ME 651: Fluid Dynamics

Dr. Abhilash J. Chandy

Module 04 Problems

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Dp ¼ Dm ðrp =rm Þ lp =lm Up =Um ¼ 60 ð1Þ ð25Þ2 ð10=2Þ2 ¼ 9:37 # 105 N:

Problem 1 EXERCISES
4.1. Let a one-dimensional velocity field be u ¼ u(x, t), with v ¼ 0 and w ¼ 0. The density
varies as r ¼ r0(2 " cos ut). Find an expression for u(x, t) if u(0, t) ¼ U.
4.2. Consider the one-dimensional Cartesian velocity field: u ¼ ðax=t, 0, 0Þ where a is
a constant. Find a spatially uniform, time-dependent density field, r ¼ r(t), that
renders this flow field mass conserving when r ¼ ro at t ¼ to.
4.3. Find a nonzero density field r(x,y,z,t) that renders the following Cartesian velocity
fields mass conserving. Comment on the physical significance and uniqueness of
your solutions.
a) u ¼ ðU sinðUt " kxÞ, 0, 0Þ where U, u, k are positive constants
[Hint: exchange the independent variables x,t for a single independent variable
x ¼ utekx]

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 Z Z
d
rxdV þ Q,ndS ¼ 0, where V(t) is a material volume that moves with the
dt
VðtÞ AðtÞ
fluid velocity u, A(t) is the surface of V(t), r is the fluid density, and Q ¼ #rgVx.
a) What partial differential equation is implied by the above conservation
statement?
Problem 2 vx 1
b) Use the part a) result and the continuity equation to show: þ u,Vx ¼ V,ðrgVxÞ.
vt r
4.5. The components of a mass flow vector ru are ru ¼ 4x y, rv ¼ xyz, rw ¼ yz2.
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a) Compute the net mass outflow through the closed surface formed by the planes
x ¼ 0, x ¼ 1, y ¼ 0, y ¼ 1, z ¼ 0, z ¼ 1.
b) Compute V,ðruÞ and integrate over the volume bounded by the surface defined in
part a).
c) Explain why the results for parts a) and b) should be equal or unequal.
4.6. Consider a simple fluid mechanical model for the atmosphere of an ideal spherical
star that has a surface gas density of ro and a radius ro. The escape velocity from
the surface of the star is ve. Assume that a tenuous gas leaves the star’s surface
radially at speed vo uniformly over the star’s surface. Use the steady continuity
equation for the gas density r and fluid velocity u ¼ ður , uq , u4 Þ in spherical
coordinates

1 v! 2 " 1 v 1 v! "
r rur þ ðruq sin qÞ þ ru4 ¼ 0
r2 vr r sin q vq r sin q v4

to determine the following. pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 5

a) Determine r when vo & ve so that u ¼ ður , uq , u4 Þ ¼ ðvo 1 # ðv2e =v2o Þð1 # ðro =rÞÞ, 0, 0Þ.
b) Simplify the result from part a) when vo [ve so that: u ¼ ður , uq , u4 Þ ¼ ðvo , 0, 0Þ.
c) Simplify the result from part a) when vo ¼ ve .
d) Use words, sketches, or equations to describe what happens when vo < ve . State
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 d
rudV þ ruðu & UÞ,ndA ¼ rgdV þ fdA
dt
V " ðtÞ A" ðtÞ V " ðtÞ A" ðtÞ

where the replacement b ¼ U has been made for the velocity of the accelerating
control surface A*(t). Given that the two equations above are not identical, deter-
Problem 3
mine if these two statements of conservation of fluid momentum are contradictory
or consistent.
4.10. A jet of water with a diameter of 8 cm and a speed of 25 m/s impinges normally on
a large stationary flat plate. Find the force required to hold the plate stationary.
Compare the average pressure on the plate with the stagnation pressure if the plate is
20 times the area of the jet.
4.11. Show that the thrust developed by a stationary rocket motor is F ¼ rAU2 þ A(p & patm),
where patm is the atmospheric pressure, and p, r, A, and U are, respectively, the
pressure, density, area, and velocity of the fluid at the nozzle exit.
4.12. Consider the propeller of an airplane moving with a velocity U1. Take a reference
frame in which the air is moving and the propeller [disk] is stationary. Then the
effect of the propeller is to accelerate the fluid from the upstream value U1 to the
downstream value U2 > U1. Assuming incompressibility, show that the thrust
developed by the propeller is given by F ¼ rAðU22 & U12 Þ=2; where A is the
projected area of the propeller and r is the density (assumed constant). Show also
that the velocity of the fluid at the plane of the propeller is the average value
U ¼ (U1 þ U2)/2. [Hint: The flow can be idealized by a pressure jump of 8
magnitude Dp ¼ F/A right at the location of the propeller. Also apply Bernoulli’s
equation between a section far upstream and a section immediately upstream of
the propeller. Also apply the Bernoulli equation between a section immediately
downstream of the propeller and a section far downstream. This will show that
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 or consistent.
4.10. A jet of water with a diameter of 8 cm and a speed of 25 m/s impinges normally on
a large stationary flat plate. Find the force required to hold the plate stationary.
Compare the average pressure on the plate with the stagnation pressure if the plate is
20 times the area of the jet.
4.11. Show that the thrust developed by a stationary rocket motor is F ¼ rAU2 þ A(p & patm),
Problem 4
where patm is the atmospheric pressure, and p, r, A, and U are, respectively, the
pressure, density, area, and velocity of the fluid at the nozzle exit.
4.12. Consider the propeller of an airplane moving with a velocity U1. Take a reference
frame in which the air is moving and the propeller [disk] is stationary. Then the
effect of the propeller is to accelerate the fluid from the upstream value U1 to the
downstream value U2 > U1. Assuming incompressibility, show that the thrust
developed by the propeller is given by F ¼ rAðU22 & U12 Þ=2; where A is the
projected area of the propeller and r is the density (assumed constant). Show also
that the velocity of the fluid at the plane of the propeller is the average value
U ¼ (U1 þ U2)/2. [Hint: The flow can be idealized by a pressure jump of
magnitude Dp ¼ F/A right at the location of the propeller. Also apply Bernoulli’s
equation between a section far upstream and a section immediately upstream of
the propeller. Also apply the Bernoulli equation between a section immediately
downstream of the propeller and a section far downstream. This will show that
Dp ¼ rðU22 & U12 Þ=2.]
4.13. Generalize the control volume analysis of Example 4.1 by considering the control
volume geometry shown for steady two-dimensional flow past an arbitrary body in
the absence of body forces. Show that the R force the fluid exerts on theR body is given by 11
the Euler momentum integral: Fj ¼ & ðrui uj & sij Þni dA, and 0 ¼ rui ni dA.
A1 A1
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