MQA

Technical report Assignment

Shafan Zulfiqar
2017-ME-95
Section B

Mr Muhammad Waqas Rafique

Department of Mechanical Engineering

UET Lahore
Abstract:
Within this article, we will address the hardness of the material and the various machines &
equipment used to calculate hardness of the material. It is critical because it guarantees a
product's quality. Strong production ensures good manufacturing. We will also perform an
experiment to support my article with a certain content. Specific units and specifications will be
discussed later on for material hardness. Eventually, the subject will be outlined in practical
applications.

Fig no(a)

Problem intro:
Write a scientific report for a particular material's hardness calculation. To help your report,
explain various equipment and procedures. In addition, the practical requirements in industry
illustrate various hardness levels.

Background:
In order to support my article, I would like to discuss a number of different related topics that
forms the base of this report. Each topic is equally important and covers the main information.
 Material Hardness
 Types of Hardness
 Different Hardness units
 Measuring Harness

Hardness of material:
Hardness is the measure of the resistance of a substance to located permanent deformation.
Long-term deformation is also referred to as plastic deformation. Although elastic deformation
means that a material changes its shape only when applying force, plastic deformation results
in a material deformation which does not return to its original shape. Naturally, other materials
are difficult. Tungsten, for example, is an extremely hard metal that is used in tool stones as an
alloy part. This means that even during cutting operations, this group of stones will withstand
wear at high temperatures. Tungsten is also sometimes used in cemented carbide which is
commonly used in milling cutters. These substituted cutting tool pieces greatly lengthen the life
of cutting tools. On the other hand, other materials, including metals, are fragile to the extent
that many applications consider them useless. Pure gold is smooth that it doesn't take much
time to scratch or bend. For this purpose, it is important to add other metals such as silver,
copper and aluminum to improve its hardness. With some materials, heat treatment can lead
to higher surface hardness while maintaining the other metal qualities. This method is also
supplemented by machine shafts to ensure longer service life.

Fig no(b)

Hardness types:
In different forms of packing, materials behave differently. For instance, during continuous
loading a metal that has a great one-time effect cannot be the same. For any particular case,
hardness tests must be conducted in order for the application to be selected properly. Scratch,
bounce and indentation toughness are the three types of toughness. A different set of tools is
required to calculate each type of hardness.
 Indentation hardness:
This type of hardness refers to permanent deformation resistance when the material is
subjected to continuous load. Indentation hardness is what metallurgists and engineers
generally refer to when thinking about hardness. It is of primary importance to quantify its
value since continuous loading is the most common method of loading of metals.

Fig no(c)
  Scratch hardness:
These hardness refers to the ability of a material to withstand scratches on the surface. Become
in contact with a sharp, hard substance, scratches are small continuous indentations in the
upper layer. Scratch testing is often widely used in delicate materials like ceramics since they
are not deformed significantly in plastic. Scratch hardness is important because certain material
applications are highly sensitive to scoring. Take the example of a motor cylinder liner. For
different reasons, scratching or scoring can occur. A number of metals, such as piston rings,
foreign particles in fuel or lubrication oil touch the surface of the liner. Often unsuitable liner
seating will help. Abrasive particles can ultimately cause scratches which degrade engine
performance, and cost more maintenance, replacement parts, and long-term fuel consumption.
The right metal selection takes into account the hardness of the materials with which it comes
into contact at design level.

Fig no(d)
 Dynamic hardness:
Rebound hardness has more to do with elastic toughness than the hardness of rubber. The
substance absorbs and returns energy to the dented. A coated material is a reference
substance used to assess hardness. Dynamic hardness is generally measured by placing a
hammer with a diamond tip on the test part and measuring the bounce of the hammer after
the surface is struck. The lower the height to the initial decrease, the higher the rebound
hardness value.

Fig no(e)
Hardness test measurement:
Specific hardness forms are measured by different test methods. The use of an indenter for
indentation on the test element surface is a standard feature in all approaches. The measurable
representation of the hardness of materials is given by the indentation and is measured and
repeated easily. Strong materials will be flared shallow, and softer materials will be flared
deeper.

Brignell hardness test:

One of the first commonly known hardness measures for indentation toughness calculation was
the Brignell test. For the Brignell test, a 10 mm diameter steel ball is employed as an indenter
for a print in the test component to measure the hardness number in Brignell. The sphere is
held for 30 seconds and a force exerted in the sphere for a fixed time. This force varies with the
determined test product. The normal charge is 3000 kg, but for weaker metals it can be
reduced to 500 kg. Tungsten carbide ball should be used for tougher metals to prevent ball
distortion.

Fig no(f)

Vickers hardness test:

The Vickers method is the third way to assess material hardness. This is especially well suited
for lighter, load-free materials. The Vickers process provides greater accuracy with soft
materials. The estimation of the hardness value is also simpler because for all products Vickers
uses the same diamond indenter. It is therefore not appropriate to tweak the formula. The use
of a magnifier helps test areas with a different microstructure is another important function. To
find the correct height, the tester has to position the piece on the table. Then the right position
is decided by using the pictures. A four-sided pyramid is a diamond penetrator. The machine
will quickly hit the predetermined strength value after touching the component. The
indentation is measured at the same load for a certain amount of time.
 Fig no(g)

Rockwell hardness test:

The most common technique for indentation hardness calculation is Rockwell hardness check.
The value of the hardness of Rockwell varies with the scale used. A appropriate scale must be
chosen, depending on the material being tested. The difficulty scale offers details about the
type of loading indenter that is used. You can choose from a total of 30 scales. Rockwell is also a
common method to measure the strength of a wide variety of materials. It is also possible to
calculate the hardness of the ceramic and composite material. The scales most often used are
"B" and "C". A low, minor load is applied to sit the indenter in the test piece before applying the
test load and removes the effect of irregularities of the surface. This offers greater precision.
For the measurement of the hardness factor, a net change in the dent dimension (between the
application of a minor and a large load). The load speed must be defined.

Rockwell hardness test machine experimental investigation:

 A scale is inserted on the hand, which includes two forms of division. The HRV scale
measurement divisions from 0 to 100 is focused on red color divisions. The HRC scale is
measured by the black color divisions.
 The scale that is used to measure the initial load or that is also called the low load or
primary load is also present at the small circular dial. And the diameter of the primary
scale is a point used to bring it to nil.
 Then the divided chuck with an angle of almost 120 degrees is fed into an indenter as
mentioned above.
 The material with which to measure our hardness is put underneath the split chuck
which is natural to it on an evil. The material we use in the case of flat plate has
numerous shapes and models. A flat anvil is also required, but the form of the anvil
must be different in the case of a sphere. In addition, it can be removed.
 The Anvil table must be balanced to make contact between the specimen and the
indenter by the skirt and the hand wheel.
 The diameter is approximately 1/16 inches of the indenter bone.
  A lever that is used for the application of loads has been provided next to the lever.
The scales which are used in Rockwell hardness are as following:
 HRC
 HRB
 HRA

Load:
Load means the force used on the surface or the body, which is often used during engineering.
We shall address here two principal types of loads: firstly, the load applied is called a significant
load, and then the load applied is the greatest load. The minor load is applied at first, then for a
certain time the main load is added and then separated from the minor load.

Procedure:
 Close the anvil table surface to prevent slippage particles and oil.
 Clean the specimen surface to be determined by its hardness numbers.
 Insert in the split chuck the steel ball style indenter.
 A small 10 kg load is added to reduce the impact of surface ruggedness. To apply the
anvil table, first change the specimen surface to make a touch of the indenter, and then
apply 10 kg of load.
 Now use the release unreleased value according to chosen scale B for a large load of 100
kg.
 Clear the heavy load after a 15-second dwell period.
 Remove the sample and watch the dial scale readings.
 The dial scale reading is the number which we are looking for Rockwell hardness
number of given specimen.

Formula:
Calculations & observations:
LC of microscopic scale=0.05 mm
Dia of indenter made of steel=1/16 in

No. of obs Major Load Dia Of The Ball Material Tested Rockwell
Applied Indenter (%) Hardness No.
(kg) (in) (HRB)

1 100 1/16 Mild steel 58

2 100 1/16 Mild steel 56.5

3 100 1/16 Mild steel 62

4 100 1/16 Mild steel 59

5 100 1/16 Mild steel 68.5

References:
 https://westportcorp.com/collections/standard-rockwell-test-block?
gclid=CjwKCAjw1K75BRAEEiwAd41h1IIeRw_kr8_BJR-2VYeqE83qOQxozK-l6gAY-
J4TOoYbg0I-kSiONhoCVl0QAvD_BwE
 https://www.scribd.com/doc/168547658/Hardness-Test-Lab-Report-pdf
 http://engin.swarthmore.edu/~rcarmic1/E59HardnessLab.pdf
 https://www.coursehero.com/file/30685719/Hardness-Test-Lab-Reportpdf/