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    Topic 5 Energetics and Thermochemistry PDF

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    Sveta Stepanova
    1) The document discusses topics in thermochemistry including heat, temperature, energy, enthalpy, Hess's Law, and bond enthalpies. It defines important terms and equations used to measure and calculate energy and enthalpy changes. 2) Hess's Law states that the total enthalpy change of a reaction is independent of the pathway as long as the initial and final states are the same. 3) Bond enthalpies represent the energy required to break one mole of bonds in the gaseous state, and can be used to calculate enthalpy changes of reactions.

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    Topic 5 Energetics and Thermochemistry PDF

    Uploaded by

    Sveta Stepanova
    30 views5 pages
    1) The document discusses topics in thermochemistry including heat, temperature, energy, enthalpy, Hess's Law, and bond enthalpies. It defines important terms and equations used to measure and calculate energy and enthalpy changes. 2) Hess's Law states that the total enthalpy change of a reaction is independent of the pathway as long as the initial and final states are the same. 3) Bond enthalpies represent the energy required to break one mole of bonds in the gaseous state, and can be used to calculate enthalpy changes of reactions.

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    1) The document discusses topics in thermochemistry including heat, temperature, energy, enthalpy, Hess's Law, and bond enthalpies. It defines important terms and equations used to measure and calculate energy and enthalpy changes. 2) Hess's Law states that the total enthalpy change of a reaction is independent of the pathway as long as the initial and final states are the same. 3) Bond enthalpies represent the energy required to break one mole of bonds in the gaseous state, and can be used to calculate enthalpy changes of reactions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    30 views5 pages

    Topic 5 Energetics and Thermochemistry PDF

    Uploaded by

    Sveta Stepanova
    1) The document discusses topics in thermochemistry including heat, temperature, energy, enthalpy, Hess's Law, and bond enthalpies. It defines important terms and equations used to measure and calculate energy and enthalpy changes. 2) Hess's Law states that the total enthalpy change of a reaction is independent of the pathway as long as the initial and final states are the same. 3) Bond enthalpies represent the energy required to break one mole of bonds in the gaseous state, and can be used to calculate enthalpy changes of reactions.

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    You are on page 1of 5

    IB

    SL Chemistry DB = data booklet section



    Topic 5: Energetics / Thermochemistry

    5.1 Measuring Energy Changes

    Heat
    Heat (q) is a form of energy that flows down the temperature gradient from an object of
    higher temperature to an object of lower temperature.

    A calorimeter is any apparatus used to measure the amount of heat being exchanged
    with surroundings.

    The specific heat constant (c) is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature
    of one gram of a substance by one degree Celsius (DB.2).

    We can assume the density and specific heat capacity of aqueous solutions are equal to
    those of water when other values are not provided, but this is a limitation.

    heat evolved (kJ, J) = mass (g) x specific heat constant (kJ kg-1 K-1, J g-1 K-1) x temperature change (K)

    q = m c ∆T (DB.1)


    Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles.

    Absolute temperature (in kelvin, K) is directly proportional to the average kinetic energy
    of particles.

    temperature (K) = temperature (°C) + 273.15


    Energy
    Total energy is conserved in chemical reactions. Energy cannot be created nor
    destroyed; it is converted from one form to another.

    Chemical reactions involve the transfer of heat between the system and surroundings.

    Bond breaking requires energy so it is an endothermic process. Heat is absorbed.

    Bond making releases energy so it is an exothermic process. Heat is released.



    IB SL Chemistry DB = data booklet section

    A system is where the chemical reaction is taking place. It includes all the reactants,
    products and solvents. The surroundings are everything else in the universe.

    Open system – matter and energy can be transferred
    between the system and surroundings.

    Closed system – energy can be transferred between the
    system and surroundings but matter cannot.

    Isolated system – neither matter nor energy can be
    transferred between the system and surroundings.


    Enthalpy
    Enthalpy change (∆H) is the heat transferred during a reaction in a system under
    standard state conditions (SATP, DB.2).

    Standard state refers to the most pure and stable state of a substance at 100 kPa,
    usually at 298 K (25 °C).

    !!"# !"#$"!% (!)
    𝑒𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑦 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 (𝐽 𝑚𝑜𝑙!! ) = !"#$% !" !"#"$"%& !"#$"%& (!"#)


    𝑞
    ∆H =

    𝑛

    When a reaction is exothermic enthalpy change = – ∆H.

    When a reaction is endothermic enthalpy change = ∆H.

    Exothermic reaction – heat is transferred from the system to the surroundings. It has a
    negative enthalpy change.



    IB SL Chemistry DB = data booklet section

    Endothermic reaction – heat is absorbed from the surroundings. It has a positive
    enthalpy change.


    Enthalpy change of combustion (ΔHѳc) is the enthalpy change upon complete
    combustion of 1 mol of a substance. This value is always negative as heat is released
    during combustion (DB.13).

    Enthalpy change of formation (ΔHѳf ) is the enthalpy change upon formation of 1 mol of
    a substance from its elements (DB.12).

    Limitations of calculating enthalpy changes
    • Heat loss to surroundings
    • Incomplete combustion
    • Assumptions made about specific heat capacity and density of aqueous solution


    5.2 Hess’ Law
    Hess’ Law states that the total enthalpy change in a chemical reaction is independent of
    the route by which the chemical reaction takes place, as long as the initial and final
    conditions are the same.

    The enthalpy change for a reaction that is carried out in a series of steps is equal to the
    sum of the enthalpy changes for the individual steps.


    ΔH1 = ΔH2 + ΔH3




    ∆𝐻 = Σ(∆𝐻!° (𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠) − Σ(∆𝐻!° (𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠)



    IB SL Chemistry DB = data booklet section

    5.3 Bond Enthalpies

    Bond Forming and Breaking
    Bond forming is exothermic. Energy is released
    when bonds are formed.

    Bond breaking is endothermic. Energy is absorbed
    to overcome the electrostatic attraction between
    atoms or ions (to break the bond).


    Exothermic reaction:
    Energy absorbed < energy released

    Endothermic reaction:
    Energy absorbed > energy released


    Bond Enthalpy
    Bond enthalpy (bond dissociation energy, E) is the energy required to break one mole of
    bonds in the gaseous state (DB.11).

    Average bond enthalpy is the enthalpy change when one mole of bonds are broken in
    the gaseous state, averaged for the same bond in similar compounds (DB.11).


    ∆𝐻 = Σ𝐸(𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑏𝑟𝑜𝑘𝑒𝑛) − ΣE(𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑)

    ∆𝐻 = Σ(𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠) − ΣE(𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠)


    Limitations of bond enthalpy calculations
    • Enthalpy changes calculated from average bond enthalpies may be different
    than enthalpy changes calculated from actual values due to the averaging.
    • Calculations involving bond enthalpies may be inaccurate because they do not
    take into account intermolecular forces.

    Ozone (O3)
    The ozone layer
    The ozone layer in Earth’s atmosphere absorbs harmful UV radiation from the sun. The
    ozone is in dynamic equilibrium with oxygen and is continually being formed and
    destroyed.

    IB SL Chemistry DB = data booklet section

    The covalent bond in oxygen (O2) is broken by UV radiation. A free radical is a highly
    reactive species due to the presence of an unpaired electron (•).

    O2 (g) → O• (g) + O• (g)

    The highly reactive free radical oxygen atoms react with oxygen (O2) to form ozone (O3).

    O2 (g) + O• (g) → O3 (g)


    Ozone decomposes to form oxygen (O2) and an oxygen free radical. The bonds in the
    ozone (O3) molecules are weaker than the double bonds in oxygen (O2), so they can be
    broken by lower energy UV radiation.

    O3 (g) → O2 (g) + O• (g)


    Oxygen (O2) Oxygen (O3)

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