groups treated with CFA compared to normal group. A consid-
The absorbance was measured at 535 nm against reference blank. erable decrease in paw diameter was observed in the EECT (200
The level of lipid peroxidation was given as n moles of MDA and 400 mg/kg) and diclofenac (10 mg/kg) treated groups after
formed/mg protein (Ohkawa, Ohishi, & Yagi, 1979). day 7. Diclofenac (10 mg/kg) and EECT (400 mg/kg) showed a sig-
nificant (P < 0.001) reduction in paw diameter from day 14 com-
pared to CFA control (Table 3).
2.5. Radiological analysis

The rats were anesthetized on the 21st day and were subjected 3.6. Arthritic scoring
to radiographical analysis using X-ray instrument (FUJIFILM, FCR
PRIMA II). The instrument was operated at 75 kV peak, 50 mA The total arthritis score in inflamed paw increased significantly
and 2 s exposure time. Radiological changes were evaluated on from 9th day onward in the control as well as the treated groups.
the basis of a) joint space narrowing, b) joint space destruction, The Manifestations peaked between days 15 and 17 and maximal
and c) degree of bone erosion. scores were recorded on these days. Animals treated with standard
drug (diclofenac 10 mg/kg) and EECT at a dose 400 mg/kg showed a
significant decrease in arthritic score from 15th day onward till the
2.6. Histological analysis
end of the study (Table 4).

The sections were stained with haematoxylin and eosin and

3.7. In vivo antioxidant study
evaluated under light microscope for the presence of hyperplasia
of synovium, pannus formation, inflammatory cell infiltration,
A significant (P < 0.001) depletion in the GSH, SOD and catalase
and bone necrosis (Mehta, Sethiya, Mehta, & Shah, 2012).
(P < 0.001) and a significant (P < 0.001) elevation of LPO were
observed in the edematous tissues of arthritic rats. With the treat-
2.7. Statistical analysis ment of EECT (200 and 400 mg/kg), diclofenac sodium (10 mg/kg)
significantly (P < 0.01, P < 0.05) restored the levels of GSH, SOD and
Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by catalase (Table 5).
Dunnetts’s/Tukey’s multiple comparison test using Graphpad 5.0
software. The values were expressed as Mean ± SEM. P < 0.05
3.8. Histopathology of joints
was considered to be statistically significant.
Histopathological studies of the joint of CFA treated animals
3. Results showed a significant disruption of synovial lining, dense infiltra-
tion of lymphocytes and plasma cells in subsynovial stroma. It also
3.1. Extractive yield showed a higher degree of bone necrosis compared to the vehicle
control group. Diclofenac (10 mg/kg) and EECT (400 mg/kg) treated
The percentage yield of the extract was found to be 7.95%. The group showed normal synovial lining, subsynovial stroma and no
preliminary phytochemical analysis of the extract revealed the evidence of inflammatory cells and bone necrosis. Joints of rats
presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids and phenolics. The treated with low dose of EECT (200 mg/kg) showed moderate infil-
total phenolic content in EECT was found to be 137 mg gallic acid tration of lymphocytes, plasma cells, eosinophils in subsynovial
equivalent per gram of extract. The total flavonoid content in EECT stroma, pannus formation with mild hyperplasia compared to the
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K.P. Swathi, S. Jayaram, D. Sugumar et al. Chinese Herbal Medicines 13 (2021) 243–249

Table 1
Effect of EECT on carrageenan-induced paw oedema in rats (mean ± SEM, n = 6).

Treatments Mean edema volume (mL) and inhibition (%)

1h 2h 3h 4h 5h
Carrageenan 0.15 ± 0.003 0.17 ± 0.007 0.42 ± 0.02 0.46 ± 0.01 0.17 ± 0.013
Diclofenac (20 mg/kg) 0.11 ± 0.007** 0.09 ± 0.003*** 0.09 ± 0.02*** 0.03 ± 0.008*** 0.01 ± 0.002***
(26.66%) (47.05%) (77.57%) (93.47%) (94.11%)
EECT (200 mg/kg) 0.14 ± 0.009 ns 0.12 ± 0.003*** 0.10 ± 0.009*** 0.06 ± 0.009*** 0.03 ± 0.009***
(6.66%) (29.41%) (76.19%) (86.95%) (82.35%)
EECT (400 mg/kg) 0.12 ± 0.010 ns 0.10 ± 0.009*** 0.09 ± 0.0*** 0.05 ± 0.009*** 0.02 ± 0.004***
(20%) (41.17%) (77.57%) (89.13%) (88.23%)

Statistical analysis was done by one-way analysis of variation (ANOVA) followed by Dunnett’s test. ***P < 0.001, **P < 0.01, *P < 0.05 and ns- non significant. Standard and test
were compared with carrageenan group.

Table 2 the reports that C. ternatea possesses antioxidant activity and

Effect of EECT on histamine-induced rat paw oedema in rats (mean ± SEM, n = 6). anti-inflammatory activity (Mukherjee, Kumar, Kumar, &
Groups Treatments and doses Mean edema volume (mL) and Heinrich, 2008; Devi, Boominathan, & Mandal, 2003). Rheumatoid
inhibition (%) arthritis is a chronic inflammatory, autoimmune disease character-
90 min 180 min ized by swelling, pain and injuries of cartilage, synovial membrane,
I Histamine 1% (0.1 mL) 0.24 ± 0.018 0.43 ± 0.018
tendons, muscles and bone. Complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) is a
II Diclofenac (20 mg/kg) 0.07 ± 0.009*** 0.05 ± 0.009*** commonly and widely used model to induce a rheumatoid
(70.83%) (88.37%) arthritis-like inflammation in rats (Bihani, Rojatkar, & Bodhankar,
III EECT (200 mg/kg) 0.14 ± 0.003** 0.13 ± 0.003*** 2014; Choudhary, Kumar, Gupta, & Singh, 2014). Freund’s com-
(41.66%) (69.76%)
plete adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis in rats has been employed
IV EECT (400 mg/kg) 0.11 ± 0.018*** 0.08 ± 0.012***
(54.16%) (81.39%) widely as a model for chronic systemic inflammation and pos-
sesses many features in common with human rheumatoid arthri-
Statistical analysis was done by one-way analysis of variation (ANOVA) followed by
tis. CFA consists of inactivated and dried mycobacterium, which
Dunnett’s test. ***P < 0.001, **P < 0.01, *P < 0.05 and ns- non significant. Standard and
test were compared with histamine group. effectively stimulates cell mediated immunity and ultimately leads
the immunoglobulin production. During the developmental course
arthritic control. The EECT suppressed joint inflammation in a of AA (Adjuvant Arthritis), there is initially an acute periarticular
dose-dependent manner (Fig. 1). inflammation characterized by synovial mononuclear cell infiltra-
tion after 3–5 d. This is followed by chronic arthritis (secondary
lesion) involving inflammation in non-injected sites (collateral
3.9. Radiological analysis
paw, ear, nose and tail), synovial hyperplasia and destruction of
periarticular bone and cartilage. Secondary lesions start after
The radiological analysis of all the groups were taken and the
12–14 d of induction. An increase in reactive oxygen species
drug treated groups were compared with arthritic control. Radio-
(ROS) and Reactive nitrogen species (RNS) is observed in many
graphs were analyzed for joint space narrowing, joint space
pathological conditions including arthritis. The production of ROS
destruction and bone erosion. Increased bone erosion and joint
and RNS is also believed to be caused as a result of interaction
space reduction, and joint deformation were observed in the
between cellular immune system and body’s endogenous and /or
arthritic control group. The radiological results showed a signifi-
exogenous antigens that results in the activation of inflammatory
cant joint space reduction (inter tarsal joints) which clearly indi-
signalling pathway like NK-jB and release of pro-inflammatory
cates the cartilage degeneration, bone erosion and soft tissue
cytokines and chemokines. Free radical induced oxidative stress
swelling and joint deformation in the arthritic control group while
is the major cause of rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory
the standard and extract treated groups showed no visible sign of
disorders. Plants are potential source of antioxidant compounds
joint deformation (Fig. 2). Thus, EECT (400 and 200 mg/kg) and
like phenolic acids, poly phenols and flavonoids that scavenge free
diclofenac (10 mg/kg) showed a marked inhibition of joint
radicals such as peroxide, hydrogen peroxide of lipid hydroxyl and
destruction.
thus inhibit the oxidative damage that lead to the risk of various
degenerative diseases associated with oxidative stress. Therefore,
4. Discussion in the present study, the potential of the EECT to serve as an
antioxidant was assayed.
The present study was carried out to evaluate the anti- To confirm the antioxidant property C. ternatea, phenolic and
inflammatory and anti-arthritic activity of C. ternatea based on flavonoid content of ethanolic extract of C. ternatea was evaluated.

Table 3
Effect of EECT on CFA induced arthritis paw diameter (mean ± SEM, n = 6).

Groups Increase in paw diameter / mm

Day 3 Day 5 Day 7 Day 14 Day 21
Normal 0.07 ± 0.009 0.093 ± 0.4 0.09 ± 0.0 0.12 ± 0.0 0.13 ± 0.0
Arthritic control 2.48 ± 0.208*** 4.09 ± 0.3*** 4.9 ± 0.4*** 5.6 ± 0.2*** 6.63 ± 0.4***
CFA + Diclofenac (10 mg/kg) 2.03 ± 0.2 ns 3.10 ± 0.2 ns 3.53 ± 0.5 ns 2.86 ± 0.3*** 2.91 ± 0.0***
CFA + EECT (200 mg/kg) 2.2 ± 0.3 ns 3.800 ± 0.3 ns 4.03 ± 0.6 ns 3.8 ± 0.3* 4.60 ± 0.4***
CFA + EECT (400 mg/kg) 2.43 ± 0.3 ns 3.60 ± 0.4 ns 3.93 ± 0.5 ns 3.16 ± 0.4*** 3.30 ± 0.2***

Statistical analysis was done by one-way analysis of variation (ANOVA) followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison test. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 and ns- non significant.
Arthritic control was compared with normal and the treated groups were compared with arthritic control.

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K.P. Swathi, S. Jayaram, D. Sugumar et al. Chinese Herbal Medicines 13 (2021) 243–249

Table 4
Effect of EECT on arthritic score (mean ± SEM, n = 6).

Groups Arthritic scores

Day 3 Day 5 Day 7 Day 9 Day 11 Day 13 Day 15 Day 17 Day 19 Day 21
Control 1.66 ± 0.210 2.33 ± 0.2 3.16 ± 0.6 4.83 ± 0.9 5 ± 0.6 5 ± 0.6 5.17 ± 0.9 5.66 ± 0.8 6 ± 0.894 6 ± 0.8
CFA + Diclofenac 0.93 ± 0.166** 1 ± 0.00** 1.33 ± 0.3* 2.13 ± 0.2* 2.13 ± 0.2* 2.33 ± 0.2* 3.66 ± 0.2 ns
3.16 ± 0.6 ns
3.16 ± 0.6* 3 ± 0.0**
(10 mg/kg)
ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns
CFA + EECT 1.66 ± 0.210 1.83 ± 0.1 2.6 ± 0.5 3.16 ± 0.6 4.5 ± 1.0 4.66 ± 1.0 5.15 ± 0.9 5 ± 1.6 4.83 ± 0.9 5 ± 1.0
(200 mg/kg)
ns
CFA + EECT 1 ± 0.0* 1.16 ± 0.3* 1.5 ± 0.3 2 ± 0.3** 2.13 ± 0.3* 2.6 ± 0.5 ns
3.5 ± 0.2 ns
4.5 ± 1.0 ns
4.3 ± 0.3 ns
3.5 ± 0.2*
(400 mg/kg)

Statistical analysis was done by one-way analysis of variation (ANOVA) followed by Dunnett’s test. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 and ns- non significant. Standard and test
were compared with control.

Table 5
Effect of EECT on enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant levels in rat paw tissue (mean ± SEM, n = 6).

Groups Antioxidant enzymes

SOD (Unit/mg protein) CAT (lmol of H2O2 consumed/ mg protein) GSH (Glutathione lg/mg) LPO (nmol of MDA/mg protein)
Normal 2.1 ± 0.3044 19.57 ± 1.130 12.98 ± 0.722 9 ± 0.577
Arthritic control 0.89 ± 0.082*** 13.55 ± 0.977*** 7.70 ± 0.570*** 18.8 ± 0.621***
CFA + Diclofenac 1.79 ± 0.178** 18.10 ± 0.822** 12.17 ± 0.703*** 10.17 ± 0.703***
CFA + EECT 200 mg/kg 1.26 ± 0.111 ns 17.17 ± 0.600* 10.73 ± 0.714* 14.33 ± 0.988**
CFA + EECT 400 mg/kg 1.61 ± 0.054* 17.9 ± 0.616** 11.77 ± 0.744** 12.83 ± 0.945***

Statistical analysis was done by one-way analysis of variation (ANOVA) followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison test. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 and ns- non significant.
Arthritic control was compared with normal and the treated groups were compared with arthritic control.

Fig. 1. Histopathology of Joints. Normal control group shows normal synovial lining and no signs of inflammation. The arthritic control shows a significant disruption of
synovial lining, bone necrosis, dense infiltration of lymphocytes and plasma cells in subsynovial stroma. The synovial lining is normal with no signs of inflammation and bone
necrosis in the group treated with diclofenac. A moderate degree of inflammation and infiltration of lymphocytes were observed in the group treated with EECT 200 mg/kg. A
normal synovial lining, subsynovial stroma and no evidence of inflammatory cells and bone necrosis was observed in the group treated with EECT 400 mg/kg.

The results indicated the presence of flavonoids and polyphenols in The anti-inflammatory activity of the EECT was evaluated by
ethanolic extract of C. ternatea. The antioxidant potential of two experimental models, i.e., carrageenan-induced paw edema
ethanolic extract of C. ternatea was further confirmed by DPPH and histamine-induced paw edema. Carrageenan-induced paw
and ABTS assay. In addition, in vivo antioxidant studies were also edema model was used to screen the anti-inflammatory activity
carried out to detect the levels of SOD, CAT and GSH. The treatment of a drug in the acute phase of inflammation. Sub plantar injection
with ethanolic extract of C. ternatea restored the levels of these of carrageenan into the rat paw produces plasma extravasation and
antioxidants confirming its antioxidant property. Phenols and fla- the inflammation characterized by increased tissue water and
vonoids are phytoconstituents present in medicinal plants and plasma protein exudation with neutrophil extravasation and meta-
these compounds have been reported in a plethora of studies to bolism of arachidonic acid by both cyclooxygenase and lipoxyge-
attenuate inflammation. The above results suggest that the anti- nase enzyme pathways. Edema induced by carrageenan is a
inflammatory activity of the EECT extract could be due to the pres- biphasic event. The first phase (1 h) involves the release of sero-
ence of phenols and flavonoids which in turn contributes to its tonin and histamine and the second phase (>1h) is mediated by
antioxidant property. prostaglandins. The mean edema volume and percentage inhibi-

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Fig. 2. Radiological analysis of joints. Normal group (A), control group (B), diclofenac (10 mg/kg) group (C), test (200 mg/kg) group (D), test (400 mg/kg) group (E). An increase
in bone erosion and joint space reduction and deformation of joints was observed in the control group. The groups treated with diclofenac, 200 and 400 mg/kg of test
substance showed a marked inhibition of bone erosion and deformation of joints.

tion was calculated for 5 h. A significant anti edematous activity of which is often measured by analysis of tissue MDA. The large
both doses (200 and 400 mg/kg) of EECT was observed during the amount of MDA in arthritic control group is consistent with the
second phase of inflammation, indicating the inhibition of prosta- occurrence of damage mediated by free radicals (Patil, Kandhare,
glandin release. The maximal percentage inhibition was observed & Bhise, 2012). A significant (P < 0.001) depletion in the GSH,
at 3rd and 4th hours. The Potency of EECT was found similar to that SOD and catalase (P < 0.001) and a significant (P < 0.001) elevation
of diclofenac (20 mg/kg). of LPO were observed in the edematous tissues of arthritic rats.
The two doses of extract (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg) exerted a With the treatment of EECT (200 and 400 mg/kg), diclofenac
significant inhibition of 41.66% and 54.16% at 90 min and 69.76% sodium (10 mg/kg) restored significantly (P < 0.01, P < 0.05) the
and 81.39% at 180 min respectively in the histamine-induced rat depletion of GSH, SOD and catalase, probably by competing for
paw edema model. It was observed that the plant extract was cap- scavenging of free radicals and prevented the elevation of LPO
able of inhibiting oedema induced by histamine and the effective- levels in edematous tissues. It was also observed that the total pro-
ness for suppression of edema might be due to the ability of extract tein level was significantly lower in the control group and the level
to inhibit the synthesis, release or action of histamine involved in was found markedly improved in standard and extract treated
the inflammation. groups.
The anti-arthritic effect of EECT was determined by systemati- Histopathological studies of the joint of CFA treated animals
cally scoring arthritis symptoms and by measuring paw edema. showed a significant disruption of synovial lining, dense infiltra-
There was a significant increase in paw diameter of rats of all tion of lymphocytes and plasma cells in subsynovial stroma. It also
the groups treated with CFA compared to normal group. A consid- showed a higher degree of bone necrosis compared to the vehicle
erable decrease in paw diameter was observed in the EECT (200 control group. Diclofenac (10 mg/kg) and EECT (400 mg/kg) treated
and 400 mg/kg) and diclofenac (10 mg/kg) treated groups after group showed normal synovial lining, subsynovial stroma and no
day 7 (Bhalekar, Upadhaya, & Madgulkar, 2016). Diclofenac evidence of inflammatory cells and bone necrosis. Joints of rats
(10 mg/kg) and EECT (400 mg/kg) showed significant (P < 0.001) treated with low dose of EECT (200 mg/kg) showed moderate infil-
reduction in paw diameter from day 14 compared to CFA control. tration of lymphocytes, plasma cells, eosinophils in subsynovial
The rats were assessed every 3 d for signs of arthritis for 21 d stroma, pannus formation with mild hyperplasia compared to the
post CFA, using a five points scale scoring system, developed to arthritic control. The EECT suppressed joint inflammation in a
evaluate the severity of arthritis. The total arthritis score in dose-dependent manner.
inflamed paw was increased significantly from 9th day onward The radiological results showed significant joint space reduc-
in the control as well as the treated groups. The manifestations tion (inter tarsal joints) which clearly indicates the cartilage degen-
peaked between days 15 and 17 and maximal scores recorded on eration, bone erosion and soft tissue swelling and joint
these days. Animals treated with standard drug (diclofenac deformation in the arthritic control group while the standard and
10 mg/kg) and EECT at a dose of 400 mg/kg showed a significant extract treated groups showed no visible sign of joint deformation.
decrease in arthritic score from 15th day onward till the end of Thus, EECT (400 and 200 mg/kg) and diclofenac (10 mg/kg) showed
the study, i.e. day 21 as compared to control animals. a marked inhibition of joint destruction (histopathological and
The production of oxygen free radicals that occurs with the radiological analysis).
development of arthritis leads to decreased GSH and SOD levels From this study, CT may be considered as a potent anti-
as a consequence of their consumption during oxidative stress inflammatory herb for the treatment of Rheumatoid arthritis, from
and cellular lysis, which is evident by decreased levels of GSH its significant inhibitory effect on the release of inflammatory
and SOD in arthritic control group. Lipid peroxidation is a critical mediators (histamine and prostaglandins) and antioxidant
mechanism of the injury that occurs during rheumatoid arthritis, property.

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K.P. Swathi, S. Jayaram, D. Sugumar et al. Chinese Herbal Medicines 13 (2021) 243–249

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Mukherjee, P. K., Kumar, V., Kumar, N. S., & Heinrich, M. (2008). The Ayurvedic
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