Reinforced Earth

®
 Principle
Reinforced Earth® is based on a simple concept. As
originally conceived by its inventor, French archi-
tect and engineer Henri Vidal, the interplacing of soil
and reinforcements develops friction at the points of
contact between the two, resulting in a permanent
and predictable bond and creating a unique compo-
site construction material.

Reinforced Earth® structures combine select granular, engineered backfill

with steel or geosynthetic tensile reinforcements and a modular facing sys-
tem, generally made of precast concrete panels, welded wire mesh or semi-
elliptical steel panels.

This unrivalled combination creates a durable, mass gravity retaining struc-

ture which in addition to its own weight is able to support large dead and
live loads imposed by associated structures and vehicles. Reinforced Earth® block

Facing panels
General backfill

Drainage layer
when applicable

Select backfill

Base of wall footing Soil reinforcement

Content
Principle p.2
Benefits p.3
Soil reinforcements p.4
Facing options p.6
Straightforward construction p.8
2 Applications p.9 Cover page:
La Ravoire - A41 motorway - France
Benefits
The worldwide acceptance and utilization of the Reinforced Earth®
technique makes it one of the most significant civil engineering
developments of the past 50 years, perfectly served by the establishment
of the Reinforced Earth® entities on the five continents which constitute
Terre Armée Internationale. This success comes from the unique benefits
offered by the technique through its intrinsic characteristics.

Strength Reliability
The resistance and stability of the composite structure provides The durability of the materials used is well documented and the
significant load bearing capacity. safety of the structures unrivalled.

Durability samples

45 meter high tiered wall - SeaTac airport - USA Flexibility

The modularity of the facing and the specific construction
Resilience devices allow the structures to accept substantial total and
The interaction between the engineered backfill and the soil differential settlement on poor foundations.
reinforcements allows an effective absorption of vibrations such
as those from heavy and high speed trains, industrial equipment
or explosions as well as an exceptional response to earthquakes.

Rouen 6th crossing bridge - France

Limited environmental footprint

Using less materials, requiring limited right of way and generating
After the Izmit earthquake in 1999 - Turkey less CO2 than conventional solutions, the Reinforced Earth® tech-
nique reduces the impact of construction on the environment.
Aesthetics
The variety of facings can meet all architectural requirements.

Vegetalized TerraTrel® bording a river

Cost effectiveness
The ease and speed of construction as well as the economy of
materials and a limited maintenance are significant advantages
Tampa - Florida - USA in reducing overall cost.

Adaptability is the key word describing Reinforced Earth® as a composite material

and construction technique which provides solutions to complex
cases and often proves to be the best answer to circumstances such
as restricted right-of-way, unstable natural slopes, marginal foundation
conditions and large settlements.
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 Soil reinforcements
The choice and density of the soil reinforcement in a Reinforced Earth® structure is directed
by the features of the project:
a The static and dynamic design loads;

a The select backfill, which can have demanding mechanical and chemical properties;

a The site environmental conditions;

a Specific and potentially aggressive man made sollicitations: vibrations, pollution, …

Since the invention of the Reinforced Earth® technique at the beginning of the 60’s, seve-
ral soil reinforcement options have been developed in close collaboration with research
laboratories and universities all over the world to provide clients with safer, more durable,
environmentally conscious solutions and to give the right answer to fit to the characteris-
tics of each project.
By offering a range of discrete reinforcement types, either metallic or geosynthe-
tic, Reinforced Earth companies can customize each client’s project for maximum
structural, environmental and cost efficiencies.

Galvanized steel reinforcements

High adherence steel strips and ladders are non extensible and unmatched for
structural reliability and performance. Hot-dip galvanized steel soil reinforce-
ment, when coupled with the complying select fill, can be designed for 100
years design service lives or more if required.
High adherence reinforcing strips (or HA steel strips) exhibit ribs perpendicular to their
axis on both faces and a single bolt hole at one end for the connection to the facing. This
is by far the most widely used Reinforced Earth® soil reinforcement with more than 40
millions square meters of structures built worldwide.

HA steel strips are the perfect solution for high static and dynamic design loads and the
only sensible choice for high-end structures such as very high walls, bridge abutments,
heavy duty mining and industrial retaining walls or railway supporting works.

The durability of galvanized HA steel strips in controlled environments is well docu-

mented and the adequacy between theory and practice has been proven for four de-
cades. Durability samples can be placed in the Reinforced Earth® structures to validate
the condition of the strips during the whole service life of the structures.

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 High adherence reinforcing steel ladders (or HA ladders) consist in two parallel round bars
welded to a series of cross bars. One end of the ladder has a flat plate welded between the
longitudinal bars with a bolt hole for the connection to the facing. HA ladders have an ex-
tremely high pullout capacity and are most avantageous in structures up to 6 meters high.

Geosynthetic reinforcements
Polymeric soil reinforcements have become an efficient solution when the chemical
characteristics of the select backfill or the environmental conditions are not suitable
to the utilization of galvanized steel. To fit to such conditions, Terre Armée Interna-
tionale has developed a comprehensive range of polymeric reinforcing strips.

GeoStrap® reinforcements are made of high tenacity polyester tendons contained in a

polyethylene sheath. This soil reinforcement is particularly well adapted when the Rein-
forced Earth® structures are affected by the presence of chloride or sulphates, or in the
case of a low pH level (acidic environment). High tenacity polyester yarns for soil reinfor-
cement have been widely and successfully used all over the world for the past 20 years.
The soil/strip adhesion capacity has been enhanced with the development of the
HA GeoStrap® (patent pending) reinforcements which provide a strong advantage when
friction is a governing design factor.

EcoStrapTM reinforcements, made of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) tendons contained in a poly-

ethylene sheath, are perfectly suited to high pH (basic environment) as it is the case
when recycled concrete or lime (or cement) stabilized soils are used as the select backfill.
EcoStrapTM polymeric strips also provide additional benefits in terms of stiffness and
capacity to sustain higher temperatures.

The HA EcoStrapTM strips (patent pending) are the ultimate geosynthetic soil reinforce-
ment with enhanced frictional properties in addition to their chemical and mechanical
benefits. They are particularly suitable for finer-grained backfill materials.

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 Facing options
The primary function of Reinforced Earth® facings is to provide local sta-
bility and erosion protection to the reinforced backfill. They also constitute
the visible part of the structures and thus the signature of the projects.

A75 Motorway - France

Precast concrete panels for extended durability

Standard precast concrete panels come in a variety of shapes (cruciform, square, rectan-
gular and tee) and dimensions (from 2.25 m² to 4.5 m² ) to fit to the technical and archi-
tectural requirements of the projects.

Cruciform shape panel: TerraClass®

Rectangular shape panel: TerraPlus®
Square shape panel: TerraSquare®

Tee shape panel: TerraTee®

Rectangular shape panel: TerraSet®

Architectural finishes for blending the structures into the environment

The most successful civil engineering projects are those which combine excellent per-
formance with attractive appearance. Even on smaller scale projects, owners, archi-
tects and engineers are interested in demonstrating their professional capabilities by
designing structures which aesthetical integrate into their environment and enhance
their surroundings. Due to the diversity the facings proposed, the Reinforced Earth®
technique offers extended aesthetical possibilities in addition to its well established
high level engineering, fully in line with the sustainable development challenges.

The appearance of precast concrete panels can be enhanced by using either standard
or customized architectural form liners. Additional aesthetical features can be obtained
by specific treatments of concrete such as coloring or exposed aggregates.

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Connections for all technical and environmental requirements
The connection between soil reinforcements and precast concrete panels is a key cha-
racteristics of the Reinforced Earth® systems.

The well proven “TA Classic” connection is used with steel strips and HA ladders
which are connected to galvanized tie strips embedded in the facing panels, using a
high strength nut-bolt-washer assembly.

The GeoMega® solution is a fully synthetic connection embedded in the concrete

facing panel during precasting. Combined with GeoStrap® or EcoStrapTM soil reinforce-
ments, it allows Reinforced Earth® structures to be constructed in chemically aggres-
sive environments.

GeoMega® connection

TA Classic connection

Steel for lightweight and versatility

Steel mesh facings associated with steel reinforcements (TerraTrel® system) or geosynthe-
tic strip reinforcements (GeoTrel® system) are used for a variety of permanent or temporary
applications. They are perfect solutions for cost-effective delivery to remote locations.

Vertical wire mesh facing Inclined wire mesh facing

Combined with stones, TerraTrel® and GeoTrel® systems provide extended aesthetical pos-
sibilities to integrate the structures into their environment. They can also be used for vege-
talized steepened slopes.

Mineral TerraTrel®
Vegetalized TerraTrel®

The TerraMet® facing, consisting in galvanized semi-elliptical steel panels and asso-
ciated to steel strips, combines unique characteristics such as lightweight, structural
properties and continuity which makes it particularly suitable for industrial and mining
applications.

TerraMet® facing

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 Straightforward construction
The construction of Reinforced Earth® structures requires neither scaffol-
ding nor heavy weight machine. In addition to the traditional earth-mo-
ving equipment used to place and compact the backfill, a light crane is
necessary to move concrete facing panels. Handling of steel facings can
be done manually.

Installation of facing panels

After the placing of the first row of panels on a smooth finish concrete pad which is
well-levelled to ensure a correct initial positioning, the upper rows of panels are instal-
led as the backfilling operations process. In the case of concrete facing panels, elasto-
meric bearing pads are installed inside the horizontal joints between panels to provide
enhanced flexibility and compressibility to the facing.

Placing of soil reinforcements

The reinforcement layers are spaced 70 to 80 cm apart, which generally correspond to
twice the thickness of the backfilling layers. They are installed on the compacted backfill
layer and connected to the facing panels, either bolted in the case of steel reinforcements,
or threaded through specific connections in the case of geosynthetic reinforcements.

Backfilling and compacting

The backfill is placed in layers 30 to 40 cm thick and compacted with the adequate
equipment. The compacting rate at any point of the Reinforced Earth® structure should
be 95% of the Normal Proctor optimum as it is the case for road backfills.

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 Applications
Roads & motorways

Badarpur - New Delhi - India Culiacancito - Mexico A40 motorway - France

The Reinforced Earth® technique has been widely used in the past 50 years for the
construction of roads and motorways, in urban, suburban, country and mountainous
environments.

Most applications are for the construction of retaining walls, either single or tiered, sup-
porting roadways:
a access ramps to viaducts

a complex grade separations at interchanges

a structures on slopes

a road widening

Reinforced Earth® benefits are obvious in case of foundation soils with low bearing capa-
cities and limited right of way such as in urban areas.

The short construction time, the minimum disruption of traffic and the geometrical flexi-
bility make Reinforced Earth® a sensible choice for the owners and engineering consul-
tants.

Reinforced Earth® walls along highways and local roads frequently include standard or
customized architectural finishes, adding beauty to functionality.

A73 Blerick - The Netherlands Al Nahda interchange - Sharjah - UAE

Altunizade intersection - Istanbul - Turkey State Route 431 - Carmel - Indiana - USA Spaak interchange - Montpellier - France

9
 Applications
Railways

Haan-Gruiten noise absor

bing wall - Germany Snider Diamondoronto
T - Ontario - Canada

The Reinforced Earth® structures associated to railways are of one of two distinctive
types, those which stand adjacent to the tracks and those which support the tracks.

Structures adjacent to the tracks require no specific foundation, take up very little space
for construction and are adaptable for bends and curves. They can be built with a mini-
mal impact on the rail traffic.

Hundreds of Reinforced Earth® structures support railways and light rail systems in many
countries. The applications use the same technology as that used for roads. However
design is adapted to comply with the stringent requirements related to heavy load and
safety, especially for high-speed and heavy freight railways. Reinforced Earth® structures
absorb the vibrations induced by passing trains, inherently well and are designed to
accommodate sudden heavy loads and associated braking decelerations in addition to
vibrations.

Widening of railway embankments can be performed with Reinforced Earth® structures

built either adjacent to or on top of the existing embankment.

FT Worth Intermodal - USA Bordeaux Tramway - France Shinkansen - Shin-Onomic

hi - Japan

10 Charlotte Light Rail ransit

T - NC - USA Kyung-Bu high speedail
r - South Korea Gautrain - Johannesburg - South Africa
 Applications
Bridges

A87-A71 - Vierzon - France

Bridge abutments are considered as critical structures and the unique strength and load
distribution capabilities of Reinforced Earth® address that criticality in an economical
and structurally efficient way.

For many road or railway bridges, a beam seat can be supported directly on the rein-
forced soil mass, thus eliminating the use of piers and piles. Such pure abutments are
perfect solutions in case of compressible foundation soils. If the foundation soil is very
compressible the combination of soil improvement and Reinforced Earth® techniques is
a very cost effective solution compared to piled and cast-in-place concrete abutments.

Going one step further in terms of engineering, Reinforced Earth® integral abutments
eliminate the need for structural bridge bearings and expansion joints, thus considerably
reducing the operational and maintenance costs of the structures.

When piles are necessary, reinforcing strips can be placed between them as they are
easily diverted. In both configurations, the shallow foundation depth, typical of Reinfor-
ced Earth® structures and, the limited use of cast-in-place concrete, lead to significant
time and cost savings.

Combined with TechSpan® concrete arches, another technique developed and imple-
mented by Reinforced Earth® companies, Reinforced Earth® bridges can be constructed,
providing highly technical characteristics associated to aesthetically pleasing features.

Putty road - NSW - Australia Gerede-Gumusov

a motorway - Turkey

George Street Bridge - N

ew Jersey - USA A432 - France
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 Applications
Hydraulic works

Majaz canal Sharjah - UAE Langkawi seaw

a ll - Malaysia Taylor Dra w dam - Colorado - USA

A variety of hydraulic Reinforced Earth® structures have been built worldwide, including
retaining walls supporting river or coastal roads, quay walls, sea walls, dykes, dams, weirs
and reservoirs.

The Reinforced Earth® technique offers specific advantages for hydraulic works:
a Resistance to very severe pressure of water through waves, tidal actions, storms, ice,
flooding and rapid drawdowns
a Resistance to shocks and collisions

a Comprehensive range of soil reinforcement to fit to aggressive environments (sea or

brackish water, chemicals…)
a Speed of erection of the structures in dry and tidal conditions

The adaptability of the Reinforced Earth® technique is evidenced in hydraulic works

since depending on the nature of the structure to be built, solutions can be proposed
to suit very diverse requirements in terms of water tightness. While Reinforced Earth®
structures with a very good drainage capacity can be built to cope with tides or rapid
drawdowns, the application of waterproofing membranes, either on the front face or on
the back face of the panels, allows to obtain water tight Reinforced Earth® structures, a
key benefit for reservoirs or dams.

Whilst the Reinforced Earth® technique is being used to construct new structures, it has
also proved to be an efficient solution to raise the crest of existing dams or dykes and to
rehabilitate dams which were in a poor condition, thus contributing to the upgrading of
valuable assets and to the protection of lives and properties.

RN202 bis - Baus-Roux

-Saint Isidor
e - France OCCA marina - Omaha - ebraska
N - USA Prado dam - Corona - California - USA

12 Trekkopje re servoir - Namibia Lake Lenexa dam - ansas

K - USA Kromellenboog dam - South Af
rica
 Applications
Mining

New Acland coal mine - Queensland

- Australia

Reinforced Earth® structures are resistant to vibrations and can support the extreme live
loads associated with fully loaded mine vehicles.

The versatility of the facing technology means that concrete panels, semi-elliptical steel
panels or welded wire mesh can be used to conform to the required geometry (face incli-
nation, straight or curved alignment). The choice of facing also depends on the required
design life of the structure and factors such as site location.

In addition to retaining walls and bridge abutments, the Reinforced Earth® technique
allows to build a variety of specific mining structures:
a Dump walls

a Storage silos and reclaim bunkers for coal, iron ore...

a Feed chamber units

a Containment dykes

a Haul road overpasses

a Reservoirs for mining wastes

Today several hundreds Reinforced Earth® dump-walls are in service in mines on all
continents, and many of them rank among the highest Reinforced Earth® structures.

Ukhaakhudag (UHG)oal
c mine - Mongolia Veladero mine - Argentina Freeport mine - Indonesia

Iron ore mine - Western Australia Dorstfo ntein co al slot stor

age - South Af
rica Syncrude - Alberta - Canada
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 Applications
Industry & Energy

Calide power station - A

u stralia «Glory hole» coal handlingacility
f - Canada

From the early days, Reinforced Earth® companies were asked to assist in solving
construction problems on industrial and energy sites. Since then efficient solutions for
handling, storage and protection applications have been developed and implemented.

Industrial and energy Reinforced Earth® structures have unique features such as:
a Load bearing capacity (heavy equipment and machinery)

a Resistance to vibrations ( crushing and screening)

a Outstanding resistance to thermal variations (accidental fires)

a Shock absorbing capacity (explosions, impacts)

The working safety is an essential parameter on industrial and energy sites and it is
ensured when building Reinforced Earth® structures which can resist to accidental fires
lasting several days in storage silos or to extreme temperatures differences, from -160°C
for liquefied natural gas up to a flame temperature of about 1100°C. After such events,
minimal repair works are required.

Blast barrier -ownsville

T -A
u stralia Oil sands separ
ator tanks - M
uskeg - Canada

14 Containment dykesorf ammonia tanks - M

ontoir - France Valdez pipeline terminal - USA
 Applications
Quality of life

Avalanche barrier - Ic
eland Kyushu - Japan Gaspé seawall - Québ ec - Canada

With its technical and architectural benefits, the Reinforced Earth® technique provides
solutions for bettering the quality of life in a broad meaning.

Risk mitigation
Reinforced Earth® structures have been built to protect lives and properties against
natural disasters as well as industrial hazards. Strength and ductility are two essential
features of the technique when the structures are submitted to earthquakes, avalanches,
tsunami waves or explosions.
The analysis of structures which have been actually affected by earthquakes has de-
monstrated that Reinforced Earth® performed extremely well as a construction material
in such events and, confirmed that the safety level and the design were particularly well
adapted.

Land development and architectural applications

The architectural flexibility of the Reinforced Earth® technique clearly appears when, wor-
king closely with architects, city planners or landscapers, it is used for land development
or housing. Concrete facing can have many types of patterns and finishes and steel mesh
facings provide durable solutions to the construction of steep sided embankments easily
fitting into the environment, either by covering with vegetation or by decorative rocks.

Reinforced Earth® is a unique and versatile construction material, adequate not only for
infrastructures but also for buildings such as stadiums.

Den Bosch - The Netherlands Medical Center Atlanta, Georgia - USA

Noise absorb ing panels - Germany Crailo ecoduct - The Netherlands Pueblo Bonito - Mexico
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© 2014 Soletanche Freyssinet - The text, photos and other information contained in this catalogue are the property of the Soletanche Freyssinet Group.
Any reproduction, display or other use without the prior consent of Soletanche Freyssinet is prohibited. - EcoStrap®, GeoMega®, GeoStrap®, GeoTrel®, Reinforced Earth®, TechSpan®,
TerraClass®, TerraMet®, TerraPlus®, TerraSet®, TerraSquare®, TerraTee® and TerraTrel® are registered trademarks of Terre Armée Internationale.
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Publication: 10/2014 - Printed in France