Compiled by: GA Mac Tavish KZN – Pinetown District Grade 11/12 (2019)

M Mpisi

KwaZulu-Natal
PINETOWN DISTRICT

This revision guide contains important mathematical

definitions, proofs, theorems and formula for
Paper 1 and Paper 2.

This content is CAPS compliant and suitable for

Grade 11 and Grade 12 learners.

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Compiled by: GA Mac Tavish KZN – Pinetown District Grade 11/12 (2019)
M Mpisi
PAPER 1
Arithmetic and geometric series

Proof 1: Prove that the sum of terms of an arithmetic sequence is given by the formula:
n
Sn  [2a  (n  1)d ]
2
Sn  a  (a  d )  .....a  (n  1)d

S n  [a  (n 1)d ] [a  (n  2)d ]  ....  a

2S n  2a  (n  1)d  .....2a  (n  1)d

2Sn  n[2a  (n  1)d ]

n
Sn  [2a  (n  1)d ]
2
Prove 1 (alternative):
The general term (last term) of an arithmetic series is Tn = a + (n – 1)d = l
Sn = a + [a + d] + [a + 2d] + … + [l – d] + l … equation 1

In reverse: Sn = [a + (n – 1)d] + [a + (n – 2)d] + [a + (n – 3)d] + … + [a + d] + a

Sn = l + [l – d] + [l – 2d] + . . . + [a + d] + a … equation 2

Adding equation 1 and equation 2:

2Sn = [a + l] + [a + l] + . . . + [a + l] to n terms
2Sn = n[a + l]
n
∴Sn = [a  l ]
2
n
Replacing l with a + (n – 1)d: ∴Sn = [2a  (n  1) d ]
2

Proof 2: Prove that the sum to n terms of a geometric sequence is given by:
a(r n  1)
Sn  ; r 1
r 1

S n  a  ar  ar 2  .........  ar n 1
rS n  ar  ar 2  .........  ar n 1  ar n
____________________________
S n  rS n  a  ar n
S n (1  r )  a (1  r n )
a (1  r n )
Sn 
1 r

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M Mpisi
Information Sheet – formula for paper 1
Quadratic Formula. Used to find roots of a quadratic (parabola). Parts of this formula can
b  b 2  4ac be used to find x-value of TP. Also the discriminant (Δ = b2 – 4ac) for Nature of Roots.
x
2a

A  P(1  ni) A  P(1  ni) A  P(1  i)n A  P(1  i)n

Simple Interest / Simple Depreciation / Reducing / diminished Compound Interest /
growth. straight line depreciation. balance depreciation. growth. Also used for
inflation.

n
Tn  a  (n  1)d Sn  {2a  (n  1)d }
2
Linear patterns. Linear patterns. Arithmetic Series.
Arithmetic Progression. Finding the sum of an Arithmetic
Finding the general Series. LEARN THE PROOF FOR
term of an AP. THIS.
*Common difference.

a  r n  1 a
Tn  ar n1
Sn  ; r 1 S  ; 1  r  1
r 1 1 r
Geometric patterns.
Geometric Progression. Geometric patterns. Geometric
Finding the general Series. Finding the sum of a GS. Sum to infinity Condition for
term of a GP. LEARN THE PROOF FOR THIS. convergence.
*Common ratio.

x 1  i   1
n
x 1  (1  i)  n 
F  
P
i i
Future Value Annuity. Present Value Annuity. Loans. Also
Investments and savings. Used used when living off an inheritance /
when working with sinking large amount of money.
funds.

Finding the derivative using

f ( x  h)  f ( x ) FIRST PRINCIPLES.
f '( x)  lim *REMEMBER NOTATION.
h 0 h

n(A)
P(A)  P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A and B)
n  S
Fundamental Probability Identity.
Probability definition.

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M Mpisi
Information Sheet – formula for paper 2

 x1  x2 y1  y2 
d  ( x2  x1 )2  ( y2  y1 )2 M m  tanθ
2 
;
 2
Distance between two coordinates. Midpoint between two coordinates. Angle of inclination.

y2  y1
y  mx  c y  y1  m( x  x1 ) m
x2  x1
Standard form of straight line with c Gradient / point form of a straight
being the y-intercept. line. Gradient between two
coordinates.

 x  a   y  b  r 2
2 2 Standard form of a circle with centre at (a ; b).

a b c
In ABC:   SINE RULE. Used to find unknown sides or angles in non
sin A sin B sin C right angled triangles.

COSINE RULE. Used to find unknown sides or angles in

a2  b2  c2  2bc.cosA non right angled triangles when you have SSS or SAS.

1
area  A BC  ab.sin C AREA RULE. Used to find unknown area in non right
angled triangles when you have SAS.
2
sin  α  β   sin α.cosβ  cosα.sinβ sin  α  β   sin α.cosβ  cosα.sinβ
cos  α  β   cosα.cosβ  sin α.sinβ cos  α  β   cosα.cosβ  sin α.sinβ
Cosine and Sine Compound Angle Expansion

cos 2 α  sin 2 α

cos 2α  1  2sin 2 α sin 2α  2sinα.cosα
2cos 2 α  1
 Cosine and Sine Double Angle Expansion

 x  x
2

x
 fx Mean for grouped data
σ 2 i 1
i To calculate variance
and standard
deviation. Calculator
n n work.

ŷ  a  bx Regression Line / line b

 ( x  x )( y  y ) To calculate the

(x  x ) 2 correlation coefficient.

of least squares Calculator work.
regression.

Calculator work.

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Compiled by: GA Mac Tavish KZN – Pinetown District Grade 11/12 (2019)
M Mpisi
Grade 11 / 12 Trigonometry “Cheat Sheet”

G12 G12
COMPOUND ANGLES DOUBLE ANGLES CO-FUNCTIONS
sin(   )  sin  cos   cos  sin  sin2 = 2sin cos sin(90+ )  cos 
sin(   )  sin  cos   cos  sin  cos2 = cos   sin 
2 2
sin(90   )  cos 
cos(   )  cos  cos   sin  sin   2 cos  1 2
cos(90   )   sin 
cos(   )  cos  cos   sin  sin  1  2sin 2  cos(90   )  sin 

TRIANGLE SOLUTIONS

 a b c 
 sin A  sin B  sin C 
 
Sine Rule:  
 sin A sin B sin C 
   
 a b c 
RIGHT TRIANGLE DEFINITION
O A O
a 2  b 2  c 2  2bc cos A  sin  ; cos   ; tan  
H H A
 2 
b  a  c  2 ac cos B 
2 2
Cosine Rule:
c 2  a 2  b 2  2ab cos C  CARTESIAN PLANE TRIG
  y x y
sin  ; cos   ; tan  
TAN IDENTITY r r x
 1 
A  ab.sin C  sin  GENERAL SOLUTIONS

2
 tan  
 1  cos 
Area Rule: A  ac.sin B 
  180  ref   k .360; k  
 2  NEGATIVE ANGLES sin :  
 1  sin( )   sin    ref   k .360; k  
A  bc.sin A 
 2  cos( )  cos 
tan( )   tan    ref   k .360; k  
cos  :  
   ref   k .360; k  
PYTHAGOREAN IDENTITY
sin 2  cos 2   1  sin 2  1  cos 2   cos 2   1  sin 2 tan  :   ref   k .180; k  
f(x )= sinx f(x )= cosx f(x )= tanx

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M Mpisi
Grade 11 – Circle Geometry Theorems
1. The line drawn from the centre of a circle perpendicular to a chord bisects the chord.

Given : Any circle O with OC chord AB .

Required : Prove that AC = BC .
Construction : Draw OA and OB .
Proof : In Δ AOC and Δ BOC :

1) AO = OB (radii)
2) OC is common

3) Cˆ1  Cˆ 2  90 ( given )

 AOC  BOC (RHS)

AC = BC

2. The line drawn from the centre of a circle to the midpoint of a chord is perpendicular
to the chord (Theorem 1 converse).

Given : Any circle O and C the midpoint of

chord AB.
Required : Prove that OC  AB .
Construction : Draw OC , OA and OB .
Proof : In Δ AOC and Δ BOC :

1) AO = OB (radii)
2) OC is common
3) AC = BC (given)
     AOC  BOC (S S S)

     Cˆ1  Cˆ 2  90 (straight line)

    OC  AB

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3. The angle subtended by an arc (or chord) of a circle at the centre is double the angle it
subtends at any point on the circle. (The central angle is double the inscribed angle
subtended by the same arc.)

Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3

Given : Any circle O with central angle BOC and inscribed angle BAC ,
both subtended by an arc BDC.

Required : ˆ  2BAC
Prove that BOC ˆ
Construction : Join AO and produce to E.

Proof : Aˆ1  Bˆ (OA = OB = radius )

    Oˆ1  B  Aˆ1 (ext.of Δ = sum of opp.)

    Oˆ1  2 Aˆ1

Similarly Oˆ 2  2 Aˆ2
ˆ  2BAC
 BOC ˆ

In Figure 1 and 2 In Figure 3



 Oˆ1  Oˆ 2  2 Aˆ1  2 Aˆ2 Oˆ 2  Oˆ1  2 Aˆ2  2 Aˆ1

 ˆ  2( Aˆ  Aˆ )
BOC Oˆ 2  Oˆ1  2( Aˆ2  Aˆ1 )  
1 2

 ˆ  2BAC
BOC ˆ     Oˆ 2  Oˆ1  2BAC
ˆ

ˆ  2BAC
BOC ˆ

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4. The inscribed angle subtended by the diameter of a circle is a right angle.
( in semi circle)

Given AB, the diameter of the circle passing through centre M.

In the sketch AB is the diameter of the circle.

Therefore ACB ˆ  90 (angle in semi circle)

5. If the angles subtended by a chord (or arc) of the circle are on the same side of the
chord (or arc), then the angles are equal. (Reason: s in same segment)

Given : Circle O with inscribed angles A and B subtended by chord DC.

Required : Prove that Aˆ  Bˆ
Construction : Draw central angle DOCˆ .

1 ˆ
Proof : Â  DOC (angle at centre = 2 angle circumference)
2
ˆ  1 DOC
B ˆ (angle at centre = 2 angle circumference)
2
 Aˆ  Bˆ

We can deduce from this theorem that if angles at the

circumference of a circle are subtended by arcs (or chords)
of equal length, then the angles are equal.

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6. The opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary (together 180º).

Given : Circle M with cyclic quadrilateral ABCD .

Prove : (a) Aˆ  Cˆ = 180°

ˆ  ADC
(b) ABC ˆ = 180°
Construction : Draw BM and DM .

Proof : Mˆ 1  2 Aˆ (angle at central = 2 × angle circumference)

Mˆ 2  2Cˆ (angle at central = 2 × angle circumference)

Mˆ 1  Mˆ 2  2( Aˆ  Cˆ )

But Mˆ 1  Mˆ 2  360

Therefore Aˆ  Cˆ = 180°
ˆ  Aˆ  Cˆ = 360º ( angles of quadrilateral )
ˆ  ADC
But ABC
ˆ  ADC
Therefore ABC ˆ = 180º

7. The exterior angle of a cyclic quadrilateral is equal to the interior opposite angle.

Cyclic quad ABCD with BC produced to D.

Cˆ1  Cˆ 2  180 (sum angles st. line)

Aˆ  Cˆ  180
2 (proved)

Aˆ = Cˆ1

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M Mpisi
When asked to prove that a quadrilateral is a cyclic quadrilateral:

* the sum of a pair of opposite interior angles is 180º

OR

* an exterior angle of the quadrilateral is equal to the opposite interior angle

OR

* a side of the quadrilateral subtends equal angles at the opposite vertices (angles in the same
segment)

8. The angle between a tangent and a chord is equal to the angle in the alternate segment.
(Tangent chord theorem)

Given : DE is a tangent to circle centre O at A. B and C are points on the

circle.

Prove : Aˆ1  Bˆ
Construction : Diameter AOF, connect F and C.

Proof : Aˆ1  Aˆ2  90 (Radius ⊥ Tangent)

ˆ  90
FCA ( in semi )

Fˆ  90  Aˆ2 (sum s triangle)

and Aˆ1  90  Aˆ2

 Aˆ1  Fˆ

but Bˆ  Fˆ ( s in same segment)

 Aˆ1  Bˆ
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9. A tangent to a circle is perpendicular to the radius at the point of contact.

E.g. if OC is a radius and tangent AB touches the circle at C, then AB ⊥ OC.

** There is no need to learn the proof for this theorem.

10. Two tangents drawn to a circle from the same point outside the circle, is
equal in length.

** There is no need to learn the proof for this theorem.

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Grade 11 – Sine, Cosine and Area Rules

Memorise the following diagram – we will use this to prove each rule.

We place the triangle so that A is at the origin, and B is on the x-axis. As usual, we say that the length of
BC is a, AC is b, and AB is c.

This means that we can find the coordinates of A, B, and C:

A = (0; 0)
B = (c; 0)
C = (b cos A ; b sin A )

Area Rule Proof:

1
Area of ABC   base  perpendicular height
2
1
Area of ABC   c  b sin A
2
1
Area of ABC  bc.sin A
2

Similarly, we can rearrange the triangle in the diagram to obtain:

1
Area of ABC  ab.sin C
2

1
Area of ABC  ac.sin B
2

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Sine Rule Proof:

1 1 1
Using the Area Rule, we know that: bc.sin A  ac.sin B  ab.sin C
2 2 2

1
We are now required to divide throughout by abc so that we only have sines on the top:
2
1 1 1
bc.sin A ac.sin B ab.sin C
2  2  2
1 1 1
abc abc abc
2 2 2

sin A sin B sin C

  
a b c

Note that in an exam it is acceptable to prove the Sine Rule without proving the Area Rule first –
however, you must say that you are using the Area Rule, and you should include your diagram.

Cosine Rule Proof:

The Cosine Rule is proved by looking at the lengths of the sides of ∆ABC.
Using the distance formula that we have from analytical geometry we get that:

a  b cos A  c    b sin A  0 
2 2

a  b 2 cos 2 A  2bc cos A  c 2  b 2 sin 2 A

a 2  b 2 cos 2 A  2bc cos A  c 2  b 2 sin 2 A
a 2  b 2 (cos 2 A  sin 2 A)  c 2  2bc cos A
a 2  b 2  c 2  2bc cos A

Similarly, we can find: b2  a2  c2  2ac cos B

c2  a2  b2  2ab cos C

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Grade 12 – Proportional Geometry Proofs
1. A line drawn parallel to one side of a triangle divides the other two sides in the same
proportion.

Given : ABC with DE BC

AD AE
Required : Prove that 
DB EC

Draw h1 from E perpendicular to AD, and h2 from D perpendicular to AE.

Draw BE and CD.

1
. AD . h1
Area of ADE AD
 2 
Area of BDE 1
. DB . h1 DB
2

1
. AE . h2
Area of ADE 2 AE
 
Area of CED 1
. EC . h2 EC
2

but Area of BDE  Area of CED (equal base, equal height)

Area of ADE Area of ADE

 
Area of BDE Area of CED

AD AE
 
DB EC

Converse: proportion theorem

If a line divides two sides of a triangle in the same proportion, then the line is parallel to the third side.
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2. If the corresponding angles of two triangles are equal, then the corresponding sides are in
proportion.

Given : ˆ = Pˆ , B
ΔABC and ΔPQR with A ˆ and C
ˆ =Q ˆ =R
ˆ

AB AC BC
Prove :  
PQ PR QR
Construction : E and F on AB, AC respectively such that AE = PQ and AF = PR.
Join EF.
Proof : In ΔAXY and ΔPQR
AX = PQ given
AY = PR given 
ˆ ˆ 
A=P given 
 ΔAXY  ΔPQR SAS
 AXYˆ =Qˆ  ' s congruent
ˆ
 AXY=B ˆ Qˆ Bˆ given
 XY || BC corresponding 's =
AB AC
= Prop Int theorem XY || BC
AX AY
AB AC
 = AX = PQ and AY = PR
PQ PR
AC BC
Similarly it can be proved that 
PQ QR
AB AC BC
 = 
PQ PR QR

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ACCEPTABLE REASONS: EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY

In order to have some kind of uniformity, the use of the following shortened versions of the theorem
statements is encouraged.

THEOREM STATEMENT ACCEPTABLE REASON(S)

LINES
The adjacent angles on a straight line are supplementary. ∠s on a str line
If the adjacent angles are supplementary, the outer arms of these adj ∠s supp
angles form a straight line.
The adjacent angles in a revolution add up to 360°. ∠s round a pt OR ∠s in a rev
Vertically opposite angles are equal. vert opp ∠s =
If AB || CD, then the alternate angles are equal. alt ∠s; AB || CD
If AB || CD, then the corresponding angles are equal. corresp ∠s; AB || CD
If AB || CD, then the co-interior angles are supplementary. co-int ∠s; AB || CD
If the alternate angles between two lines are equal, then the lines are alt ∠s =
parallel.
If the corresponding angles between two lines are equal, then the corresp ∠s =
lines are parallel.
If the cointerior angles between two lines are supplementary, then the coint ∠s supp
lines are parallel.
TRIANGLES
The interior angles of a triangle are supplementary. ∠ sum in ∆ OR sum of ∠s in ∆
OR Int ∠s ∆
The exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the interior ext ∠ of ∆
opposite angles.
The angles opposite the equal sides in an isosceles triangle are equal. ∠s opp equal sides

The sides opposite the equal angles in an isosceles triangle are equal. sides opp equal ∠s

In a right-angled triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the Pythagoras OR

sum of the squares of the other two sides. Theorem of Pythagoras
If the square of the longest side in a triangle is equal to the sum of Converse Pythagoras
the squares of the other two sides then the triangle is right-angled. OR
Converse Theorem of Pythagoras
If three sides of one triangle are respectively equal to three sides of SSS
another triangle, the triangles are congruent.

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Compiled by: GA Mac Tavish KZN – Pinetown District Grade 11/12 (2019)
M Mpisi
If two sides and an included angle of one triangle are respectively SAS OR S∠S
equal to two sides and an included angle of another triangle, the
triangles are congruent.
If two angles and one side of one triangle are respectively equal to AAS OR ∠∠S
two angles and the corresponding side in another triangle, the
triangles are congruent.

If in two right angled triangles, the hypotenuse and one side of one RHS OR 90°HS
triangle are respectively equal to the hypotenuse and one side of the
other, the triangles are congruent

THEOREM STATEMENT ACCEPTABLE REASON(S)

The line segment joining the midpoints of two sides of a triangle is Midpt Theorem
parallel to the third side and equal to half the length of the third side
The line drawn from the midpoint of one side of a triangle, parallel to line through midpt || to 2nd side
another side, bisects the third side.
A line drawn parallel to one side of a triangle divides the other two line || one side of ∆
sides proportionally. OR
prop theorem; name || lines
If a line divides two sides of a triangle in the same proportion, then line divides two sides of ∆ in prop
the line is parallel to the third side.
If two triangles are equiangular, then the corresponding sides are in ||| ∆s OR equiangular ∆s
proportion (and consequently the triangles are similar).
If the corresponding sides of two triangles are proportional, then the Sides of ∆ in prop
triangles are equiangular (and consequently the triangles are
similar).
If triangles (or parallelograms) are on the same base (or on bases of same base; same height OR equal
equal length) and between the same parallel lines, then the triangles bases; equal height
(or parallelograms) have equal areas.

CIRCLES
The tangent to a circle is perpendicular to the radius/diameter of the tan ⊥ radius
circle at the point of contact. tan ⊥ diameter
If a line is drawn perpendicular to a radius/diameter at the point line ⊥ radius OR
where the radius/diameter meets the circle, then the line is a tangent converse tan ⊥ radius
to the circle.
OR converse tan ⊥
diameter
The line drawn from the centre of a circle to the midpoint of a chord line from centre to midpt of chord
is perpendicular to the chord.
The line drawn from the centre of a circle perpendicular to a chord line from centre ⊥ to chord
bisects the chord.
The perpendicular bisector of a chord passes through the centre of perp bisector of chord
the circle;

Page 17 of 19
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Compiled by: GA Mac Tavish KZN – Pinetown District Grade 11/12 (2019)
M Mpisi
The angle subtended by an arc at the centre of a circle is double the ∠ at centre = 2 ×∠ at circumference
size of the angle subtended by the same arc at the circle (on the same
side of the chord as the centre)
The angle subtended by the diameter at the circumference of the ∠s in semi circle OR
circle is 90°. diameter subtends right angle OR


If the angle subtended by a chord at the circumference of the circle is chord subtends 90° OR converse
90°, then the chord is a diameter. ∠s in semi circle
Angles subtended by a chord of the circle, on the same side of the ∠s in the same seg
chord, are equal
If a line segment joining two points subtends equal angles at two line subtends equal ∠s OR converse
points on the same side of the line segment, then the four points are ∠s in the same seg
concyclic.
Equal chords subtend equal angles at the circumference of the circle. equal chords; equal ∠s
Equal chords subtend equal angles at the centre of the circle. equal chords; equal ∠s

THEOREM STATEMENT ACCEPTABLE REASON(S)

Equal chords in equal circles subtend equal angles at the equal circles; equal chords; equal ∠s
circumference of the circles.

Equal chords in equal circles subtend equal angles at the centre of the equal circles; equal chords; equal ∠s
circles.
The opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary opp ∠s of cyclic quad
If the opposite angles of a quadrilateral are supplementary then the opp ∠s quad supp OR converse
quadrilateral is cyclic. opp ∠s of cyclic quad
The exterior angle of a cyclic quadrilateral is equal to the interior ext ∠ of cyclic quad
opposite angle.
If the exterior angle of a quadrilateral is equal to the interior opposite ext ∠ = int opp ∠ OR converse
angle of the quadrilateral, then the quadrilateral is cyclic. ext ∠ of cyclic quad
Two tangents drawn to a circle from the same point outside the circle Tans from common pt OR
are equal in length Tans from same pt
The angle between the tangent to a circle and the chord drawn from tan chord theorem
the point of contact is equal to the angle in the alternate segment.
If a line is drawn through the end-point of a chord, making with the converse tan chord theorem OR
chord an angle equal to an angle in the alternate segment, then the ∠ between line and chord
line is a tangent to the circle.

Page 18 of 19
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and contributors.
Compiled by: GA Mac Tavish KZN – Pinetown District Grade 11/12 (2019)
M Mpisi
QUADRILATERALS
The interior angles of a quadrilateral add up to 360°. sum of ∠s in quad
The opposite sides of a parallelogram are parallel. opp sides of ||m
If the opposite sides of a quadrilateral are parallel, then the opp sides of quad are ||
quadrilateral is a parallelogram.
The opposite sides of a parallelogram are equal in length. opp sides of ||m
If the opposite sides of a quadrilateral are equal , then the opp sides of quad are =
quadrilateral is a parallelogram. OR converse opp sides of a
parm
The opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal. opp ∠s of ||m
If the opposite angles of a quadrilateral are equal then the opp ∠s of quad are = OR converse
quadrilateral is a parallelogram. opp angles of a parm
The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other. diag of ||m
If the diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect each other, then the diags of quad bisect each other
quadrilateral is a parallelogram. OR converse diags of a
parm
If one pair of opposite sides of a quadrilateral are equal and parallel, pair of opp sides = and ||
then the quadrilateral is a parallelogram.
The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect its area. diag bisect area of ||m
The diagonals of a rhombus bisect at right angles. diags of rhombus
The diagonals of a rhombus bisect the interior angles. diags of rhombus
All four sides of a rhombus are equal in length. sides of rhombus
All four sides of a square are equal in length. sides of square
The diagonals of a rectangle are equal in length. diags of rect
The diagonals of a kite intersect at right-angles. diags of kite
A diagonal of a kite bisects the other diagonal. diag of kite
A diagonal of a kite bisects the opposite angles diag of kite

Page 19 of 19
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