8

BIOTECHNOLOGY
Quarter 2 - Module 1
Week 1 – Laboratory
Equipment and Safety Rules

Source: https://tinyurl.com/4a5n2z58
Second Edition, Revised 2021

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Published by the Department of Education – Division of Cebu City Schools Division
Superintendent: Dr. Rhea Mar A. Angtud, EdD

Development Team of the Module

Writer:
Mrs. Rowena D. Sumpoc, Teacher III, Mabolo National High School
Mr. John V. Sab-a, Teacher III, Zapatera National High School

Content and Language Editors:

Dr. Olivia P. Labis, Master Teacher I, Gothong MNHS

Mrs. Emily May G. Rapirap, Master Teacher II, Don Vicente Rama MNHS
Ms. Maria Aurora V. Mangapis, Master Teacher I, Pardo National HS

Management Team:
Chairperson:
Dr. Rhea Mar A. Angtud, Schools Division Superintendent

Members:
Dr. Bernadette A. Susvilla, Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
Mrs.Grecia F. Bataluna, Curriculum Implementation Division Chief
Dr. Raylene S. Manawatao, Education Program Supervisor-Science
Mrs. Vanessa L. Harayo, Education Program Supervisor -LRMDS

Printed in the Philippines by:

Department of Education, Division of Cebu City ROVII
Office Address: Imus Avenue, Cebu City
Telephone Nos. (032) 266-1616, (032) 263-9095
E-mail Address: [email protected]

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 8

BIOTECHNOLOGY
Quarter 2- Module 1
Week 1 - Laboratory
Equipment and Safety Rules

iii
 Laboratory Equipment and
MODULE 1 Safety Rules

What I Need to Know

This module let you go through sample activities of scientists to develop your
science processes and skills. This time, you will experience how scientist works in a
laboratory with the tools and different apparatus on hand and how to take laboratory
precautions.

The activities in this module will teach you how to use the tools and the different
apparatus in the laboratory. It will also develop your skills in making accurate
measurements using the common laboratory equipment and in using them safely.

This module contains the following lessons:

Lesson 1 – Essential Tools Used in Biotechnology Laboratory

Lesson 2 – Common Laboratory Apparatus and Their Uses
Lesson 3 – Laboratory Safety Precautions

After going through this module you are expected to:

1. identify the parts and function of the microscope;
2. classify different laboratory apparatus based on their uses; and
3. state different precautionary measures in the laboratory to be
observed.

What I Know?

Pre-Assessment
Directions: Read the questions carefully. Write the letter of your answer on a sheet
of paper.

1. What biotechnology tool is used to sterilize equipment and kill any living organisms
left?
A. autoclave C. distiller
B. centrifuge D. incubator

1
2. Which two parts of the compound microscope magnify the image of an object?
A. eyepiece and mirror C. eyepiece and objectives
B. objectives and mirror D. objectives and diaphragm

3. You are going to transfer the microscope to the next room. Which parts should
you be holding in carrying the microscope properly?
A. arm and base C. base and stage
B. base and clip D. arm and eyepiece

4. Which part is used to incline the upper portion of the microscope to facilitate
viewing of the specimen?
A. inclination joint C. coarse adjustment
B. fine adjustment D. revolving nosepiece

5. Which microscope uses lenses and objectives to magnify?

A. atomic force microscope C. scanning electron microscope
B. compound light microscope D. transmission electron microscope

6. You have used the compound microscope to view a slide of the letter “e” with the
10x eyepiece and the 40x objective. What was the total magnification of the letter
“e”?
A. 50x B. 100x C. 140x D. 400x

7. How do you calculate the total magnification of an objective lens?

A. Add the eyepiece magnification to the objective magnification.
B. Divide the objective magnification by the eyepiece magnification.
C. Divide the eyepiece magnification by the objective magnification.
D. Multiply the eyepiece magnification by the objective magnification.

8. Which laboratory apparatus you will use in getting the volume of water?
A. test tube C. reagent bottle
B. watch glass D. graduated cylinder

9. Which is NOT in the group of apparatus that are used in storing liquids?
A. beaker C. reagent bottle
B. Florence flask D. graduated cylinder

10. What will you use to transfer a liquid into a small-mouthed bottle without spilling?
A. funnel C. test tube rack
B. petri dish D. test tube holder

11. What can you use to avoid breakage when heating glassware?
A. iron ring C. wire gauze
B. iron clamp D. clay triangle

12. Which of these laboratory apparatuses are used for measurements EXCEPT?
A. thermometer C. platform balance
B. evaporating dish D. graduated cylinder
2
13. When using a triple beam balance, what should you remember before weighing
anything?
A. Check if the pan is free from dust.
B. Always check the pointer on the beam.
C. Always check if the pointer is set to zero.
D. Adjust the pointer one at a time from zero to attain 100% accuracy.

14. In boiling 10 mL of water using a test tube, what is the proper way of holding
the test tube when you’re working with somebody in a laboratory?
A. Keep it away from anybody else inside the laboratory.
B. Let the test tube face someone as it is being heated.
C. Hold it directly above the flame.
D. All of the above.

15. Which of the following statements about electrical safety is NOT correct?
A. Always use extension cords with multiple sockets.
B. Touch an electrical device with wet and clean hands.
C. Use proper extension cords to plug any electrical device.
D. Never plug too many electrical devices in only one outlet.

Essential Tools Used in

LESSON 1
Biotechnology Laboratory

What’s In
Modern technology has strongly affected the lives of many Filipinos. Everything
that we use in our daily life directly or indirectly is related to the advancement of old
technology with new additions and modifications. This breakthrough, helped man to
have more accurate observations, more systematic experimentation, and better
interventions
In the 1930s, scientists developed the first electron microscope. This type of
microscope used beams of electrons, instead of light, to make an image. Today, there
are two types of electron microscopes, the transmission electron microscope (TEM)
and the scanning electron microscope (SEM). In the TEM, electrons actually pass
through the object being viewed. The biologist sees a thin, flat view of the structures
of a specimen. The SEM gives the biologist a surface view of a specimen by coating
the specimen with metal, causing the electrons to bounce off the surface. Special
detectors pick up the electrons and convert them on a television screen.
Computers have also increased our knowledge by storing and processing great
quantities of data.
3
 What’s New?
Activity 1
THE COMPOUND MICROSCOPE

Objective: Identify and describe the function of each part of the compound
microscope.

A. Directions: On a separate sheet of paper, name the parts of the compound

microscope sing the words in the box.

Figure 1. The Compound Microscope

Illustrated by: Joey Cabague Organiza

4
B. Directions: Match the parts of the compound microscope in Column A with their
functions in Column B. Write the letter of the correct answer on a
separate sheet of paper.

COLUMN A COLUMN B
1. Arm A. enlarges specimen 4x
2. Base B. where to grasp or hold
3. Stage C. enlarges specimen 40x
4. Mirror D. holds the different objectives
5. Eyepiece E. where the specimen is mounted
6. Body tube F. is used for more precise focusing
7. Diaphragm G. holds the glass slide on the stage
8. Stage clips H. where you look into the specimen
9. Inclination joint I. locates and enlarges specimen 10x
10. Scanner Objective J. tilts the microscope to a desired angle
11. Revolving nosepiece K. supports the whole weight of the microscope
12. Fine adjustment knob L. reflects light from the source to the specimen
13. Coarse adjustment knob M. focus the low power objective in a fast manner
14. Low Power Objective N. regulates the amount of light striking the specimen
(LPO)
15. High Power Objective O. separates the lenses of the objectives and the
(HPO) eyepiece

What is It?

THE COMPOUND MICROSCOPE

Compound microscopes are composed of two or more lenses that provide
powerful magnification.

Each part of the compound microscope serves its own unique function, with
each being important to the function of the scope as a whole. The individual parts of a
compound microscope can vary heavily depending on the configuration and
applications that the scope is being used for. Figure 1 shows an example of a
compound microscope used in laboratory.

5
 Eyepiece - is the part Coarse adjustment
where one looks through knob – allows the
when viewing a specimen. movement of the
body tube upwards
or downwards.
Body tube – separates the
lenses of the objectives and
the eyepiece. Fine adjustment
knob – is used to
bring the specimen
Revolving nosepiece – into sharp focus
holds and facilitates the under low power and
changing of the objective is used for all focusing
lenses (scanner, LPO, and when using high
HPO). power lenses.

High Power Objective

(HPO) – magnifies
about 40 times and Arm – supports the
gives a detailed view of body tube and used
a portion of a specimen. for grasping in
holding the
microscope while
Stage – where transporting.
the mounted
slide is placed.

Low Power
Scanner – a very Objective (LPO) –
short objective magnifies about 10
which usually times and gives the
magnifies a outline of the
specimen 4 times. specimen.

Stage clips – holds

Inclination joint –
the glass slide in
connects the arm
place.
to the base and
helps incline the
Diaphragm – microscope for a
regulates the more comfortable
amount of light viewing.
striking the
specimen.
Base – supports the
entire weight of the
microscope.
Figure 2. The Compound Microscope
Mirror – allows Illustrated by: Joey Cabague Organiza
the light to pass
through the hole
in the stage and
illuminate the
specimen.

6
Steps in focusing specimen using the compound microscope

STEP 1: Determine the specimen you are going to focus on.

A SPECIMEN is a sample part of any material such

as plant, animal or even paper and mineral for
examination under the microscope.

For example: letter “e” from a newspaper Figure 3: Letter “e” from a newspaper
Source: https://tinyurl.com/dhv8pwky

STEP 2: Preparing a Wet Mount

When using a plant or animal specimen make sure to slice the sample thinly in
order for light to pass through the specimen.

Example for preparing a wet mount:

1. Cut out letter “e” from a newspaper clipping.

2. Place the cut out letter “e” in a glass slide.

3. Add a drop of water using a dropper or cotton

ball. Then position the cover slip 450 with one
side touching the edge of the water and slowly
lower the cover slip until it covers the specimen.

4. Tap the cover slip gently by an eraser-end of

a pencil until the bubbles move towards the
cover slip’s edges.

Figure 4: Preparing a wet mount

Source: Olarte, M. M. (2020).

7
 STEP 3: Viewing a Specimen
STEP 3: Viewing a Specimen
A FIELD OF VIEW is the bright circle of light under the microscope.
A FIELD OF VIEW is the bright circle of light under the microscope. Remember not to
Remember not to use direct sunlight as a source to view a specimen because it
use direct sunlight as a source to view a specimen because it can permanently damage the
can permanently damage the retina of the eyes.
retina of the eyes.

1.1.Place
Placethethe glass
glass slide
slide containing
containing the specimen
the specimen on on
thestage
the stage directly
directly above
above its center
its center holehole and set
and set
the stage clip in place.
the stage clip in place.

2.2.Look
Lookthrough
through thethe eyepiece
eyepiece andand adjust
adjust the mirror
the mirror
totofind
findthe Field
the Fieldof of
View of the
View microscope.
of the WhenWhen
microscope.
the
thefield of of
field view
viewis too bright
is too adjust
bright the diaphragm.
adjust the diaphragm.

3. While watching at the side, carefully lower the

3. While watching at the side, carefully lower the
body tube by turning the coarse adjustment
body tube by turning the coarse adjustment
knob until the end of the LPO almost touches
knob until the end of the LPO almost touches
the cover slip. This action avoids breaking of
the cover slip. This action avoids breaking of
the cover slip when starting to find a focus of
the cover slip when starting to find a focus of
the specimen.
the specimen.

4.4.Look
Lookthrough
throughthe
theeyepiece
eyepieceagain.
again.Slowly
Slowlyturn
turn
the coarse or fine adjustment knob upward toto
the coarse or fine adjustment knob upward
raisethe
raise theobjective
objectiveuntil
untilthe
theletter
letter“e”
“e”appears.
appears.
Continue adjusting until you can see clearly.
Continue adjusting until you can see clearly.
Thisindicates
This indicatesthat
thatthe
thespecimen
specimenisisininfocus.
focus.

Figure 5: Viewing a specimen

Source: Olarte, M. M. (2020).

8
OTHER BIOTECHNOLOGY TOOLS

AUTOCLAVE
A heated and pressurized container used to
sterilize equipment and kill any living organisms
left.

CENTRIFUGE
An apparatus consisting essentially of a compartment
spun at high speeds to help separate liquids from solids.

FUME HOOD
A local ventilation unit used to limit exposure to
toxic fumes or dusts.

LAMINAR AIR FLOW CHAMBER

It is used to prevent contamination of
semiconductors wafers, biological samples, or
any particle sensitive device.

INCUBATOR
An apparatus used to control the environment to
culture and grow bacteria and hatching eggs artificially
or to provide a stable environment for a reaction.

WATER BATH
Heats items up to a specific temperature
and keeps it at that temperature.

9
 HOT PLATE
An electrical device used to heat things
up.

ELECTROPHORESIS CHAMBER
A chamber used in gel electrophoresis that
conducts an electrical current.

DISTILLER
It is used to mix or agitate solutions.

Figure 6: Laboratory Equipment Used in Biotechnology

Source: https://tinyurl.com/2xmkpksu

Activity 2
CALCULATING TOTAL MAGNIFICATION

Objective: Compute the magnifying power of the compound microscope.

Directions: Complete the table using the formula below and write your answers on a
separate sheet of paper.

When you are observing a specimen using a compound microscope, the actual
image (called virtual image) of the specimen you are observing is enlarged several
times by the combined magnifying power of the lenses in the ocular and the objective.

Formula: Total Magnification = Ocular Lens Power X Objective Lens Power

Example:

Total Magnification = Eyepiece X Objective Magnification

= 10x X 10x
Total Magnification = 100x

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 Ocular/Eyepiece Objective Total
Magnification Magnification Magnification

10x 4x (1.)

10x 10x (2.)

10x 40x (3.)

10x 100x (4.)

Common Laboratory
LESSON 2
Apparatus and Their Uses

What’s In
Scientists used variety of tools for thorough investigation of the world
around them. The type of tools to be used depends on the problem solve. As a science
student, the first step in any laboratory work is to know the different laboratory tools
and apparatus to be used. It is also important to perform simple laboratory operations
and be familiar with some of the scientific instruments that will help us measure length,
mass and volume.

What’s New?
Activity 3
COMMON LABORATORY APPARATUS

Objective: Identify and describe the uses of some common laboratory tools used in
a typical science laboratory.

Directions: Match the correct laboratory apparatus in Column A with its uses in
Column B. Write the letter of the correct answer on a separate sheet of
paper.

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 COLUMN A COLUMN B
1. Beaker A. measures the mass of an object

2. Bunsen burner B. measures the volume of a liquid

3. Crucible and cover C. holds liquid or solution to be tested

4. Evaporating dish D. allows a heated liquid solution to

Evaporate

5. Graduated cylinder E. produces a single open gas flame for

heating

6. Test tubes F. helps to spread the flame or heat

during heating

7. Test tube holder G. holds and organizes test tubes in

upright position

8. Test tube rack H. holds reactants during heating at

higher temperatures

9. Triple beam balance I. containers of solid or liquids for

mixing, stirring and heating

10. Wire gauze J. stores, mixes and heats small

amounts of liquids or chemicals

Figure 7. Laboratory Apparatus, Safety Rules & Symbols

Source: https://tinyurl.com/4k3bbbcx

What is It?
When you think of scientists at work, you probably imagine them in a modern
laboratory with test tubes, other delicate instruments, apparatus, and bottles of strange
substances. You’re right! In the laboratory, you can find different laboratory apparatus.
The Science laboratory is a place of adventure and discovery. Some of the most
exciting events in scientific history have happened in the laboratory. The discovery of
the atoms, the production of plastics for clothing, the analysis of chemicals of
substances, and other discoveries were first made by scientists in a laboratory. But all

12
these things could never have happened if there were no equipment and devices.
Different laboratory apparatus served their purposes.
Here are some of the laboratory equipment and their uses. Study the different
apparatus grouped in each box. They are grouped according to their uses.

GROUP 1: Some apparatus for STORING LIQUIDS

Beaker Reagent bottles Florence flask

a deep wide mouthed, a vessel used to contain a round, flat-bottomed,
thin-walled, cylindrical chemicals that are mixed long necked vessel used
vessel with a pouring lip or added with other to measure large
used to measure large substances to bring about quantities of liquid and to
quantities of liquid; can chemical reactions to hold boiling liquids.
also be used to store or form new substances or
contain liquid mixtures. compounds.

Erlenmeyer flask Volumetric flask Test tubes in a Rack

a cone-shaped vessel a flat-bottom vessel with small, glass-tube shaped
with a narrow flat bottom long neck container used containers that are closed
used to measure volume to store liquids or and round at the bottom
of liquid that is to be kept solutions for observation; with open end used to
for further analysis. can also be used to mix, heat and store small
measure volume of amounts of liquids and
volatile liquids. substances.

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Group 2: Some apparatus used for MEASURING VOLUME

Graduated cylinder Pipette and Burette Medicine dropper

a narrow cylindrical Pipette- used to transfer a small glass or plastic tube
vessel used to measure small amount of liquid of with rubber bulb at one end
the volume of liquids known volume to another that is used to suck up
and the volume of container. liquid and release it one
irregular solids by water drop at a time.
Burette-a glass tube with
displacement. measurements marked
on the side and a stop-
cock at the bottom, used
to accurately measure
the volume of liquid
before releasing it in
another container.

Group 3: Apparatus used when HEATING SUBSTANCES

Wire gauze Iron ring Iron clamp

used to protect the used as base to hold the used to hold the test tube,
glassware during the wire gauze and any other distilling flask, and other
heating process. container to be heated. apparatus to be heated.

14
 Iron stand Bunsen burner Clay triangle
supports the iron ring and Burner that produces hot supports the crucible on
iron clamp during heating, flame by mixing an iron ring when heating.
distillation and other flammable gas under
extraction purposes. pressure through
controlled quantities of
air.

Crucible tong Crucible and cover Evaporating dish

a tool used to hold hot a heat resistant container a shallow heat resistant
materials or apparatus with cover in which ores porcelain dish in which a
or materials are melted solution is heated and
allowed to evaporate
leaving a residue on its
plate

Figure 8. Laboratory Apparatus, Safety Rules & Symbols

Source: https://tinyurl.com/4k3bbbcx

Double-Pan and Triple Beam Balances: Measurement of Mass

The laboratory balance is an important tool in scientific investigations. You can
use the balance to determine the mass of materials. Different kinds of balances are
used in the laboratory. One kind of balance is the double-pan balance. Another kind
is the triple-beam balance. To use the balance properly, you should learn the parts,
function and location of each part of the balance you want to use.

15
Here are the two kinds of balances. Study their parts and functions:

Figure 9.Double-Pan Balance

Source: https://tinyurl.com/hj76fp2c

Parts of a Double-Pan Balance and Their Functions

1. Pointer – used to determine when the mass being measured is balanced by
the riders or masses of the balance.
2. Scale – series of marks along which the pointer moves.
3. Zero point – center line of the scale to which the pointer moves when the
mass being measured is balanced by the riders or masses of the balance.
4. Adjustment knob – knob used to set the balance at the zero point when the
riders are all on zero and no masses are on either pan.
5. Left pan – platform on which an object whose mass is to be determined is
placed.
6. Right pan – platform on which standard masses are placed.
7. Beams – horizontal strips of metals on which marks or graduations appear
that indicate grams or parts of grams.
8. Riders – devices that are moved along the beams and used to balance the
object being measured to determine its mass.
9. Stand – support for the balance.

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How to Use the Double-Pan or the Platform Balance

As the name implies, the double beam or platform balance has two beams.
The beams are calibrated or marked in grams. The upper beam is divided into ten
major units of 1 gram each. Each of these units is further divided into units of 1/10 of
a gram. The lower beam is equal to 10 grams. The lower beam can be used to find
the masses of the objects up to 200 grams. Each beam has a rider that is moved to
the right along the beam. The rider indicates the number of grams needed to balance
the object in the left pan.

Before using the balance, be sure that the pans are empty and both riders are
set to zero. If your pointer does not read zero, slowly turn the adjustment knob so that
the pointer does read zero.

The following procedure can be used to find the mass of an object using the
double-pan balance:

1. Place the object whose mass is to be determined on the left pan.

2. Place the standard masses on the right pan.
3. Be sure that the pointer indicator should be at zero, meaning, the left pan
and the right pans are balanced.
4. Count the number of standard masses. Its equivalent is equal to the mass
of the objects weighed.

Figure 10. Triple Beam Balance

Source: https://tinyurl.com/87vu64vp

Figure 10.Triple Beam Balance

Source: https://tinyurl.com/87vu64vp

The triple beam balance is a single-pan balance with three beams calibrated in
grams. The front beam or 100-gram beam is divided into ten units of ten grams each.
The middle or 500-gram beam is divided into five units of 100 grams each. The back

17
beam or 10-gram beam is divided into 10 major units of 1 gram each.

The following steps can be used to find the mass of an object using a triple
beam balance:

1. Place the object to be weighed on the pan.

2. Move the rider on the middle beam notch by notch until the horizontal
pointer drops below zero. Move the rider back to one notch.
3. Move the rider on the front beam notch by notch until the pointer again
drops below zero. Move the rider back to one notch.
4. Slowly slide the rider along the back beam until the pointer stops at the
zero point.
5. The mass of the object is equal to the sum of the readings on the three
beams.

What's More

Activity 4
Classifying Lab Tools

Objective: Classify the laboratory tools according to its uses.

Directions: Classify the following laboratory tools according to its uses. Write HS for
heating substances, MM for measuring mass, MV for measuring
volume, and SL for storing liquids on a separate sheet of paper.

_____1. pipette
_____2. iron ring
_____3. iron clamp
_____4. wire gauze
_____5. Florence flask
_____6. Reagent bottle
_____7. bunsen burner
_____8. graduated cylinder
_____9. double-pan balance
_____10. triple- beam balance

18
 Laboratory Safety
LESSON 3
Precautions

What’s In
In any biotechnology laboratory, there are potential hazards, just like
in any other science laboratory or activity. Here, caution is essential for safety. A
student must be familiar with the hazards to take proper precautions and keep
laboratory activities safe.

What’s New?

Activity 5
SAFETY IN THE LABORATORY

Objective: Explain the importance of the safety guidelines while working in a

laboratory.

Directions: Look at each of the following illustrations and explain why the
illustrations do not show safety habits in the laboratory. Write your
answers on a separate sheet of paper.

1. EXPLANATION
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________

Figure 11. Safety in the Lab

Source:Capco,C.M. & Yang,G.C.(1998).

2. EXPLANATION EXPLANATION
__________________________
__________________________
__________________________
__________________________
Figure 12. Safety in the Lab
Source:Capco,C.M. & Yang,G.C.(1998).

19
 3. EXPLANATION
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________

Figure 13.Safety in the Lab

Source:Capco,C.M. & Yang,G.C.(1998).

What is It?
Science is a hands-on laboratory class. You will be doing many laboratory
activities that require the use of different apparatus and hazardous chemicals. Safety
in the science classroom is the number one priority for students and teachers. To
ensure a safe science classroom, a list of rules has been developed. These rules must
be followed at all times. The science laboratory is a safe place to work in if you are
careful.

Following are some safety precautions to help you protect yourself from injury
in the laboratory while doing the experiment. Read and understand them to insure your
safety before, during, and after doing an experiment.

A. Inside the Laboratory

1. Do not eat food, drink beverages, or chew gum in the laboratory. Do not use
laboratory glassware as containers for food or beverages.
2. Safety goggles and aprons must be worn whenever you work in the lab.
Gloves should be worn whenever you use chemicals that cause skin
irritations or when you need to handle hot equipment.
3. Observe good housekeeping practices. Work areas should be kept clean and
tidy at all times.
4. Know the locations and operating procedures of all safety equipment
including the first aid kit, eyewash station, safety shower, spill kit, fire
extinguisher, and fire blanket. Know where the fire alarm and the exits are
located.
5. Be alert and proceed with caution at all times in the laboratory. Notify the
instructor immediately of any unsafe conditions you observe.
6. Dispose all chemical waste properly. Never mix chemicals in sink drains.
Sinks are to be used only for water and those solutions designated by the
instructor.Solid chemicals, metals, matches, filter paper, and all other
insoluble materials are to be disposed of in the proper waste containers.
7. Labels and equipment instructions must be read carefully before use.
8. Keep hands away from your face, eyes, mouth, and body while using
chemicals.Wash your hands with soap and water after performing all

20
 experiments. Clean (with detergent powder), rinse, and dry all work
surfaces and equipment at the end of the experiment.
9. If you spill acid or any other corrosive chemical on your skin or clothes,
immediately wash the area with large amounts of water (remember that
small amounts of water may be worse than no water at all). After this, get
the teacher’s attention. The spill kit will be used for spills on floor or
counter-top.
10. After doing an experiment check if:
a) the main gas outlet valve is shut off
b) the water is turned off
c) the desk top, floor area, and sink are clean
d) all equipment are cool, clean, and arranged properly.

B. Clothing
1. Wear goggles or eye protector if necessary.
2. Dress properly during a laboratory activity. Long hair, dangling jewelry, and
loose or baggy clothing are a hazard in the laboratory. Wear an apron.
Shoes must completely cover the foot.

C. Accidents and Injuries

1. Report any accident or any untoward incident to your teacher.
2. If a chemical should splash in your eye(s), immediately flush with running
water from the eyewash station for at least 20 minutes. Notify your teacher
immediately.

D. Handling Chemicals
1. All chemicals in the laboratory are to be considered dangerous. Do not
touch,taste, or smell any chemical unless specifically instructed to do so.
The proper technique for smelling chemical fumes is to gently fan the air
above the chemical toward your face.
2. Check the label on reagent bottles twice before removing any of the
contents. Take only as much chemical as you need. Smaller amounts often
work better than larger amounts. Label all containers and massing papers
holding dry chemicals.
3. Never return unused chemicals to their original containers.
4. Acids must be handled with extreme care. ALWAYS ADD ACID SLOWLY
TO WATER, with slow stirring and swirling, being careful of the heat
produced,particularly with sulfuric acid.
5. Handle flammable hazardous liquids over a pan to contain spills. Never
dispense flammable liquids anywhere near an open flame or source of
heat.

E. Handling Glassware and Equipment

1. Inserting and removing glass tubing from rubber stoppers can be

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 dangerous.Always lubricate glassware (tubing, thistle tubes,thermometers,
etc.) before attempting to insert it in a stopper. Always protect your hands
with towels or cotton gloves when inserting glass tubing into, or removing it
from, a rubber stopper. If a piece of glassware becomes "frozen" in a
stopper, take it to your instructor for removal.
2. When removing an electrical plug from its socket, grasp the plug, not the
electrical cord. Hands must be completely dry before touching an electrical
switch, plug, or outlet.
3. Examine glassware before each use. Never use chipped or cracked
glassware.Never use dirty glassware. Do not immerse hot glassware in
cold water; it may shatter.
4. Report damaged electrical equipment immediately. Look for things such as
frayed cords, exposed wires, and loose connections. Do not use damaged
electrical equipment.

F. Heating Substances
1. SHOULD THE FLAME OF THE BUNSEN BURNER GO OUT, IMME-
DIATELY TURN OFF THE GAS AT THE GAS OUTLET VALVE. If you
wish to turn off the burner, do so by turning off the gas at the gas outlet
valve first, then close the needle valve and barrel. Never reach over an
exposed flame. Light gas burners only as instructed by the teacher.
2. Never leave a lit burner unattended. Never leave anything that is being
heated or is visibly reacting unattended. Always turn the burner or hot
plate off when not in use.
3. Do not point the open end of a test tube being heated at yourself or anyone
else.
4. Heated metals, glass, and ceramics remain very hot for a long time. They
should be set aside to cool and then picked up with caution. Use crucible
tongs or heat-protective gloves if necessary. Determine if an object is hot
by bringing the back of your hand close to it prior to grasping it.

What's More

Activity 6
DO’s and DON’Ts in the LABORATORY

Objective: Apply safety rules and guidelines in the laboratory.

Directions: Read and analyze the following situations. Write YES if the proper
safety procedures are being followed and NO if they are not. Then,
explain your answer briefly on a separate sheet of paper.

22
 1. Julia has long hair. She always lets it hang freely over her shoulders.
However,she ties it neatly during laboratory periods.
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

2. The brim of a beaker was accidentally broken by Dona. At the end of the
laboratory period, she left the broken glassware on the working table.
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

3. Bea was heating a test tube during an experiment in the laboratory when
Tracy approached her and leaned on the table. Bea asked her to stay
away from the open end of the test tube.
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

4. A laboratory class in Biotechnology was conducting an experiment on

culturing of bacteria. After the period, Patrick and Peter took out their
sandwiches and began eating. They did this right after putting down the
culture they had prepared.
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

What I Have Learned

Directions. Complete the sentences below using the words inside the box. Write
your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

balance flask light

chemicals goggles liquid

clay heat magnify

cord inverted view

1. culture
Hot plate is an electrical device used to __________things
laboratory zero up.
2. All _________ in the laboratory are to be considered dangerous.
3. Do not eat food, drink beverages, or chew gum in the __________.
4. A field of _________ is the bright circle of light under the microscope.
5. When looking at the microscope, the letter “e” appears __________.
6. The _________ triangle supports the crucible on an iron ring when heating.

23
 7. Safety __________ and aprons must be worn whenever you work in the
lab.
8. Microscopes __________small objects and produce enlarged images of
them.
9. The triple beam __________ is a single-pan balance with three beams
calibrated in grams.
10. Mirror allows the _________to pass through the hole in the stage and
illuminate the specimen.
11.When removing an electrical plug from its socket, grasp the plug, not the
electrical _________.
12.Before using the balance, be sure that the pans are empty and both riders
are set to ________.
13.Florence _________ is a round, flat-bottomed, long necked vessel used to
measure large quantities of liquid and to hold boiling liquids.
14.Incubator is an apparatus used to control the environment to __________
and grow bacteria and hatching eggs artificially or to provide a stable
environment for a reaction.
15.Beaker is a deep, wide-mouthed, thin-walled cylindrical vessel with a
pouring lip used to measure large quantities of __________ and also be
used to store or contain liquid mixtures.

What I Can Do

Directions: Look at the pictures below. From the safety precautions listed above, list
at least 5 rules that are followed strictly and those that are violated in the
pictures. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

Figure 14. Laboratory Safety

Source: https://tinyurl.com/memvwnre
24
Rules that are strictly followed:

1. ________________________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________________________
3. ________________________________________________________________
4. ________________________________________________________________
5. ________________________________________________________________

Rules that are violated:

1. ________________________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________________________
3. ________________________________________________________________
4. ________________________________________________________________
5. ________________________________________________________________

Assessment

Directions: Read the questions carefully and write the letter of your answer on
a separate sheet of paper.

1. What laboratory device is used to separate fluids, gases, or liquids based on

density?
A. autoclave C. distiller
B. centrifuge D. incubator

2. Which of the following microscope structure-function pairs is MISMATCHED?

A. arm - used as handle of the microscope
B. base - protects the objectives from dust
C. eyepiece - where you look into the specimen
D. stage - place where the specimen is mounted

3. What is the correct way of carrying a microscope?

A. Hold the arms by grasping with one hand.
B. Hold the base by grasping with two hands.
C. Hold the arm by grasping with one hand and the stage with the other hand.
D. Hold the arm by grasping it with one hand and support the base with the
other hand.

4. When looking at letter “e” under the microscope, what is the position of the letter
as seen under the microscope?

25
 A. The position stays the same.
B. The “e” is positioned diagonally.
C. The letter “e” appears larger and inverted.
D. The position cannot be identified due to its enlarged magnification.

5. Which of the following does NOT describe a microscope? It _________.

A. enlarges the image
B. decreases the size of objects
C. makes small objects appear larger
D. increases the image of the specimen

6. A plant cell is viewed using a 10x eyepiece and a 40x HPO. How much will the cell
be magnified?
A. 10x B. 43x C. 140x D. 400X

7. If the total magnification was 100x and an eyepiece of 10x, what is the objective
magnification?
A. 4x B. 10x C. 40x D. 400x

8. What do you call the bright circle of light when viewing a specimen through the
eyepiece?
A. blind spot C. field of view
B. eyepiece vision D. reflection

9. Which of the following is NOT in the group of apparatus that are used for heating?
A. alcohol burner C. crucible and cover
B. beaker D. watch glass

10. You are asked by your teacher to get the mass of a piece of stone that will be
used in an experiment. What apparatus will you use?
A. Erlenmeyer flask C. graduated cylinder
B. Florence flask D. triple beam balance

11. Eugene wants to heat a solid substance to an extremely high temperature, what
laboratory apparatus he will use?
A. crucible and cover C. evaporating dish
B. Erlenmeyer flask D. test tube

12. A beaker is usually supported by an iron ring and stand, while a crucible and
cover is supported by __________ when heating liquids.
A. clay triangle C. iron clamp
B. crucible tong D. peg board

26
13.Which of these apparatuses will you use if you want to measure the density of a
certain a liquid?
A. beaker and test tube C. test tube and platform balance
B. beaker and graduated cylinder D. graduated cylinder and triple beam
balance
14. Which of the following should be observed in handling solids?
A. Heat solids directly over the flame.
B. Interchange covers of bottles of chemicals.
C. Use a clean, dry spatula to spoon out the solid.
D. Do not use a watch glass when weighing solid chemicals.

15. When heating a liquid in a test tube, which of the following should NOT be done?
A. Fill the test tube completely with liquid.
B. Hold the test tube away from you or anyone.
C. Do not look into the tube that is being heated.
D. The flame should strike the tube just below the liquid level.

Additional Activities
➢ Feel free to check out these videos to enrich your knowledge
and Understanding of the concepts discussed in this module

• Using the Compound Microscope - (https://tinyurl.com/pmf88pbj)

• Parts and Functions of a Microscope - (https://tinyurl.com/39v4kadv)
• Science Lab Equipment - (https://tinyurl.com/2nktj5x5)
• Laboratory Safety Precautions –(https://tinyurl.com/2utysdxv)

27
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For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education, Cebu City Division

Office Address: Imus Avenue, Cebu City
Telephone Nos.: (063) 255-1516, (032)253-9095

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