Analog Communication Tutorial Answers.

1. Analog Communication System.

Source of Info Transmitter Channel Receiver Destination

Noise

(a) Source of information: This block serves as the input of the com-
munication system where information in various forms such as
sound, words, videos, etc. gets into the system.
(b) Transmitter: At this block, the weak message signal is superim-
posed to a stronger carrier signal in order to travel through the
channel and reach the intended destination.
(c) Channel: It’s the medium through signal travels from the trans-
mitter to the receiver.
(d) Receiver: At this block, the original message is extracted from the
carrier signal.
(e) Destination: Output of the communication system.

2. The sine wave used as the carrier;

uc = Vc cos(ωc t + φ)

the baseband signal, m(t) = Vm cos(ωm t)

For AM, phase and frequency are constant; uc = Vc cos(ωc t)
Amplitude of the carrier wave being varied with the value of the mes-
sage signal.
Modified amplitude of the carrier wave:

V = Vc = m(t)

=⇒ V = Vc + Vm cos ωm t

1
 The carrier wave:
uc = (Vc + m(t)) cos ωc t
uc = (Vc + Vm cos ωm t) cos ωc t
uc = Vc cos ωc t + Vm cos(ωm t) cos ωc t
uc = Vc cos ωc t + ma Vc cos(ωm t) cos ωc t
ma Vc
uc = Vc cos ωc t + [cos(ωc + ωm )t + cos(ωc − ωm )t]
2
The mathematical expression for AM:
ma
uc = Vc (cos ωc t + [cos(ωc + ωm )t + cos(ωc − ωm )t])
2
where ma is the modulation index and Vc is the amplitude of the carrier
wave and ωc is the frequency of the carrier wave and ωm is the frequency
of the modulated wave.

3.
POU T
Ef f iency =
PIN
P ower Dissipated, Pd = POU T − PIN
POU T = PIN − Pd
PIN − Pd
⇒ Ef f iciency =
PIN
Pd
=1−
PIN
80
0.9 = 1 −
PIN
PIN = 800W atts
And,
m2
PIN = PC (1 + )
2
0.49
PIN = PC (1 + )
2
800
Pc =
1.245
Pc = 642.57W att

2
4. (a) Modulation index:
Vm
ma =
Vc
5
ma =
20
ma = 0.25
(b) Modulating signal frequency in kHz:
1
fm =
T (period)
1
=⇒ fm =
0.25ms
The frequency of the modulating signal is 4kHz.
(c) Side frequencies:

U SB = fc + fm

U SB = (1000000 + 4000)Hz
Upper Side Band=1004kHz.

U SB = fc − fm
U SB = (1000000 − 4000)Hz
Lower Side Band=996kHz.
(d) Amplitude vrs Frequency plot

3
5. Maximum power=50kW
modulation index=0.95
(a) Power in the carrier wave,Pc

m2a
Pt = Pc (1 + )
2
0.952
50 × 103 = Pc (1 + )
2
50 × 103 = Pc (1.45125)
50 × 103
Pc =
1.45125
=⇒ Pc = 34.453kW
(b) Overall power in the information part of the signal:
m2a
PSB = Pc ( )
2
0.952
PSB = 34.453 × 103 ( )
2
=⇒ PSB = 15.5469kW
(c) The complex signal:
100 sin(2π × 106 t) + [20 sin 6283t + 25 sin 1256t] sin(2π × 106 t)
100 sin(2π×106 t)+20 sin(6283t) sin(2π×106 t)+25 sin(1256t) sin(2π×106 t)
(d) Modulation indexes:
20
m1 =
100
m1 = 0.2

25
m2 =
100
m2 = 0.25
(e) Effective modulation index,
q
m = m21 + m22
√
m = 0.22 + 0.252
m = 0.320

4
(f) Amplitude vrs frequency plot: fc = 1000kHz

6283
fm 1 = = 999.97Hz
2π
12566
fm 2 = = 1999.94Hz
2π
Upper Side Bands:
U SB1 = fc + fm1
U SB1 = 1000000 + 999.97 = 1000999.97Hz
U SB2 = fc + fm2
U SB2 = 1000000 + 1999.94 = 1001999.94Hz
Lower Side Bands:
LSB1 = fc − fm1
LSB1 = 1000000 − 999.97 = 999000.03Hz
LSB2 = fc − fm2
LSB2 = 1000000 − 1999.94 = 998000.06Hz

(g) Power delivered to a 50kΩ:

Vc2 m21 m22
Pt = + +
2R 4R 4R
V2 m2 m2
Pt = c (1 + 1 + 2 )
2R 2 2
1002 0.22 0.252
Pt = (1 + + )
2 × 50 2 2
⇒ Pt = 105.125W

5
6. FM:
V = 10 cos(5.6 × 108 t + 4 sin 2500t)
Comparing to:
A cos(ωc t + m1 sin ω1 t)

(a) Carrier frequency,

5.6 × 108
fc = = 89.12677M Hz
2π

(b) Modulating frequency;

2500
f1 = = 397.887Hz
2π

(c) Modulating index;

m1 = 4
(d) Maximum deviation;
∆f
m=
fm
⇒ ∆f = m1 × f1
Maximum deviation,

∆f = 4 × 397.887 = 1591.548Hz

7.
Co = 200pF
k = 0.4
V = 5V
q = 0.6
f = 12M Hz
Co
C=
(1 + Vq )k
200 × 10−12
C= 5 0.4
(1 + 0.6 )
C = 81.849359 × 10−12

6
 And,
1
ω=√
LC
1
⇒L= 2
ω C
1
L= 2
(2π × 12 × 10 ) × 81.849359 × 10−12
6

L = 2.149 × 10−6 F
L = 2.149µF

8.
Losses = 5dB + 6dB = 11dB
Gains = 2 + 3 + 10 = 15dB
POU T = 4W = 36.0206dBm
PIN = POU T − Gains + Losses
PIN = 36.0206 − 15 + 11
⇒ T he input power is 32.0206dBm

9.
β(t) = 10 cos(ωc t + 5 sin 3000t + 10 sin 2000t)

Comparing with

A cos(ωc t + m1 sin ω1 t + m2 sin ω2 t)

(a)
m1 = 5
m2 = 10
Frequency deviation =m1 × ω1

= 5 × 3000 = 15000

Frequency deviation =m2 × ω2

= 10 × 3000 = 20000

7
(b) Deviation ratio,D=

M aximum Deviation F requency

M aximum M odulation F requency
20000
D= = 6.67
3000
(c) Bandwidth; Using Carson’s formula,
1
B = 2∆f (1 + )
D
1
B = 2 × 20000(1 + ) = 4.6 × 104
6.67
Bandwidth=46kHz.