ASSIGNMENT

ON
UNITED NATION CONFERENCE ON
TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT,
EUROPEAN UNOIN,
BREXIT

SUBMITTED TO: -DR. AVINASH BAJPAI

SUBMITTED BY: - Khushi khosla

COURSE: - B.DES 2019 BATCH
ROLL NO: -19104014

 UNITED NATION CONFERENCE ON

TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT

The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)

was established in 1964 as an intergovernmental organization intended to
promote the interests of developing states in world trade. UNCTAD is the
part of the United Nations Secretariat dealing with trade, investment, and
development issues. The organization's goals are to: "maximize the trade,
investment and development opportunities of developing countries and
assist them in their efforts to integrate into the world economy on an
equitable basis". UNCTAD was established by the United Nations General
Assembly in 1964 and it reports to the UN General Assembly and United
Nations Economic and Social Council.

Members Of UNCTAD: -

As of May 2018, 195 states are UNCTAD members all UNCTAD members
are divided into four lists, the division being based on United Nations
Regional Groups with six members unassigned: Armenia, Kiribati, Nauru,
South Sudan, Tajikistan, Tuvalu. List A consists mostly of countries in the
African and Asia-Paci c Groups of the UN. List B consists of countries of
the Western European and Others Group. List C consists of countries of the
Group of Latin American and Caribbean States (GRULAC). List D consists
of countries of the Eastern European Group.
List A (99 members): Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Bahrain, Bangladesh,
Benin, Bhutan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brunei Darussalam,
Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African
Republic, Chad, China, Comoros, Côte d'Ivoire, Republic of Congo,
Democratic Republic of Congo, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea,
Eritrea, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-
Bissau, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, Laos,
Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia,
Maldives, Mali, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius,
Micronesia, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Myanmar,
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Namibia, Nepal, Niger, Nigeria, North Korea, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine,

Palau, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Qatar, Rwanda, Samoa, Sao Tome
and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore,
Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Syria, Thailand,
Timor-Leste, Togo, Tonga, Tunisia, Turkmenistan, Uganda, United Arab
Emirates, Tanzania, Vanuatu, Viet Nam, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe.

List B (32 members): Andorra, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Cyprus,

Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Holy See, Iceland, Ireland,
Italy, Japan, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, Netherlands,
New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, San Marino, South Korea, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States.

List C (33 members): Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Bahamas, Barbados,

Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica,
Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana,
Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru,
Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines,
Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Venezuela.

List D (24 members): Albania, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bulgaria, Croatia,

Czech Republic, Estonia, Georgia, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan,
Latvia, Lithuania, Montenegro, Poland, Moldova, Romania, Russia, Serbia,
Slovakia, Slovenia, Macedonia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan.

Objectives: -
(a) to reduce and eventually eliminate the trade gap between the
developed and developing Countries.
(b) to accelerate the rate of economic growth of the developing world.

Achievements: -

 l Tariff reclassi cation

l Integrated programme on commodities
l Reducing debt burden
l Commodity development facility

Integrated Programme on Commodities:

Wide uctuations in the prices of primary products being exported by
developing countries cause hardship to them. Foreign exchange earnings
from the export of primary products become uncertain. To stabilize the
prices of primary products, UNCTAD suggested creation of buffer stock. A
common fund to stabilize the prices of primary products was created
under a programme called integrated programme on commodities. The
initial contribution to the fund is 750 million dollars.

Reducing debt burden:

UNCTAD reduced the debt burden of developing countries. Large amount
of loans are obtained by underdeveloped countries from bilateral and
multilateral sources. As a result, the debt servicing burden (repayment of
loan instalments and interest thereon) increased for the underdeveloped
countries. The debt servicing burden accounted for a considerable
of foreign exchange earnings. In some cases, the whole amount of
earnings earned from exports had to be spent on debt servicing. UNCTAD
persuaded the creditors in the developed countries to write-off a part of
the debts accumulated. Some of the developed countries agreed to the
proposal and reduced the debt burden of underdeveloped countries.

Commodity development facility:

Commodity development facility is popularly is known as second window
of the integrated programme on commodities. UNCTAD conference held
in May 1979 at Manila strengthened this scheme. Several developing
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countries contributed to the creation of commodity development facility.

The developing countries bene ted very much in terms of processing,
marketing skills, product adaptation and infrastructure facilities.

EUROPEAN UNOIN

The European Union (EU) is a political and economic union of 27 member

states that are located primarily in Europe.[8] The union has a total area of
4,233,255.3 km2 (1,634,469.0 sq mi) and an estimated total population of
about 447 million. An internal single market has been established through
a standardised system of laws that apply in all member states in those
matters, and only those matters, where the states have agreed to act as
one. EU policies aim to ensure the free movement of people, goods,
services and capital within the internal market;[9] enact legislation in
justice and home affairs; and maintain common policies on trade,[10]
agriculture,[11] sheries and regional development.

OBJECTIVES
• To promote peace and the well-being of EU citizens
• To offer EU citizens freedom, security and justice, without internal
borders, while also controlling external borders
• To work towards the sustainable development of Europe, promoting
equality and social justice

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 • To establish an economic union, with the euro as its currency

• To contribute to the sustainable development, peace and security of
the Earth

ACHIEVEMENT OF EU

• a continent at peace
• freedom for its citizens to live, study or work anywhere in the EU
• the world’s biggest single market
• aid and development assistance for millions of people worldwide

MEMBERS OF EU

Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Republic of Cyprus, Czech Republic,

Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland,
Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain and Sweden.

 BREXIT

The term Brexit, coined by former lawyer Peter Wilding, is a blend of two
words - "Britain" and "exit". He wrote about "Brexit" in May 2012. As the
name suggests, the United Kingdom’s divorce Businesses with continental
European suppliers or customers will be impacted, while trade with non-
EU countries will be affected by losing access to the EU 's current free
trade arrangements and any customs blockages. the European Union is
known as Brexit.

MEMBERS OF BREXIT
England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.

OBJECTIVE OF BREXIT
• Provide certainty about the process of leaving the EU – the nal deal
agreed to by the UK and the EU will be put to a vote in both Houses
of Parliament. 
• Control our own laws.  Leaving the EU will mean that laws
governing Britain will be made in Westminster, Edinburgh, Cardiff,
and Belfast.  Britain will bring to an end the jurisdiction of the
European Court of Justice.
• Strengthen the Union between the four nations of the United
Kingdom.  The British government will work to ensure that as powers
are repatriated back to Britain – the right powers are passed to the
devolved administrations.
• Maintain the Common Travel Area with the Republic of Ireland
while protecting the integrity of the U.K.’s immigration system.
• Control of immigration coming from the EU.  Britain would seek to
attract the best talent from the EU and elsewhere, but impose tight
controls overall.  Staying in the EU single market would be
incompatible with migration control (free movement of labor is a
pillar of EU policy).
• Protecting the rights of EU nationals currently in Britain, and British
nationals in the EU.
• Protect worker’s rights.  A large proportion of worker’s rights in the
UK come from European Law.

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 • Free trade with European markets through a new, comprehensive

free-trade agreement based on the one recently agreed between
Canada and the EU: May wants to leave the single market and the
customs union (although strike a separate deal as an associate
agreement with the customs union).

ACHIEVEMENTS OF BREXIT
• Ended free movement and taken back control of our borders. In its
place we have introduced a points -based immigration system,
focused on skilled workers and the best global talent, with skills and
salary thresholds and an English - language requirement. The UK has
welcomed thousands of workers with the skills the country needs to
support our domestic labour market as we build back better from the
Covid pandemic, from doctors and scientists to butchers and
bricklayers.
• Restored the UK Supreme Court as the nal arbiter of the law that
applies in the UK. UK judges, sitting in UK courts, now determine
the law of the land in the UK, with judgments issued in English, not
French, and accessible to those who speak Welsh.
• Restored democratic control over our law-making. We gave the
power to make and scrutinise the laws that apply to us back to our
Parliament and the devolved Parliaments so that they are now made
in Belfast, Cardiff, Edinburgh and London, not Brussels.

• Made it tougher for EU criminals to enter the UK. EU nationals

sentenced to a year or more in jail will now be refused entry to the
UK. Under EU free movement we had to allow some foreign
criminals into the country who would otherwise have been stopped
and turned away. We have now brought the rule s for EU criminals
who are not protected by the Withdrawal Agreement in line with
other foreign criminals.
• Ended the acceptance of ID cards for most EU nationals travelling to
the UK. Some ID cards are among the least secure documents seen
at the border are, as a rule, not as secure as corresponding national

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 passports. We have already seen a dramatic drop in encounters of

fraudulent ID cards at the border.
• Taken back control of our waters. The deal we struck with the EU
and our new Fisheries Act allow us to chart a course once again as
an independent coastal 6 The Bene ts of Brexit: How the UK is
taking advantage of leaving the EU state, bringing more quota for
British shermen and new opportunities for our coastal communities
from Lerwick and Peterhead at the north-eastern end of Scotland to
Brixham and Newlyn at the south-western tip of England.
• Restored fair access to our welfare system. We ended the preferential
treatment of EU migrants over non-EU migrants, ensuring that
wherever people are born, those who choose to make the UK their
home pay into the system for a reasonable period of time before they
can access the bene ts of it.
• Committed £180 million to modernise and streamline our import
and export controls by creating the Single Trade Window. This will
support our ambition to make the UK the most effective border in
the world by 2025 and reduce the cost of trade by streamlining
trader interactions with the UK’s border agencies.
• Set our own tariff regime via the UK Global Tariff. Our new UK
Global Tariff is more tailored to the needs of the UK economy and
denominated in pounds, not euros. We streamlined and simpli ed
nearly 6,000 tariff lines, lowering costs for businesses by reducing
administrative burdens, scrapped thousands of unnecessary tariff
variations on products and expanded tariff -free trade by eliminating
tariffs on a wide range of products.
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